• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권7호
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• pp.1044-1058
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• 2023

Objective: The objective of this study was to characterize physiochemical and nutrient profiles of feedstock and co-products from canola bio-oil processing that were impacted by source origin. The feedstocks and co-products (mash, pellet) were randomly collected from five different bio-oil processing plants with five different batches of samples in each bio-processing plant in Canada (CA) and China (CH). Methods: The detailed chemical composition, energy profile, total digestible nutrient (TDN), protein and carbohydrate subfractions, and their degradation and digestion (CNCPS6.5) were determined. Results: The results showed that TDN_1x was similar in meals between CA and CH. CH meals and feedstock had higher, truly digestible crude protein (tdCP) and neutral detergent fiber (tdNDF) than CA while CA had higher truly digestible non-fiber carbohydrate (tdNFC). The metabolizable energy (ME_3x), net energy (NE_Lp3x, NE_m3x, and NE_g3x) were similar in meals between CA and CH. No differences were observed in energy profile of seeds between CA and CH. The protein and carbohydrate subfractions of seeds within CH were similar. The results also showed that pelleting of meals affected protein sub-fractionation of CA meals, except rapidly degradable fractions (PB1), rumen degradable (RDPB1) and undegrdable PB1 (RUPB1), and intestinal digestible PB1 (DIGPB1). Canola meals were different in the soluble (PA2) and slowly degradable fractions (PB2) between CA and CH. The carbohydrate fractions of intermediately degradable fraction (CB2), slowly degradable fraction (CB3), and undegradable fraction (CC) were different among CH meals. CH presented higher soluble carbohydrate (CA4) and lower CB2, and CC than CA meals. Conclusion: The results indicated that although the seeds were similar within and between CA and CH, either oil-extraction process or meal pelleting seemed to have generated significantly different aspects in physiochemical and nutrient profiles in the meals. Nutritionists and producers need to regularly check nutritional value of meal mash and pellets for precision feeding.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.356-364
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• 2009

The current ruminant feeding models require parameterization of the digestion kinetics of carbohydrate fractions in feed ingredients to estimate the supply of nutrients from a ration. Using an automated gas production technique, statistically welldefined digestion rate of carbohydrate, including soluble carbohydrate, can be estimated in a relatively easy way. In this study, the gas production during in vitro fermentation was measured and recorded by an automated gas production system to investigate degradation kinetics of carbohydrate fractions of a wide range of ruminant feeds: corn silage, rice straw, corn, soybean hull, soybean meal, and cell mass from lysine production (CMLP). The gas production from un-fractionated, ethanol insoluble residue and neutral detergent insoluble residue of the feed samples were obtained. The gas profiles of carbohydrate fractions on the basis of the carbohydrate scheme of the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (A, B1, B2, B3 and C) were generated using a subtraction approach. After the gas profiles were plotted with time, a curve was fitted with a single-pool exponential equation with a discrete lag to obtain kinetic parameters that can be used as inputs for modern nutritional models. The fractional degradation rate constants (Kd) of corn silage were 11.6, 25.7, 14.8 and 0.8%/h for un-fractioned, A, B1 and B2 fractions, respectively. The values were statistically well estimated, assessed by high t-value (>12.9). The Kd of carbohydrate fractions in rice straw were 4.8, 21.1, 5.7 and 0.5%/h for un-fractioned, A, B1 and B2 fractions, respectively. Although the Kd of B2 fraction was poorly defined with a t-value of 4.4, the Kd of the other fractions showed tvalues higher than 21.9. The un-fractioned corn showed the highest Kd (18.2%/h) among the feeds tested, and the Kd of A plus B1 fraction was 18.7%/h. Soybean hull had a Kd of 6.0, 29.0, 3.8 and 13.8%/h for un-fractioned, A, B1 and B2, respectively. The large Kd of fraction B2 indicated that NDF in soybean hull was easily degradable. The t-values were higher than 20 except for the B1 fraction (5.7). The estimated Kd of soybean meal was 9.6, 24.3, 5.0%/h for un-fractioned, A and B1 fractions, respectively. A small amount of gas (5.6 ml at 48 ho of incubation) was produced from fermentation of CMLP which contained little carbohydrate. In summary, the automated gas production system was satisfactory for the estimation of well defined (t-value >12) kinetic parameters and Kd of soluble carbohydrate fractions of various feedstuffs that supply mainly carbohydrate. The subtraction approach, however, should be applied with caution for some concentrates, especially those which contain a high level of crude protein since nitrogen-containing compounds can interfere with gas production.

