• Title/Summary/Keyword: Carbon 13

Search Result 2,004, Processing Time 0.081 seconds

Effect of different days of postharvest treatment and CO2 concentrations on the quality of 'Seolhyang' strawberry during storage (수확 후 CO2 처리 시기 및 농도에 따른 '설향' 딸기 저장 중 품질변화)

  • Kim, Ji-Gang;Choi, Ji-Woen;Park, Me-Hea
    • Food Science and Preservation
    • /
    • v.23 no.1
    • /
    • pp.12-19
    • /
    • 2016
  • This study was conducted to determine $CO_2$ treatment condition to extend the shelf-life of 'Seolhyang' strawberry. Fresh strawberries with red color on 80% of the fruit surface were harvested. The samples at two different stages (on the $1^{st}$ and $3^{rd}$ day after harvest) were placed in a gas-tight chamber with 0, 5, 15, or 30% $CO_2$ concentration for 3 hours at $4^{\circ}C$. Then, the strawberry samples were immediately packaged in a PET tray and stored at $4^{\circ}C$. The carbon dioxide treatment was effective in maintaining the quality of 'Seolhyang' strawberries treated on the $1^{st}$ day after harvest. These samples had higher firmness, lower redness, softening index, and decay rate compared to samples treated on the $3^{rd}$ day after harvest. Treatment with both 15 and 30% of $CO_2$ concentration on the $1^{st}$ day after harvest induced an increase of firmness of 'Seolhyang' strawberry after the treatment. Samples treated with 15 and 30% $CO_2$ the $1^{st}$ day after harvest maintained quality for 10 days. However, samples treated with $CO_2$ on the $3^{rd}$ day after harvest lost marketability at 10 days of storage. At the atmosphere containing 30% $CO_2$ on the $1^{st}$ day after harvest was most effective in reducing decay rate and fruit softening, and maintaining bright red color of strawberries among different $CO_2$ concentrations. Therefore, a 30% $CO_2$ treatment within one day after harvest can be a practical postharvest technology to extend shelf-life of 'Seolhyang' strawberry.

Preparation and Characterization of $Cu/Ce_xZr_{1-x}O_2$ Catalysts for Preferential Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide (일산화탄소의 선택적 산화반응을 위한 $Cu/Ce_xZr_{1-x}O_2$ 촉매의 합성과 특성분석)

  • Lee, So-Yeon;Lee, Suk-Hee;Cheon, Jae-Kee;Woo, Hee-Chul
    • Clean Technology
    • /
    • v.13 no.1 s.36
    • /
    • pp.54-63
    • /
    • 2007
  • Even traces of CO in the hydrogen-rich feed gas to proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) poison the platinum anode electrode and dramatically decrease the power output. In this work, a variety of catalytic materials consisting of $Cu/Ce_xZr_{1-x}O_2$, (x = 0.0-1.0) were synthesised, characterized and tested for CO oxidation and preferential oxidation of CO (PROX). These catalysts prepared by hydrothermal and deposition-precipitation methods. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, XRF, SEM, BET, $N_2O$ titration and oxygen storage capacity (OSC) measurement. The effects of composition of the support and degree of excess oxygen were investigated fur activity and $CO_2$ selectivity with different temperatures. The composition of the support markedly influenced the PROX activity. Among the various $Cu/Ce_xZr_{1-x}O_2$ catalysts having different composition, $Cu/Ce_{0.9}Zr_{0.1}O_2$ and $Cu/Ce_{0.7}Zr_{0.3}O_2$ showed the highest activities (>99%) and selectivities (ca.50%) in the temperature range of $150{\sim}160^{\circ}C$. It was found that by using of $Ce_xZr_{1-x}O_2$ mixed oxide support which possesses a high oxygen storage capacity, oxidation-reduction activity of Cu-based catalyst was improved, which resulted in the increase of catalytic activity and selectivity of CO oxidation in excess $H_2$ environments.

