• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.17
• /
• pp.115-133
• /
• 1974

This study was done on the metabolism of chemical components during the seed development of ginseng. The changes of the chemical components were inspected in the following periods: from the early stage of flower organ formation to flowering time, from the early stage of fruiting to maturity, during the moisture stratification before sowing. From flower bud forming stage to meiosis stage, the changes in the fresh weight, dry weight, contents of carbohydrates, and contents of nitrogen compounds were slight while the content of TCA soluble phosphorus and especially the content of organic phosphorus increased markedly. From meiosis stage to microspore stage the fresh and dry weights increase greatly. Also, the total nitrogen content increases in this period. Insolub]e nitrogen was 62-70% of the total nitrogen content; the increase of insoluble nitrogen seems to have resulted form the synthesis of protein. The content of soluble sugar (reducing and non-reducing sugar) increases greatly but there was no observable increase in starch content. In this same period, TCA soluble phosphorus reached the maximum level of 85.4% of the total phosphorus. TCA insoluble phosphorus remained at the minimum content level of 14.6%. After the pollen maturation stage and during the flowering period the dry weight increased markedly and insolub]e nitrogen also increased to the level of 67% of the total nitrogen content. Also in this stage, the organic phosphorus content decreased and was found in lesser amounts than inorganic phosphorus. A rapid increase in the starch content was also observed at this stage. In the first three weeks after fruiting the ginseng fruit grows rapidly. Ninety percent of the fresh weight of ripened ginseng seed is obtained in this period. Also, total nitrogen content increased by seven times. As the fruits ripened, insoluble nitrogen increased from 65% of the total nitrogen to 80% while soluble nitrogen decreased from 35% to 20%. By the beginning of the red-ripening period, the total phosphoric acid content increased by eight times and was at its peak. In this same period, TCA soluble phosphorus was 90% of total phosphorus content and organic phosphorus had increased by 29 times. Lipid-phosphorus, nucleic acid-phosphorus and protein-phosphorus also increased during this stage. The rate of increase in carbohydrates was similar to the rate of increase in fresh weight and it was observed at its highest point three weeks after fruiting. Soluble sugar content was also highest at this time; it begins to decrease after the first three weeks. At the red-ripening stage, soluble sugar content increased again slightly, but never reached its previous level. The level of crude starch increased gradually reaching its height, 2.36% of total dry weight, a week before red-ripening, but compared with the content level of other soluble sugars crude starch content was always low. When the seeds ripened completely, more than 80% of the soluble sugar was non-reducing sugar, indicating that sucrose is the main reserve material of carbohydrates in ginseng seeds. Since endosperm of the ripened ginseng seeds contain more than 60% lipids, lipids can be said to be the most abundant reserve material in ginseng seeds; they are more abundant than carbohydrates, protein, or any other component. During the moisture stratification, ginseng seeds absorb quantities of water. Lipids, protein and starch stored in the seeds become soluble by hydrolysis and the contents of sugar, inorganic phosphorus, phospho-lipid, nucleic acid-phosphorus, protein phosphorus, and soluble nitrogen increase. By sowing time, the middle of November, embryo of the seeds grows to 4.2-4.7mm and the water content of the seeds amounts to 50-60% of the total seed weight. Also, by this time, much budding material has been accumulated. On the other hand, dry stored ginseng seeds undergo some changes. The water content of the seeds decreases to 5% and there is an observable change in the carbohydraes but the content of lipid and nitrogen compounds did not change as much as carbohydrates.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.66 no.2
• /
• pp.438-441
• /
• 2024

The Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) strain AK_C_05 was isolated from cheonggukjang, the Korean traditional food, collected from a local market in South Korea. In this report, we presented the complete genome sequence of E. faecium strain AK_C_05. The genome of E. faecium strain AK_C_05 genome consisted of one circular chromosome (2,691,319 bp) with a guanine + cytosine (GC) content of 38.3% and one circular plasmid (177,732 bp) with a GC content of 35.48%. The Annotation results revealed 2,827 protein-coding sequences (CDSs), 18 rRNAs, and 68 tRNA genes. It possesses genes, which encodes enzymes such as alpha-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.22), beta-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) and alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.55) enabling efficient utilization of carbohydrates. Based on Clusters of Orthologous Groups analysis, E. faecium strain AK_C_05 showed specialization in carbohydrate transport and metabolism indicating the ability to generate energy using a variety of carbohydrates.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.28 no.9
• /
• pp.1493-1501
• /
• 2018

