• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.86-92
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• 1997

The effects of silkworm extract on body weight, blood glucose and insulin levels, and an intestinal glycosidase activity were studied in high carbohydrate diet administered mice. Hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia represented in high carbohydrate diet administered mice disappeared when silkworm extract(50 mg) was added to 100 g diet for 10 week period. These results suggest that silkworm extract may resolve the insulin resistance by lowering serum insulin level resulting from inhibition of intestinal glycosidase activity. Silkworm extract coadministered with high carbohydrate diet to mice for 10 weeks significantly induced maltase, sucrase and lactase acivities, especially middle and distal portion. Further studies about regulatory mechanisms of glycosidase by silkworm extract are needed.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.137-142
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• 2005

We showed recently that ginsenosides inhibit the activity of various types of ion channel. Here we have investigated the role of the carbohydrate component of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ in the inhibition of $Na^+$ channels. The channels were expressed in Xenopus oocytes by injecting cRNAs encoding rat brain Nav1.2 ${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}1$ subunits, and analyzed by the two-electrode voltage clamp technique. Treatment with $Rg_3$ reversibly inhibited the inward $Na^+$ peak current ($I_{Na}$) with an $IC_{50}$ of $32.2{\pm}4.5{\mu}M$, and the inhibition was voltage-dependent. To examine the role of the sugar moiety, we prepared a straight chain form of the second glucose and a conjugate of this glucose with 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid hydrazide (HPPH). Neither derivative inhibited $I_{Na}$. Treatment with the carbohydrate portion of ginsenoside $Rg_3$, sophorose [${\beta}-D-glucopyranosyl$ ($1{\rightarrow}2$)-${\beta}-glucopyranoside$], or the aglycone (protopanaxadiol), on their own or in combination had no effect on $I_{Na}$. These observations indicate that the carbohydrate portion of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ plays an important role in its effect on the $Na^+$ channel.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.58 no.9
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• pp.34.1-34.9
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• 2016

Background: By-products of pickled radish (BPR) are considered food waste. Approximately 300 g/kg of the total mass of raw materials becomes BPR. Production of pickled radish has grown continuously and is presently about 40,000 metric tons annually in Korea. The objective of the present study was thus to explore the possibility of using BPR as a ruminant feed ingredient. Results: BPR contained a large amount of moisture (more than 800 g/kg) and ash, and comprised mostly sodium (103 g/kg DM) and chloride (142 g/kg DM). On a dry matter basis, the crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) levels in BPR were 75 g/kg and 7 g/kg, respectively. The total digestible nutrient (TDN) level was 527 g/kg and the major portion of digestible nutrients was carbohydrate; 88 % organic matter (OM) was carbohydrate and 65 % of total carbohydrate was soluble or degradable fiber. The coefficient of variation (CV) of nutrient contents among production batches ranged from 4.65 to 33.83 %. The smallest CV was observed in OM, and the largest, in EE. The variation in CP content was relatively small (10.11 %). The storage stability test revealed that storage of BPR at $20^{\circ}C$ (room temperature) might not cause spoilage for 4 d, and possibly longer. If BPR is refrigerated, spoilage can be deferred for 21 d and longer. The in vitro ruminal fermentation study showed that substitution of annual ryegrass straw with BPR improved ruminal fermentation, as evidenced by an increase in VFA concentration, DM degradability, and total gas production. Conclusion: The major portion of nutrients in BPR is soluble or degradable fiber that can be easily fermented in the rumen without adverse effects, to provide energy to ruminant animals. Although its high sodium chloride content needs to be considered when formulating a ration, BPR can be successfully used as a feed ingredient in a ruminant diet, particularly if it is one component of a total mixed ration.