  • PDF

Enzymatic Characteristics of Water-Insoluble ${\alpha}-Amylase$ Immobilized on Dithiocarbamate Wool (Dithiocarbamate Wool에 고정(固定)된 불용성(不溶性) ${\alpha}-Amylase$의 특성(特性)에 대하여)

  • Lee, Kyung-Hee;Kim, Jong-Deog;Lee, Kang-Ho
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
    • /
    • v.14 no.2
    • /
    • pp.164-170
    • /
    • 1985
  • Yellowish modified wool, dithiocarbamate(DTC) wool, was synthesized by partial hydrolysis in 0.2 N-NaOH reacting with carbon disulfide to use as ${\alpha}-amylase$ immobilization matrix. ${\alpha}-amylase$ was immobilized reacting with sulfide group of DTC-wool by covalent binding within 1 hour. 0.5 gram of this preparation, $DTC-wool-{\alpha}-amylase$, contained 150 ug of enzyme protein and its specific activity was about 90% of the native one. General properties of $DTC-wool-{\alpha}-amylase$ were a little different from optimum temperature, optimum pH, heat stability, kinetic constants and activation energy. An apparent Michaelis constant and maximum velocity of $DTC-wool-{\alpha}-amylase$ were 5.56 mg/ml and 0.37 mg/ml. $min^{-1}$ respectively, while activation energy was 16.6 kcal/mole.

  • PDF

Growth and Water Use Efficiency of Major Tree Species for Rehabilitation and the Impacts of Planting Trees on Microclimate Condition in Central Dry Zone of Myanmar (미얀마 건조지에서 주요 조림 수종의 생장과 수분이용효율 특성 및 조림이 건조지의 미세기상변화에 미치는 영향)

  • Park, Go Eun;Kim, Chan Beom;An, Jiae;Thang, Tluang Hmung;Maung, Wai Phyoe;Wai, Khaing Hsu;Kwon, Jino;Park, Chanwoo
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
    • /
    • v.18 no.4
    • /
    • pp.327-336
    • /
    • 2016
  • The Bagan, the central part of Myanmar, is dry zone where the mean annual precipitation is less than 600 mm for the last ten years. Forest in this region has been degraded due to biotic and abiotic disturbances. While there have been various efforts to rehabilitate the degraded area, the information on growth and physiological characteristics of planting species and the impacts of planting trees in the region still lacks. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the growth and physiological water use efficiency characteristics of five species (Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Acacia catechu Willd., Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn., Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd. and Albizia lebbek (L.) Willd.) which are utilized as rehabilitation species in the dry zone and to identify the impacts of tree planting on microclimate change in dry zone. The growth and the foliar carbon isotope composition of seedlings and the above mentioned five species planted in 2005 were measured. And from February 2015 to January 2016, microclimatic factors air temperature and relative humidity at 60 cm and 2 m above soil, soil temperature, soil water contents and precipitation were measured at every 30-minute interval from the two weather stations installed in the plantation located in Ngalinpoke Mt. Range. One was established in the center of A. indica plantation, and the other was in the barren land fully exposed to the sunlight. Among the five species, A. indica and A. lebbek which showed higher water use efficiency could be recommended as rehabilitation species in dry zone. Planting trees in the dry area was shown to affect the change of microclimate with shading effects, declining temperature of the land surface and aridity of the air, and to contribute to conserving more water in soil by preventing direct evaporation and containing more water with fine roots of trees.

Effect of Aluminum Sulfate Addition to Litter and Dietary Protein Levels of Broilers on Litter Nitrogen Content (육계에 급여되는 사료중의 단백질 수준과 깔짚 내의 Aluminum Sulfate 첨가가 깔짚 내의 질소 함량에 미치는 영향)