Wastewater from cider factories (losses during transfers, products discarded due to quality policies, and products returned from the market) exhibits a Chemical Oxygen Demand greater than $170,000mg\;O_2/l$, mainly due to the ethanol content and carbohydrates that are added to obtain the finished product. These effluents can represent up to 10% of the volume of cider produced, and they must be treated to meet environmental regulations. In this work, a process was developed, based on alcoholic fermentation of the available carbohydrates present in ciders. The impact of inhibitors at different pH, size and reuse of inoculums and different nutrient supplementation on the ethanol yield were evaluated. The use of a 0.5 g/l yeast inoculum and corn steep water as the nutrient source allowed for depletion of the sugars in less than 48 h, which increased the content of ethanol to more than 70 g/l.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.18 no.7
• /
• pp.695-702
• /
• 1997

The objective of this work is to determine the sugar profiles in commercial fruit juices, and to obtain chemometric characteristics. Sugar compositions of fruit juices were determined by HPLC-RID and GC-FID via methoxymation and trimethylsilylation with BSTFA. The appearance of multiple peaks in GC analysis for carbohydrates was disadvantageous as described in earlier literatures. Fructose, glucose, and sucrose were major carbohydrates in most fruit juices. Glucose/fructose ratios obtained by GC were lower than those by HPLC. Orange juices are similar to pineapple juices in the sugar profiles. However, grape juices are characterized by its lower or no detectable sucrose content. In addition, it was also found that unsweeten juices contained considerable level of sucrose. Chemometric technique such as principal components analysis was applied to provide an overview of the distinguishability of fruit juices based on HPLC or GC data. Principal components plot showed that different fruit juices grouped into distinct cluster. Principal components analysis was very useful in fruit juices industry for many aspects such as pattern recognition, detection of adulterants, and quality evaluation.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.37 no.3
• /
• pp.131-137
• /
• 2014

To investigate the solute pattern of salt marsh plants in Suncheon Bay in Korea, plants and soil samples were collected at three sites from July to September 2011. The soil pH around the investigated species was weakly alkaline, 6.9-8.1. The total ion and Cl- content of site 1 gradually increased, while those of site 2 and site 3 were lowest in August and highest in September. The exchangeable $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$ and $K^+$ in the soil were relatively constant during the study period, but the soil exchangeable $Na^+$ content was variable. Carex scabrifolia and Phragmites communis had constant leaf water content and very high concentrations of soluble carbohydrates during the study period. However, Suaeda malacosperma and S. japonica had high leaf water content and constant very low soluble carbohydrate concentrations. Carex scabrifolia accumulated similar amounts of $Na^+$ and $K^+$ ions in its leaves. Phragmites communis contained a high concentration of $K^+$ ions. Suada japonica and S. malacosperma had more $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ ions than $K^+$ ions in their leaves. Suaeda japonica had higher levels of glycine betaine in its leaves under saline conditions than C. scabrifolia and P. communis. Consequently, the physiological characteristics of salt marsh chenopodiaceous plants (S. japonica and S. malacosperma) were the high storage capacity for inorganic ions (especially alkali cations and chloride) and accumulation of glycine betaine, but monocotyledonous plant species (C. scabrifolia and P. communis) showed high $K^+$concentrations, efficient regulation of ionic uptake, and accumulation of soluble carbohydrates. These characteristics might enable salt marsh plants to grow in saline habitats.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.48-53
• /
• 1964

At the different growing stages of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench planted at the green house and out doors, the contents of free amino acids in the whole plants,were determined quantitatively by spot-extract colorimetric method (J. Awapara method) using the chromatograms obtained by the ion-exchange resin and paper chromatographic method. And the contents of carbohydrate in the whole plant were determined by Bertrand method. The results were summarized as follows. 1. Almost same kinds of free amino acids were detected in the both plants. 2. Concentrations of most amino acids was increased progressively during growth; further growth was accompanied by decreased concentrations. 3. Rate of growth and increasing of total amino acid content of green house plant is greater than that of out dorrs plant. 4. At the same stages of gwoth, total free amino acid content of green house plant is higher than that of out doors plant but sugar content is lower. 5. There was rapidly increasing of sugar content and decreasing of total free amino acid content except asparagine during mature of seeds.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
• /
• 2017.06a
• /
• pp.282-282
• /
• 2017