• BMB Reports
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.248-252
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• 1996

The epidermal organ of the leech contains a complex glycoprotein molecule of mucus. The mucus excreted from annelids plays Significant role in protection against desiccation and parasites. Mucus from the Korean native leech, H. nipponia, was investigated for biochemical characteristics for possible development of biomaterials of cosmetic and pharmaceutical agents. The leech skin mucus was heavily glycosylated mucin-like protein with a high molecular weight comprised 80% carbohydrate and 20% protein. Threonine, serine, and glycine were the major components of the isolated protein and these accounted for 50% of total amino acids. The carbohydrate portion contained glucosamine, galactosamine. galactose, glucose. mannose and sialic acid in oligosaccharide form linked with threonine and serine residues of the glycoprotein.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1974.09a
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• pp.95-100
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• 1974

The radioactive compound $squalene-H^3$ prepared from peas (Pisum sativum L.) with 5H -mevalonic acid was administered to two- and four-year-old American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) Plants and cuttings in September. The $squalene-H^3$ uptake was low $(40\~86\%).$ $Squalene-H^3$ was not incorporated into the panaquilin sapogenin panaxadiol. This may be due to its poor solubility characteristics and plant absorption, or to the low specific activity. It is possible, but unknown, if any squalene was metabloized into the carbohydrate portion of the panaquilins.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.167-176
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• 1980

This study was conducted to compare effects of various types of dietary carboh ydrates fed with different levels of protein on the protein utilization in weanling rats. Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing $60{\pm}1.3grams$ were adapted for 1 week with 77% starch-15% casein diet. Then the animals divided into 12 groups according to body weight and fed each experimental diet for two weeks. Carbodydrates used were glucose, starch, and sucrose and the amount of protein given were 0g, 1g, 3g, 5g casein/day. Protein portion of the diet was fed in two seperate feedings per day while nonprotein portion was fed ad libitum. It seemed that there was no significant difference in the protein utilization by using the different kinds of carbohydrate, but in P.E.R., N.P.U., weights of organs and protein and lipid in total carcass, glucose groups were tended to be slightly lower than starch and sucrose groups. The larger the amount of casein given, the higher were the value of body weight gain, F.E.R., weights of organs, total lipid in carcass and the amount of nitrogen retention. On the while, the larger the amount of casein given, the lower were the value of the intake of non-protein portion, P.E.R., N.P.U, and the percentage of nitrogen retention.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.64 no.6
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• pp.1092-1104
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• 2022

Using antibiotics as growth promoter has been banned in poultry feed industry, thus various researchers try to seek an alternative to replace the growth-promoting antibiotics. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the growth performance via intestinal nutrient utilization and cecal microbial composition of broiler after dietary supplementation with most commonly using antibiotics, zinc bacitracin, and sophorolipid. A total of 180 1-day-old chicks were randomly assigned, and dietary treatment was as follow: CON, basal diet; ZB, 100 ppm of zinc bacitracin supplemented diet; and SPL, 250 ppm of sophorolipid supplemented diet. Their growth performance was evaluated and the samples of blood, small intestine, and ileal and cecal digesta were collected for biochemical, histological, and genomic analyses. The body weight and average daily gain of 7-day-old chicks were higher in ZB and those in overall experimental period were improved by ZB and SPL supplementation (p < 0.05). Their intestinal characteristics were not affected by dietary treatments in duodenum and ileum. Nonetheless, villus height was increased by SPL supplementation in jejunum (p < 0.05). Moreover, dietary SPL supplementation could down-regulate the expression level of pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-1β (p < 0.05). mRNA levels of lipid and protein transporters did not differ among the treatments, however, relative expression levels of carbohydrate transporters, GLUT2 and SGLT1 were increased in broiler chicken's jejumum fed zinc bacitracin and sophorolipid supplemented diets (p < 0.05). Dietary zinc bacitracin supplementation could increase the population of Firmicutes in phylum level, and the portion of Turiciacter in genus level. On the other hands, the portion of Faecalibacterium was increased by dietary SPL supplementation compared to the other treatments. Our findings suggest that SPL supplementation improves growth performance through enhanced carbohydrate utilization capacity via improvement of gut morphological status and modulation of the cecal microbial population of broilers.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.554-559
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• 2011