  • Park, I. H.;K. H. Nahm
    • Korean Journal of Poultry Science
    • /
    • v.30 no.2
    • /
    • pp.119-128
    • /
    • 2003
  • The two experiments in this study compared litter nitrogen (N) contents after broiler chicks were raised for 42 days. Experiment I compared litter treated with aluminum sulfate (alum) [Al$_2$(SO$_4$)$_3$ㆍ14$H_2O$] (T$_1$) with nontreated litter (T$_2$) when the broiler chicks were fed the same levels of dietary protein (23% for 0∼3 weeks, 21% for 4∼6 weeks) Experiment 2 compared the alum treated litters of broiler chicks fed high protein diets (T$_3$) having 20.4% protein for 0∼3 weeks and 19.3% for 4∼6 weeks, with lower protein diets (T$_4$) having protein levels of 18.0% for 0∼3 weeks and 17.0% for 4 6 weeks. Each treatment had four replicate cages. As shown in Table 1, T$_1$ had a significantly (P<0.0l) lower pH and significantly (P<0.05) higher total N (TN), NH$_4$-N and inorganic N (IN) than T$_2$. T$_1$ and T$_2$ had similar moisture, organic carbon (OC), NO$_3$-N and organic N (ON). Alum treatment increased available N (AN) significantly (P<0.05) from 13.75$\pm$0.0l mg/g to 14.90$\pm$0.01 mg/g and predicted available N (PAN) significantly (P<0.05) from 15.00$\pm$0.0l to 16.50$\pm$0.02. The C : N ratios were 18.84$\pm$0.40 (T$_1$) and 19.46$\pm$0.10 (T$_2$) while the C : ON ratios were 28.49$\pm$1.15 (T$_1$) and 28.34$\pm$0.20 (T$_2$) although C : N ratios or C : ON ratios did not show any difference between T$_1$ and T$_2$. In Table 2, T$_3$ had significantly (P<0.05) higher moisture, TN, NH$_4$-N, ON and IN than T$_4$, while the pH, OC and NO$_3$-N were similar in both groups. The AN of T$_3$ increased significantly (P<0.05) from 10.99$\pm$0.0l mg/g to 12.98$\pm$0.03 mg/g, while the PAN increased significantly (P<0.05) from 12.39$\pm$0.10 mg/g (T$_4$) to 14.68$\pm$ 0.30 mg/g (T$_3$). The C : N ratios increased significantly (P<0.0l) from 20.07$\pm$0.20 (T$_3$) to 24.40$\pm$0.10 (T$_3$). The C : ON ratios also increased significantly (P<0.0l) from 28.99$\pm$1.15 (T$_3$) to 35.51$\pm$0.20 (T$_4$). These current research results show increased AN contents and PAN contents in alum treated litter or with increased CP levels regardless of alum treatment. However, none of the litters in this study could initially increase mineralization.

Estimation of Domestic Greenhouse Gas Emission of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Sector adapting 2006 IPCC GL Tier 2b Method (국내 냉동 및 냉방부문 온실가스 배출량 산정 - 2006 IPCC GL Tier 2b 적용 -)

  • Shin, Myung-Hwan;Lyu, Young-Sook;Seo, Kyoung-Ae;Lee, Sue-Been;Lim, Cheolsoo;Lee, Sukjo
    • Journal of Climate Change Research
    • /
    • v.3 no.2
    • /
    • pp.117-128
    • /
    • 2012
  • The Government of South Korea has continued its effort to fixate virtuous circle of economic growth and climate change response to cope with international demands and pressure to commitment for greenhouse gas reduction effectively. Nationally, Korean Government has established "Enforcement of the Framework Act on Low carbon, Green Growth"(2010. 4. 13) to implement national mid-term GHG mitigation goal(30% reduction by 2020 compare to BAU), which established the foundation for phased GHG mitigation by setting up the sectoral and industrial goal, adopting GHG and Energy Target Management System. Also, follow-up measures are taken such as planning and control of mid-term and short-term mitigation target by detailed analysis of potential mitigation of sector and industry, building up the infrastructure for periodic and systematic analysis of target management. Likewise, it is required to establish more accurate, reliable and detailed sectoral GHG inventory for successfully establishment and implement the frame act. In comparison to the $CO_2$ emission, Especially fluorinated greenhouse gases (HFCs, PFCs, $SF_6$) are lacking research to build the greenhouse gas inventories to identify emissions sources and collection of the applicable collection activities data. In this study, with the refrigeration and air conditioning sector being used to fluorine refrigerant(HFCs) as the center, greenhouse gas emission estimation methodology for evaluating the feasibility of using this methodology look over and mobile air conditioning, fixed air conditioning, household refrigeration equipment, commercial refrigeration equipment for the greenhouse gas emissions were calculated. First look at in terms of methodology, refrigeration and air conditioning sector GHG emissions in developing country-specific emission factors and activity data of the industrial sector the construction of the DB is not enough, it's 2006 IPCC Guidelines Tier 2a (emission factor approach) rather than the Tier 2b (mass balance approach) deems appropriate, and each detail by process, sectoral activity data more accurate, if DB is built Tier 2a (emission factor approach) can be applied will also be judged. Refrigeration and air conditioning sector in 2009 due to the use of refrigerant greenhouse gas emissions ($CO_2eq.$) assessment results, portable air conditioner 1,974,646 ton to year, fixed-mount air conditioner 1,011,754 ton to year, household refrigeration unit 4,396 ton to year, commercial refrigeration equipment 1,263 ton to year was estimated to total 2,992,037 tons.

