• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.207-214
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• 2015

The effects of high carbohydrate diet on growth, serum physiological response, and hepatic heat shock protein 70 expression in Wuchang bream were determined at $25^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$. At each temperature, the fish fed the control diet (31% CHO) had significantly higher weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase activities, lower feed conversion ratio and hepatosomatic index (HSI), whole crude lipid, serum glucose, hepatic glucokinase (GK) activity than those fed the high-carbohydrate diet (47% CHO) (p<0.05). The fish reared at $25^{\circ}C$ had significantly higher whole body crude protein and ash, serum cholesterol and triglyceride, hepatic G-6-Pase activity, lower glycogen content and relative levels of hepatic growth hormone (GH) gene expression than those reared at $30^{\circ}C$ (p<0.05). Significant interaction between temperature and diet was found for HSI, condition factor, hepatic GK activity and the relative levels of hepatic GH gene expression (p<0.05).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.556-567
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• 2020

Objective: To improve the utility of native grass resources as feed in China, we investigated the dynamics of protein and carbohydrate fractions among Inner Mongolian native grasses, during ensiling and the aerobic stage, using the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System. Methods: Silages were prepared without or with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculant. We analyzed the protein and carbohydrate fractions and fermentation quality of silages at 0, 5, 15, 20, 30, and 60 d of ensiling, and the stability at 0.5, 2, 5, and 10 d during the aerobic stage. Results: Inner Mongolian native grass contained 10.8% crude protein (CP) and 3.6% water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) on a dry matter basis. During ensiling, pH and CP and WSC content decreased (p<0.05), whereas lactic acid and ammonia nitrogen (N) content increased (p<0.05). Non-protein N (PA) content increased significantly, whereas rapidly degraded true protein (PB₁), intermediately degraded true protein (PB₂), total carbohydrate (CHO), sugars (CA), starch (CB₁), and degradable cell wall carbohydrate (CB₂) content decreased during ensiling (p<0.05). At 30 d of ensiling, control and LAB-treated silages were well preserved and had lower pH (<4.2) and ammonia-N content (<0.4 g/kg of fresh matter [FM]) and higher lactic acid content (>1.0% of FM). During the aerobic stage, CP, extract ether, WSC, lactic acid, acetic acid, PB₁, PB₂, true protein degraded slowly (PB₃), CHO, CA, CB₁, and CB₂ content decreased significantly in all silages, whereas pH, ammonia-N, PA, and bound true protein (PC) content increased significantly. Conclusion: Control and LAB-treated silages produced similar results in terms of fermentation quality, aerobic stability, and protein and carbohydrate fractions. Inner Mongolian native grass produced good silage, nutrients were preserved during ensiling and protein and carbohydrate losses largely occurred during the aerobic stage.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.183-189
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• 2011

Caffeine and capsaicin increase resting energy metabolism. However, most measurements have been conducted in short-term studies. Therefore, we investigated the effects of caffeine and capsaicin on energy expenditure and energy substrate utilization in resting rats for 6 h. The caffeine (Experiment 1) experiment included four male rats aged 5 weeks and measured the effects of oral administration of caffeine (10 or 50 mg/kg) on respiratory gas, energy expenditure, and energy substrate oxidation for 6 h. Experiment 2 included four male rats aged 6 weeks to measure the effects of capsaicin (10 mg/kg) using the same method as in Experiment 1. The results of Experiment 1 indicated that O₂ uptake and carbohydrate oxidation after caffeine administration for 2 h was higher in the 10 mg trial than that in the 50 mg or placebo trials (P < 0.05). However fat oxidation was not significantly different. In contrast, capsaicin (Experiment 2) observed no differences between the placebo and the capsaicin trials. In conclusion, caffeine initially increased the resting energy consumption for 2 h, and this energy expenditure was due to carbohydrate oxidation. Capsaicin did not change oxygen uptake, respiratory exchange ratio, fat oxidation, or carbohydrate oxidation.

• Food Science and Industry
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.2-7
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• 2018

Increasing attention has been paid to rheological approaches in the food industry due to great awareness of the quality control of foods by objective analysis. Therefore, a lot of food manufacturers started to make a great of effort to instrumentally investigate the rheological properties of foods. However, the appropriate utilization of rheological instruments in the field of food science has been met with numerous technical challenges because of the lack of fundamental knowledge and knowhow. In this article, a variety of rheological instruments conventionally used in the food industry are reviewed. In addition, new rheological instruments that have been rapidly growing in popularity are introduced for potential applications. This article may provide an opportunity for the food industry to move toward the active utilization of rheological instruments.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.511-517
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• 1992

Ethanol was utilized by mixed rumen microbes, but addition of pentachlorophenol (25 mg/l), a methanogen inhibitor, suppressed the utilization of ethanol. Carbon monoxide (50% of the gas phase), a hydrogenase inhibitor, more strongly suppressed the utilization of ethanol, propanol, and butanol. These results suggest that the major ethanol utilizers are $H_2$ producers. Ethanol utilization was depressed at low pH (below 6.0). Since methanogens were shown to be relatively resistant to low pH, it appears that ethanol utilizers are particularly sensitive to low pH. Ruminococcus albus and R. flavefaciens in mono-culture produced ethanol from carbohydrate (glucose and cellobiose), even when a high level (170 mM) of ethanol was present. Ethanol was not utilized even in the absence of carbohydrate, but the co-culture of these bacteria with methanogens resulted in the utilization of ethanol, i.e., when $H_2$ was rapidly converted to $CH_4$, R. albus and R. flavefaciens utilized ethanol. These results suggest that ethanol is utilized when the electrons liberated by the oxidation of ethanol are rapidly removed, and ready electron disposal in ethanol-utilizing, $H_2$-producing bacteria is accomplished by the interspecies transfer of $H_2$.