To measure the proximate composition and mineral content of laver Porphyra yezoensis, we collected 30 raw and 30 dried laver from the major production area of the south coast of Korea (Busan, Goheung, Haenam, Wando). The approximate composition of a 100 g edible portion of raw laver was $89.9{\pm}1.4$ g moisture, $3.7{\pm}1.0$ g protein, $0.5{\pm}0.2$ g lipids, $2.1{\pm}1.8$ g carbohydrate and $3.9{\pm}0.6$ g ash. The approximate composition of a 100 g portion of dried laver was $8.9{\pm}1.6$ g moisture, $31.5{\pm}6.5$ g protein, $1.9{\pm}0.3$ g lipids, $48.4{\pm}6.5$ g carbohydrate and $9.3{\pm}1.1$ g ash. No clear regional variation in laver composition was observed. The mineral content of laver was expressed as dry weight. The mean macro mineral content per 100 g portion of raw laver was (in descending order): K ($1,979{\pm}863.0$ mg), Na ($1,063.2{\pm}498.8$ mg), P ($658.7{\pm}101.8$ mg), Mg ($432.3{\pm}83.5$ mg) and Ca ($394.2{\pm}136.5$ mg). In comparison, the mean micro mineral content of raw laver was (in descending order): Fe ($243.72{\pm}154.75\;{\mu}g/g$), Zn ($72.76{\pm}30.61\;{\mu}g/g$), Mn ($41.53{\pm}15.33\;{\mu}g/g$), Cu ($4.16{\pm}1.66\;{\mu}g/g$) and Ni ($0.43{\pm}0.70\;{\mu}g/g$) No clear regional variation in the mineral content of laver was observed; however, raw laver contained a higher mineral content than dried laver.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.99-114
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate foodservice management of snacks as will as to evaluate nutrient intakes of young children from the snacks serried in early childhood educational institute. Two hundred and twenty-three snack items from 14 kindergartens and daycare centers were measured sewing size and analyzed for the nutritional values in addition to the general evaluation of the snack service management practice by the trained personnel. The results were as follow: The contents of most nutrients supplied from the snacks amounted to 10-15% of RDA (recommended dietary allowances for Koreans) except iron and niacin. And there were not any significant differences in the contents of energy, protein, fat and carbohydrate between the morning and afternoon snacks. The energy and protein contents (as the % of RDA) of snacks sewed to children of 1-3 years old were turned out to be significantly higher than that sewed to the children of 4-6 years old since the portion amount of snacks per child was about the same regardless of the age and individual variation. There were significant differences in the contents of nutrient serried from the snacks among 14 kindergartens. Therefore, nutritional guidence including the standard portion amount for the kindergarten snacks considering the age, activities and individual variation should be developed for kindergarten teachers so that they can effectively manage snack service and provide good nutrition for young children.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.374-383
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• 2020

BACKGROUNDS/OBJECTIVES: To describe the data-based development of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for dietary evaluation of Korean preschool children. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Development of the FFQ was based on the data from 2,766 preschool children aged 1-5 years, who had completed 24-hour dietary recalls in the 2009-2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We selected the food list based on the results of nutritional contribution and between-person variability for energy and 13 nutrients. We selected 88 foods with over 80% of total contribution to each nutrient and with over 80% of accumulated r² for each nutrient. A dish containing any of the 88 foods in the recipe was listed, and a total of 903 dishes were extracted. Among the 903 dishes, we selected 438 dishes contributing more than 1% of total consumption. RESULTS: FFQ included 116 dish items combined from 438 dishes based on nutrient profile and recipe. Quantities of dietary intake were assessed by nine categories of frequency and portion size option. In addition, when comparing the food portions of children with the reference portion size, subjects would be asked to select one of three response categories (less, similar, and more) and then to record the amount as a percentage for the reference portion. Percentages of coverage for energy, protein, fat, and carbohydrate were 89.2%, 88.4%, 88.2%, and 89.4%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The dietary intake of Korean preschool children can be assessed by this new data-based FFQ. In addition, the new instrument can be used to identify nutritional needs of target groups for planning nutrition education and strategies to improve diet. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the performance of the instrument.