Changes in Benthic Polychaete Community after Fish Farm Relocation in the South Coast of Korea (어류양식장 이전 후 저서다모류 군집 변화)

  • Park, Sohyun;Kim, Sunyoung;Sim, Bo-Ram;Park, Se-jin;Kim, Hyung Chul;Yoon, Sang-Pil
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
    • /
    • v.27 no.7
    • /
    • pp.943-953
    • /
    • 2021
  • The purpose of this study is to investigate sediment recovery after the relocation of fish cage farms, by examining the changes in sediments and the benthic polychaete community. A preliminary survey was carried out in October 2017, before the relocation of the farms, and monthly surveys were conducted from November 2017 to October 2018 after the farms were moved. Subsequently, it was conducted every 2-3 months until October 2020. The survey was carried out at three stations (Farm1-3) at the location of the removed fish farms and at three control stations (Con1-3) without farms. The overall organic carbon content of the farm stations was higher than the control stations, but it gradually decreased after the farm was demolished, and there was no statistically significant difference about one year after the relocation of the farms (p<0.05). In the benthic polychaete community, abiotic community appeared at the farm stations in the summer, and consequently, the community transitioned to a low-diversity region with the predominant species Capitella capitata, which is an indicator of pollution. Until the abiotic period in the summer of the next year, the species diversity increased and the proportion of indicator species decreased, showing a tendency of recovering the benthic polychaete community, and these changes were repeated every year. In this study, the abiotic community appeared every year owing to the topographical characteristics, but as the survey progressed, the period of abiotic occurrence became shorter and the process of community recovery progressed expeditiously. Biological recovery of sediments after the relocation of the fish farms is still in progress, and it is imperative to study recovery trends through continuous monitoring.