The many factors such as sugar content, moisture, type of bacteria which predominate, buffering capacity, packing and sealing are known to be associated with silage fermentation quality. Among the sugar content are particularly important, because effective silage ensiling relies on the fermentation of sugar content to lactic acid by lactic acid bacteria. Sugar content is also known to affect the protein utilization of rumen. This study was conducted to observe the effect of water soluble carbohydrates on fermentation characteristics and in vitro digestibility of whole crop wheat silage. This experiment was used standard cultivars (Cheongwoo, Hordeum balgare L) and solid breeding line of whole crop wheat. The materials harvested at the 30 after heading day and chopped for making silage, and using this silage carried out in vitro digestibility for 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours. For the feed value, crude protein, NDF, ADF contents showed slightly higher than the before ensiling and TDN contents were slightly lower compared to the before ensiling, but did not show the significantly different. For the sugar contents, fructose and glucose contents were decreased in the after ensiling compared to the before ensiling, there were more reduced at the containing high sugar content wheat. The pH value was lower at containing high sugar content wheat. lactic acid content was significantly higher at the containing high sugar content wheat. Therefore, there was profitable to the production of high quality wheat silage at the higher the sugar content. In in vitro digestibility test, containing high sugar content HW34line showed significantly higher dry matter digestibility at 6 and 12 hours of incubation and amount of NH3-N lower other line in all incubation time. Therefore, there was profitable to the production of high quality wheat silage at the higher the sugar content.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.203-208
• /
• 1991

This experiment was carried out to compare the effects of summer temperature and nitrogen application on carbohydrates and fiber contents in orchardrass stubble grown in the cool summer year, 1980 and in the hot summer year, 1984. For this study, the contents of carbohydrates, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber(ADF) and hemicellulose in orchardgrass stubble were investigated. 1. Total water soluble carbohydrates(TSC) in orchardrass stubble were accumulated during the period of cool season and were declined when the weather was hot and dry. The reserve level of those were decreased when a new leaf emerged after the start of plant growth and then were increased as the plant was in full flourish. 2. The reserve of carbohydrate content in orchardgrass stubble was about twice times higher in cool summer year than that in hot summer year, and the reserve rate of carbohydrates showed to be fast in cool summer year. When the nitrogen fertilizer applied, the content of TSC in orchardgrass stubble more lowered but not significantly different(p<0.05). 3. The contents of NDF, ADF and hemicellulose in orchardgrass stubble in cool summer year were not significantly different from those in hot summer year. These contents showed also no significant difference among different levels of nitrogen applications. 4. The relationship of carbohydrate, NDF, ADF and hemicelluose contents according to the levels of nitrogen applications were negatively correlated in cool summer year. But there was no consistency in hot summer year.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.34 no.3
• /
• pp.251-257
• /
• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the acclimation responses of Tamarix chinensis to cold stress. We evaluated the acclimation responses by measuring biomass, daily elongation rate, chlorophyll content, and total soluble carbohydrate content. The plant samples comprised leaves from seedlings of 2 different ages (8 and 12 weeks); the leaves were collected 0, 2, and 4 weeks after cold treatment. We found that the cold-treated samples showed reduced daily elongation rates and chlorophyll content. Further, these samples showed more than 8-fold increase in the total soluble carbohydrate content. However, the seedling ages did not have a significant influence on the growth of cold-treated seedlings. On the basis of these findings, we can conclude that T. chinensis seedlings aged less than 1 year old show acclimation to cold stress by accumulating soluble carbohydrates. This study may help us understand how T. chinensis seedlings acclimatize to their first cold season.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.42 no.5
• /
• pp.753-758
• /
• 2013

The physicochemical, sensory, and functional properties of Codonopsis (C.) lanceolata tea with different amounts of sugar (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) were investigated. There were no significant changes in crude protein, crude fat, and ash contents of C. lanceolata tea with different amounts of sugar. In contrast, carbohydrates decreased and moisture content increased in C. lanceolata tea with different amounts of sugar. The natural presumption is that carbohydrates increase with increasing amounts of sugar. In terms of color, the L-value decreased and the b-value increased with increasing amounts of sugar. Although there were no significant changes in total dietary fiber, soluble dietary fiber increased and insoluble dietary fiber decreased with increasing amounts of sugar. The total phenolic and flavonoid content increased, while saponin content remained constant with increasing amounts of sugar. The highest overall acceptability values in the sensory test for color, flavor, taste, and overall preference were 5.77, 5.82, 5.72, and 5.95, respectively, with the addition of 75% sugar.