• 약학회지
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.261-265
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• 2004

In the previous report, we described the marked antitumor and immunomodulatory activities of PVp, a protein-polysaccharide fraction of a Korean wild mushroom Psathyrella velutina. In this study, a protein-polysaccharide fraction, PVMP, was prepared from the shake-cultured mycelia of the same mushroom and its immunoactivities as well as chemical compositions were investigated. At 200 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml, PVMP weakly stimulated the BALB/c mouse splenic lymphocytes to form lymphoblasts and upregulated the expression of CD25 molecules, but failed to stimulate peritoneal macrophages. In chemical analysis these two protein-polysaccharide fractions were found to be quite different in that the carbohydrate contents of PVMP and PVP, respectively, was 85.3% and 41.2%. These results reveals that PVMP, unlike PVP, is a moderate immunostimulator on the immune system.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.77-83
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• 2001

For defining the possibilities of the commercial mass liquid culture of Cordyceps sinensis, the pharmacological activities of mycelia were analyzed. The mycelium of C. sinensis consists of carbohydrate (5.1%) and fat (1.3%), and contains a low content of protein (0.7%) and ash (0.5%), and 92.4% moisture. The molecular sugar ratio of carbohydrate was composed mainly of glucose, mannose (1.0 : 0.9), in addition a small amount of galactose and arabinose (0.2 : 0.1). The cellular materials of mycelia were fractionated into ethylacetate (EA), MeOH (M) and hot-water extract fraction (HW). HW fraction showed the most potent intestinal immune system modulating activity, anti-coagulant activity, and anti-complementary activity, and M fraction had the inhibition activity of radical generation as effective as genistine. These results reveal that the mycelium of liquid cultured C. sinensis showed pharmacological activities and could be used for commercial purpose.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.23-27
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• 1997

계란 흰자내에 존재하면서 전형적인 알레르기원이며 단백질분해효소 저해물질인 ovomucoid의 탄수화물 곁사슬에 대한 방사선의 조사효과를 관찰하였다. Trypsin 저해 활성은 방사선 조사선량의 증가에 따라 급격히 손실되었는데 질소환경과 비교하였을 때, 산소환경에서 방사선 조사한 경우 ovomucoid의 불활성화가 현저히 보호되었다. Protein blotting 결과 산소환경에서 방사선을 조사한 경우는 단백질이 일부 파괴되었고, 질소환경하에서는 단백질 응집 현상이 일어났다. Carbohydrate blotting 결과로 나타난 밴드의 위치 및 형태 역시 protein blotting 결과와 유사하였다 HPLC 분석 결과 조사선량의 증가에 따라 모든 올리고당 분획이 감소하는 경향을 보였는데 산소환경하에서 더욱 현저하였다. 위의 결과로 보아, 방사선에 의해서 탄수화물 곁사슬의 파괴 및 유리로 인한 전반적인 구조적 변화가 초래되어 ovomucoid의 활성도 변화를 좌우한 것으로 생각된다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.81-93
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• 1979

The mycelium of Rhizopus nigricans was harvested at intervals during the sporulation periods, fractioned into various cell components and analyzed the con!eiits of various cell materials in order to clarify the optimum conditions of sporulation and some characteristics of the metabolism during tke sporulation periods. The changes in enzyme activities, such as amylase and protease, were also measured during the sporulation period,. 1. Mycelium in distilled water culture, as control, did not sporulate but mycelial mat cultured in Petridish without mutrient spourulated. Optimum temperature range for sporulation was $20{\sim}25^{\circ}C$. 2. During the sporulation and maturation periods, proteins, especially alkali-labile protein were decreased remarkably but free amino acid and ninhydrin reactive substances in acid soluble fraction were increased, compared with control. 3. Acid solable polyphosphate was decreased but acid insoluble polyphosphate was increased, during the sporulation. 4. Carbohydrate and hexosamine in acid soluble fraction were increased, while carbohydrate in alkali insoluble residual fraction was decreased during the sporulation periods. 5. Amounts of UV-absorbing material in deoxyribonucleic acid fraction was increased a little but those in ribonucleic acid fraction was decreased, compared with control. 6. Intracellular amylases and proteases activities insporulating mycelial mat were increased continuously during the sporulation and maturation periods.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.330-337
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• 1990