Characteristics and classification of paddy soils on the Gimje-Mangyeong plains (김제만경평야(金堤萬頃平野)의 답토양특성(沓土壤特性)과 그 분류(分類)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Shin, Yong Hwa
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
    • /
    • v.5 no.2
    • /
    • pp.1-38
    • /
    • 1972
  • This study, designed to establish a classification system of paddy soils and suitability groups on productivity and management of paddy land based on soil characteristics, has been made for the paddy soils on the Gimje-Mangyeong plains. The morphological, physical and chemical properties of the 15 paddy soil series found on these plains are briefly as follows: Ten soil series (Baeggu, Bongnam, Buyong, Gimje, Gongdeog, Honam, Jeonbug, Jisan, Mangyeong and Suam) have a B horizon (cambic B), two soil series (Geugrag and Hwadong) have a Bt horizon (argillic B), and three soil series (Gwanghwal, Hwagye and Sindab) have no B or Bt horizons. Uniquely, both the Bongnam and Gongdeog series contain a muck layer in the lower part of subsoil. Four soil series (Baeggu, Gongdeog, Gwanghwal and Sindab) generally are bluish gray and dark gray, and eight soil series (Bongnam, Buyong, Gimje, Honam, Jeonbug, Jisan, Mangyeong and Suam) are either gray or grayish brown. Three soil series (Geugrag, Hwadong and Hwagye), however, are partially gleyed in the surface and subsurface, but have a yellowish brown to brown subsoil or substrata. Seven soil series (Bongnam, Buyong, Geugrag, Gimje, Gongdeog, Honam and Hwadong) are of fine clayey texture, three soil series (Baeggu, Jeonbug and Jisan) belong to fine loamy and fine silty, three soil series (Gwanghwal, Mangyeong and Suam) to coarse loamy and coarse silty, and two soil series (Hwagye and Sindab) to sandy and sandy skeletal texture classes. The carbon content of the surface soil ranges from 0.29 to 2.18 percent, mostly 1.0 to 2.0 percent. The total nitrogen content of the surface soil ranges from 0.03 to 0.25 percent, showing a tendency to decrease irregularly with depth. The C/N ratio in the surface soil ranges from 4.6 to 15.5, dominantly from 8 to 10. The C/N ratio in the subsoil and substrata, however, has a wide range from 3.0 to 20.25. The soil reaction ranges from 4.5 to 8.0. All soil series except the Gwanghwal and Mangyeong series belong to the acid reaction class. The cation exchange cpacity in the surface soil ranges from 5 to 13 milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil, and in all the subsoil and substrata except those of a sandy texture, from 10 to 20 milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil. The base saturation of the soil series except Baeggu and Gongdeog is more than 60 percent. The active iron content of the surface soil ranges from 0.45 to 1.81 ppm, easily-reduceable manganese from 15 to 148 ppm, and available silica from 36 to 366 ppm. The iron and manganese are generally accumulated in a similar position (10 to 70cm. depth), and silica occurs in the same horizon with that of iron and manganese, or in the deeper horizons in the soil profile. The properties of each soil series extending from the sea shore towards the continental plains change with distance and they are related with distance (x) as follows: y(surface soil, clay content) = $$-0.2491x^2+6.0388x-1.1251$$ y(subsoil or subsurface soil, clay content) = $$-0.31646x^2+7.84818x-2.50008$$ y(surface soil, organic carbon content) = $$-0.0089x^2+0.2192x+0.1366$$ y(subsoil or subsurface soil, pH) = $$-0.0178x^2-0.04534x+8.3531$$ Soil profile development, soil color, depositional and organic layers, soil texture and soil reaction etc. are thought to be the major items that should be considered in a paddy soil classification. It was found that most of the soils belonging to the moderately well, somewhat poorly and poorly drained fine and medium textured soils and moderately deep fine textured soils over coarse materials, produce higher paddy yields in excess of 3,750 kg/ha. and most of the soils belonging to the coarse textured soils, well drained fine textured soils, moderately deep medium textured soils over coarse materials and saline soils, produce yields less than 3,750kg/ha. Soil texture of the profile, available soil depth, salinity and gleying of the surface and subsurface soils etc. seem to be the major factors determining rice yields, and these factors are considered when establishing suitability groups for paddy land. The great group, group, subgroup, family and series are proposed for the classification categories of paddy soils. The soil series is the basic category of the classification. The argillic horizon (Bt horizon) and cambic horizon (B horizon) are proposed as two diagnostic horizons of great group level for the determination of the morphological properties of soils in the classification. The specific soil characteristics considered in the group and subgroup levels are soil color of the profile (bluish gray, gray or yellowish brown), salinity (salic), depositonal (fluvic) and muck layers (mucky), and gleying of surface and subsurface soils (gleyic). The family levels are classified on the basis of soil reaction, soil texture and gravel content of the profile. The definitions are given on each classification category, diagnostic horizons and specific soil characteristics respectively. The soils on these plains are classified in eight subgroups and examined under the existing classification system. Further, the suitability group, can be divided into two major categories, suitability class and subclass. The soils within a suitability class are similar in potential productivity and limitation on use and management. Class 1 through 4 are distinguished from each other by combination of soil characteristics. Subclasses are divided from classes that have the same kind of dominant limitations such as slope(e), wettness(w), sandy(s), gravels(g), salinity(t) and non-gleying of the surface and subsurface soils(n). The above suitability classes and subclasses are examined, and the definitions are given. Seven subclasses are found on these plains for paddy soils. The classification and suitability group of 15 paddy soil series on the Gimje-Mangyeong plains may now be tabulated as follows.

  • PDF

Tracheal gas insufflation (TGI) in patients with increased deadspace fraction: the effect and its determining factors (사강호흡율이 증가된 환자에서 기관내 가스주입법(Tracheal Gas Imsufflation)이 가스교환에 미치는 효과와 그 결정인자)

