• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.393-400
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• 2022

Postharvest quality of sweet pepper fruits was mainly defined as external appearance, i.e., shape, fruit weight and surface color. These quality traits tend to involve esthetic appeal, it disregards gustatory properties and nutritional value. However, comparative studies according to the marketability of sweet pepper fruits are insufficient. This study was carried out to compare the physicochemical components, antioxidant activity and carotenoid contents of marketable and unmarketable sweet pepper fruits (Capsicum annuum L.). Physicochemical components (proximate composition, minerals and total phenolic contents) and antioxidant activities using various methods were investigated. The proximate composition values (%) of marketable and unmarketable fruits were: moisture (90.28 and 90.29), ash (0.74 and 0.26), crude protein (0.67 and 0.72), crude lipid (0.38 and 0.32). There were no significant differences in antioxidant activity, while total phenolic content was higher in marketable fruit. Carotenoids contents were 29.3 ± 2.6 and 31.9 ± 2.9 ㎍·g^-1 in marketable and unmarketable fruits respectively, and identified β-carotene, violaxanthin, neoxanthin, and zeaxanthin. Lutein and capsaicin were not detected. In this study, potential value of unmarketable sweet pepper fruit could be identified to be applied as a food ingredient and functional food material.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.323-338
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• 2022

Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic oral disorder of unknown etiology which presents therapeutic challenges. Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) has been studied as a potential treatment for BMS. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effectiveness of ALA compared to that of placebo or other interventions in individuals with BMS. Randomized controlled trials (RCT) using ALA to treat BMS were identified from MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and Web of Science up to February 3, 2021. The assessment of the risk of bias in the included studies was based on the Cochrane guidelines. The primary outcome evaluated was the visual analog scale (VAS) pain intensity. ALA was compared with placebo, clonazepam, gabapentin, pregabalin, ALA plus gabapentin, capsaicin, Biotène^®, and laser therapy. Altogether, 137 records were scanned for inclusion/exclusion, and nine RCTs (two unclear and seven at high risk of bias) were included in the qualitative and quantitative analyses, with a total of 594 patients with BMS included in this review. All studies reported an improvement in VAS pain scores ranging from -0.72 to -2.77. Meta-analysis results showed a non-significant reduction in pain intensity for ALA (P = 0.616) compared to that of placebo on a VAS of 0-10. Patients taking ALA were 1.923 times more likely to show an improvement in self-reported BMS symptoms (P = 0.031) than those in the placebo group. Clonazepam and pregabalin showed a significant VAS pain reduction of 4.08 and 4.68 (P < 0.001), respectively, compared to that with ALA. Although ALA intervention provided a non-significant improvement in the pain score and was more likely to produce a reduction in BMS symptoms, the evidence was of low quality. Further research is needed to establish clear guidelines for the use of ALA for BMS treatment.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.309-321
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• 2002

In this study, the characteristics of Jeung-pyun hatter were investigated by wine yeast. The processing conditions were optimized by physicochemical characterization including pH, volume, reduced sugar. The effect of yeast concentration, moisture content on the fermentation time and temperature were investigated in view of improving productivity. It was found that the volume was increased at maximum state when the fermentation was carried out at 35 $^{\circ}C$ with 0.1% yeast concentration 60% of moisture. The quality of Jeung-Pyun was most preferable in the condition of 0.1% wine yeast(Pasteur Red) for 8 hrs at 35$^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 1998

Variations of hepatocyte in the larval liver of grouper, Epinephelus akaara wre examined to understand the effect of starvation during the first feeding period, 3 to 5 days after hatching. Total length of the fed larvae increased from the 5th day after hatching, although no significant difference between the fed and starved larvae was found untill the 4th day after hatching. Survival rate of the starved larvae decreased from the 4th day after hatching, and almost all of the larvae died by the 5th day after hatching. Nuclear size of hepatocyte in the starved larvae starterd to decrease from the 4th day after hatching. The sizes by 4th and 5th days after hatching in the starved larvae were 1.4 to 1.9 times smaller than those in the fed ones. Hepatocytes in the starved larvae showed irregular morphology in which the nuclei were irregularly shrunk and highly compacted from the 4th day, while hepatocyte nuclei in the fed ones maintained their uniform features during the whole experimental period. These results implied that the initial larval food should be supplied at least within the 4th day after hatching. Also, it suggested that the size of hepatocyte nucleus might be and indicator of starvation for wild and cultured grouper larvae.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.1 s.37
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• pp.1-10
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• 1999