The crude polysaccharide from Panax ginseng prepared by hot water extration and precipiation with ethanol was further fractionated into neutral and acidic fractions by DEAE- cellulose ion exchange chromatography. The chemical compositions were 85.0% carbohydrorate and 15.0% protein for the neutral fraction, and 28.4% carbohydrate, 10.0% protein and 29.0% uronic acid for the acidic fraction. The acidic fraction was more effective in increasing of the ratio of spleen to body weight, the number of antibody secreting cells to SRBC and phagocytic activity of reticuloendothelial system, as well as antitumor activity against the solid form of sarcoma 180 in ICR mice than the neutral fraction. All polysaccharide fractions were mitogenic to cultured spleen cells of C57BL/6 mice. However, FA was different from FN in the co-mitogenicities with lectin mitogens. Both crude and acidic fractions potentiated remarkably the mitogenic activity of PHA-P or LPS in dose-dependent manner but neutral fraction enhanced only that of LPS. Three polysaccharide fractions had no effect on that of Con A. These results suggest that the acidic fraction may stimulate B and Td cells as well as macrophages while the neutral fraction may simulate only B cells and macropages.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.279-282
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• 1996

간흡충 특이 단세포군항체인 CsHyb 0605-23과 반응하는 간흡충 항원의 특성을 밝히기 위하여 간흡충의 성충 조항원을 당지질 당질 단백으로 각각 분리한 후 각각 항원으로 사용하여 단세포 군항체와 효소떤역흡착검사법을 실시하였다. 그 결과. 오직 당질분획만이 단세포군항체와 반응하였다. 당질항원을 sodiumperiodate를 사용하여 약하게 산화시키자 단세포군항체와의 반응도가 떨어졌다. 따라서 이 단세포군항체에 반응하는 간흡충의 항원 및 항원결정기는 당질로 생각된다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.853-858
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• 2003

Helicobacter pylori specifically adhere to host cells through a number of putative receptors and ligands, mainly based on carbohydrate-protein interactions. Polysaccharide fractions isolated from the leaves of Artemisia capillaris showed different inhibitory activities against H. pylori adhesion by using hemagglutination assay. Among these fractions, an acidic polysaccharide fraction FlA showed highly effective inhibitory activity, and its minimum inhibition concentration was 0.63 mg/ml. The inhibition results by the hemagglutination assay were consistent with those obtained by the enzymelinked glycosorbent assay, which was developed by the conjugation of horseradish peroxidase with fetuin, a sialic acid-containing glycoprotein which was specific to H. pylori adhesion. FlA contained the highest carbohydrate content among polysaccharide fractions, and no protein was detectable when further purified by gel filtration FPLC. Sugar composition analysis using GC revealed the highest amount of galacturonic acid among sugars, which suggests that FlA contains essentially acidic polysaccharides. Our data suggest that acidic polysaccharides may play an important role in the inhibition of H. pylori adhesion to host cells.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.222-227
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• 1998

The activities of enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism have been determinated in the host cytosolic and bacteroid fractions of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) nodules formed with B. japonicum I 16 and in roots of nodulated cowpeas. The host cytosolic fraction of the nodules contained the enzymes of glycolytic pathway and the pentose phosphate pathway, whereas the bacteroids had only limited capacity for carbohydrate metabolism and appeared to be insufficient for the complete glycolytic pathway as well as starch synthesis and degradation. In a time-course study, using plants grown in a glasshouse, the acetylene-reducing activity (ARA) of the nodules increased in parallel with the total N content of plants and protein of the nodules until approximately 8 weeks after planting. Subsequently, the weight and size of the nodules and the weight of the plants continued to increase, but there was a sharp decrease in the ARA and the total N content of the plants.