• Proceedings of the Korean Aquaculture Society Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.17-18
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• 2003

Although flounder is one of the most important marine fish for aquaculture in Korea, feeding the flounder in commercial farms depends mainly on moist pellet in which over 70% frozen fishes (e.g. frozen horse mackerel) are incorporated in its formulation. Therefore, for further expansion of flounder farming, it is essential to employ practical formulated feeds that can support reasonable growth. Development of nutritionally balanced and cost-effective feeds is dependant on the information about nutritional requirement and feed utilization of the species. Nutrient and energy source in feed are needed for the growth and maintenance of fish. Protein is probably the most important nutrient affecting fish growth and feed cost. Therefore, it is essential to determine the optimum dietary protein level for the growth of fish, both its high proportion in the feed and because it is the main factor in determining feed cost. Dietary energy level is also critical because protein source in the feed is utilized as an energy source when the feed deficient in energy is fed to fish, whereas when the feed excess in energy is fed to fish, feed consumption decreased and resulted in growth reduction due to lack of other necessary nutrients for normal growth. Improper dietary protein, energy levels and/or their ratio will lead to an increase of fish production cost and deterioration of water quality resulting from wasted feed; thus, they are important in formulating commercial feed. Dietary lipids play important roles in providing energy and essential fatty acid for normal growth and survival of fish. Although carbohydrates are not essential nutrients for carnivorous fish, these compounds play important roles as a low-cost energy source for protein sparing and also as a feed binder. Nutrition researches for flounder have identified its requirements of protein, lipid and essential fatty acid, vitamin, and minerals for normal growth. Other studies have also been carried out to investigate the utilization of the protein, lipid and carbohydrate sources. Based on these nutritional information obtained, practical feed formulations have been studied for improve aquaculture production of flounder. The results of the researches on utilization of dietary protein, lipid and carbohydrate by flounder are discussed in this review.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.369-375
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• 1991

A series of in vitro incubation studies with washed rumen bacteria were conducted to determine the influence of incubation time and concentrations of peptides, alanine, ammonia nitrogen and carbohydrate on the rate of peptide disappearance and on bacterial growth. Disappearance rate of tri-alanine (ala3) under various conditions was between 30.6 and $58.2mg\;hr^-$ per gram bacterial dry matter. Ala3 was removed from the incubation medium in an almost linear fashion as incubation time and ala3 concentration was increased. Washed rumen bacteria utilized ala3 faster than di-l-alanine (ala2) at all concentrations. Adding 9mM carbohydrate significantly increased ala3 disappearance, but level of ammonia nitrogen had no influence on ala3 disappearance. The presence of alanine in the medium significantly lowered ala3 utilization by rumen bacteria. Bacterial dry matter and nitrogen growth yield were not influenced by alanine and peptides when incubation medium already contained a sufficient level of ammonia nitrogen. Increased ammonia nitrogen in the presence of ala3 did not stimulate bacterial growth. Carbohydrate significantly increased bacterial dry matter and nitrogen growth as expected. Results indicate that the rate of peptide utilization by rumen bacteria may be altered by type and concentration of peptides, and energy supply, and this may be mediated through changes in numbers and type of bacteria.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.19-24
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• 1994

This study was performed to study utilization of separated carbohydrates as well as separation, following analysis of the major components and separation of the carbohydrates in waste liquors of SP, KP, ASAM and AS. The result can be summerized as follows; Inorganic contents in waste liquors increase in this order AS

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.89-99
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• 2007

A Feeding trial was conducted to study the effects of three different sources and two levels of dietary gelatinized carbohydrate (GC) on nutrient utilization, growth, tissue composition and tissue enzyme activities of fingerlings of Catla catla (15.1-15.3 g). Six isocaloric (17.1-17.5 kJ/g) semi-purified diets were prepared either with rice, corn or tapioca at 40 or 50% GC each. The crude protein (CP) level used in the diet was 35% and 25% for 40% and 50% GC level, respectively to study the protein sparing effect of GC. The degree of gelatinization was higher for corn and tapioca than rice under similar cooking conditions. After a 60-d feeding trial, dry matter, carbohydrate, protein and lipid digestibility were higher in tapioca fed groups at both the levels of GC. However, the highest specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were observed in the corn fed groups at 50% GC level indicating better utilization of nutrients from gelatinized corn. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was almost similar in corn and tapioca fed groups between two levels of GC but in rice fed groups, FCR was lower in 40% GC than 50% GC level. The results indicated higher protein-sparing effect in corn and tapioca fed groups than rice fed groups. The order of gelatinized carbohydrate utilization in Catla catla fingerlings at 50% GC level was corn>tapioca>rice. At 40% GC level, corn and tapioca were comparable and more efficiently utilized than rice. In the corn fed groups, 50% GC was comparable with 40% GC level, whereas in rice and tapioca fed groups the 40% GC was better in terms of nutrient utilization. Liver glycogen content and hepatosomatic index were significantly (p<0.05) higher in those groups fed high GC (50%) irrespective of carbohydrate sources. Higher intestinal amylase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities were observed in higher GC fed groups than the lower GC groups. No mortality was found in any groups at any levels of GC.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.175-176
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• 2003

Dietary protein is the most expensive component in flounder feed because of the high protein requirement of this species. The non-protein energy sources may also influence the protein utilization of fish. The inclusion of adequate levels of non-protein energy sources in diets can minimize use of protein as an energy source. Protein sparing effect by fat and carbohydrate has been studied in other fish. (omitted)