  • Lim, Chae Man;Jung, Bok Hyun;Koh, Youn Suck;Lee, Sang Do;Kim, Woo Sung;Park, Pyung Hwan;Kim, Dong Soon;Kim, Won Dong
    • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
    • /
    • v.44 no.1
    • /
    • pp.136-145
    • /
    • 1997
  • Background : Tracheal Gas Insufflation (TGI) is one of the newer ancillary measures in mechanical ventilation employed to enhance carbon dioxide elimination. TGI exerts its effect through reduction of deadspace ventilation, but the factors determining its effect are not well studied yet. Method : The subjects were seven mechanically-ventilated patients ($58.8{\pm}10.6$ yrs) who showed increased physiologic deadspace greater than 60%. After 30 nun of stabilization with 100% oxygen on pressure control ventilation, continuous flow TGI was administered via the insufflation lumen of Hi-Lo Jet Tracheal Tube (Mallincrodt, USA) for 15 min at 3 L/min and 5 L/min each. Results : $PaCO_2$ was decreased ($51.4{\pm}17.6$ at baseline, $49.1{\pm}18.9$ at TGJ 3 L/min $45.0{\pm}14.9$ mm Hg at TGI 5 L/min, p=0.050), and pH was increased ($7.37{\pm}0.12$, $7.38{\pm}0.13$, $7.39{\pm}0.12$, respectively, p=0.037) while mixed expired $CO_2$ ($P_ECO_2$) was not changed significantly from baseline (p=0.336) by TGI. Physiologic deadspace(Vdphy) was decreased ($73.0{\pm}7.9$% at baseline, $69.8{\pm}10.0$% at TGI 3 L/min, and $67.1{\pm}10.1$% at TGI 5 L/min, p=0.015). $AaDO_2$(p=0.147), Vt(p=0.2140), Pmean(p=0.7788) and mean arterial pressure(p=0.4169) were not changed. The correlation between % maximal decrease of Vdphy were r=0.790 with the ratio of baseline Vdana/Vdphy(p=0.035) and r=-0.754 with baseline Vdalv(p=0.050). Conclusion: TGI was effective in reducing $PaCO_2$ and deadspace, and the deadspace-reducing effect was best correlated with baseline anatomic/physiologic deadspace ratio.

  • PDF

The Effects of Environment-Friendly Agricultural Materials on Soil and the Quality of 'Niitaka' pear's Orchad (친환경농자재 처리가 배과수원 토양 및 과실품질에 미치는 영향)

  • Yoon, Seong-Tak;Xu, Zhen-Yu;Zhang, Qing-Yu;Kim, Tae-Ho;Nam, Jung-Chang;Park, Sang-Hun;Kwak, No-Il;Mun, Su-Hak;Lee, Hyuk-Jae;Choi, Jin-Ho
    • Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
    • /
    • v.18 no.4
    • /
    • pp.613-626
    • /
    • 2010
  • Coming with the well-being era, consumer's demand for safe agricultural products is increasing. It is urgent to develop an environment-friendly pear production system. Accordingly, this study was conducted to develop an environment-friendly pear production system by using several environment-friendly agricultural materials which is known to be effective in agricultural production. In the effects of environment-friendly agricultural materials on the soil chemical characteristics in pear orchard, the content of total carbon, organic matter, Ca and Mg increased a little respectively compared with those of 2008, and 2nd treatment showed the highest EC and Mg content in the soil among treatments. The content of leaf N, P and Ca in 2009 decreased compared with those of 2008, while Mg content showed no difference between 2008 and 2009 years. Average pear weight in 2009 was 31g higher than that of 2008 (682g) and 2nd treatment showed the highest pear weight (738g) among treatments. The average sugar content was higher in 2009 (12.6$^{\circ}Bx$) compared with that of 2008 (12.2$^{\circ}Bx$) and the plot of 2nd treatment highest sugar content (12.6$^{\circ}Bx$) among treatments. There were no difference in hunter value of L among treatments, but hunter value of a showed higher 1.62 in 2009 than that of 2008 (3.73). The highest of gumminess and cohesiveness of fruits were obtained from 1st treatment and adhesiveness and chewiness of fruits were obtained from 3rd and 1st treatment respectively. Firmness of fruit increased a little in 2009 compared with that of 2008, while the highest firmness was obtained from 3rd treatment with 1.63kg/5mm$\oint$ among treatments. Phosphate content in the peel of 'Niitaka' pear of fruit skin in 2009 (0.97g/kg) showed 0.06g/kg more content than that of 2008 (0.91g/kg), while the highest content was obtained from 3rd treatment (1.15g/kg). Potassium content in the peel of 'Niitaka' pear in 2009 was 8.20g/kg, which is 0.06g/kg more content than that of 2008 (7.82g/kg) and the highest content was obtained from 1st treatment (8.34g/kg) among treatments. The highest nitrogen content in the flesh of 'Niitaka' pear was obtained from 3rd treatment (4.32mg/g), while it was the lowest in control plot (3.10mg/g). Phosphate content in the flesh of 'Niitaka' pear in 2009 (8.20g/kg) showed 0.06g/kg more content than that of 2008 (7.82g/kg), while the highest content was obtained from 1st treatment (8.34g/kg). There were no difference of the potassium content in the fruit peel of 'Niitaka' pear between years, but 1st treatment showed the highest content (11.81g/kg) among treatments, while the lowest was obtained from the control plot (10.83g/kg).