한약(韓藥)의 효능(效能)은 약성(藥性)에 의해 분류(分類)되고 질병(疾病)을 치료(治療)하며 예방(豫防)하는 작용(作用)을 한다. 그러나 약성(藥性) 이론(理論)의 문헌(文獻)과 임상연구(臨床硏究)는 비교적 많지만 상대적으로 실험연구(實驗硏究)는 일부분에 불과하여 효능(效能)을 입증(立證)하는데 어려움이 많다. 이에 저자(著者)는 온열성약(溫熱性藥)들이 지니고 있는 유효(有效) 성분(成分)들을 조사(調査)하고 이 온열성약(溫熱性藥)에 함유(含有)되어 있는 유효(有效) 성분(成分)들의 구조적(構造的)인 특성(特性)과 화학적(化學的)인 공통점(共通點)을 찾아 온열성약(溫熱性藥)의 분류(分類)에 대한 일반적(一般的)인 기준(基準)을 제시(提示)하고자 하였다. 그 결과 각각의 열성약(熱性藥)과 온성약(溫性藥)들이 함유(含有)하고 있는 유효(有效) 성분(成分)간의 구조적(構造的)인 공통점(共通點)을 찾아내었으며 구조적(構造的)인 공통점(共通點)으로부터 다음과 같은 결론(結論)을 얻었다. 1. 열성약(熱性藥) 중에서 강(强)한 독성(毒性)을 나타내는 부자(附子)와 초오(草烏)의 효능을 나타내는 유효 성분(成分)들은 C19-diterpenoid alkaloid과 C20-diterpenoid alkaloid 계열의 구조(構造)를 지닌 화합물들로 구성(構成)되어 있다. 이 디테르펜 알카로이드(diterpene alkaloid)들의 경우 고리의 구조(構造)가 aconitane(1), hetisan(16)과 7,20-cycloveatchane(17)의 기본골격(基本骨格)을 지니고 있으며, 이 두 가지 기본구조(基本構造)의 공통점(共通點)은 A 고리에 질소를 포함한 2-azabicyclo-[3.3.1]-nonanyl의 부분구조를 갖고 있으며, 이 부분 구조는 자연계에 존재하는 tropane alkaloid들의 기본구조(基本構造)와 유사하다. Tropane alkaloid들은 중추신경계에 작용하는 약물들로 알려져 있으며, tropane alkaloid는 일반적으로 anatoxin a(171)와 같이 강(强)한 독성(毒性)을 나타내며, 부자(附子)와 초오(草烏)가 지니고 있는 강한 독성(毒性)은 바로 2-azabicyclo-[3.3.1]-nonanyl 구조(構造)에 기인하는 것으로 추정할 수 있다. 2. 육계(肉桂)에 주성분으로 함유(含有)되어 있는 cinncassiol(47) 화합물(化合物)들은 분자 내에 bicyclo-[4.3.0]-nonanyl과 bicyclo-[3.3.0]-octanyl의 기본 혹은 부분 구조를 지니고 있다. 3. Cinncassiol(47) 화합물(化合物)들은 강(强)한 항균력(抗菌力)을 보이고 있는데, cinncassiol(47) 화합물들이 지니고 있는 구조적인 특성인 bicyclo-[4.3.0]-nonanyl과 bicyclo-[3.3.0]-octanyl의 기본 혹은 부분 고리구조는 sesquiterpenoid 화합물(化合物)들과 diterpenoid 화합물(化合物)들 중에서 많이 발견되며, 이러한 구조(構造)를 지니고 있는 sesquiterpenoid 화합물(化合物)과 diterpenoid 화합물(化合物)들도 좋은 항균력(抗菌力)을 보이고 있다. 이러한 공통(共通)된 구조상(構造上)의 유사점(類似點)이 항균력(抗菌力)을 나타내는 지표로서 활용 가능성이 기대된다. 4. 온성약(溫性藥)의 경우, 백지(白芷)의 coumarin(39) 화합물(化合物)들과 furocoumarin(61) 화합물(化合物)들, 건량(乾量)의 gingerol(87), shogaol(93), gingerdiol(95) 등과 capsaicin(102), 마황(麻黃)의 ephedrine(124) 계렬(系列) 화합물(化合物)들, 세신(細辛)의 methyleugenol(136)과 asaricin(137)의 구조(構造)에서 발견(發見)할 수 있는 공통적(共通的)인 요소는 phenolic 또는 methoxyphenyl의 공통구조를 지니고 있다. 온성약(溫性藥)의 유효성분들은 공통적으로 phenolic aromatic 화합물(化合物)을 함유(含有)하고 있다. 따라서, 열성약(熱性藥)과 온성약(溫性藥)은 주성분(主成分)들의 분포(分布)가 각기 다르며, 독성(毒性)을 나타내는 열성약(熱性藥)은 2-azabicyclo-[3.3.1]-nonanyl 구조(構造)를 지니고 있고, 육계(肉桂)와 같은 항균력(抗菌力)을 지니는 약물(藥物)은 bicyclo-[3.3.0]-octanyl 또는 bicyclo-[4.3.0]-nonanyl의 구조(構造)를 지닌다. 백지(白芷), 마황(麻黃), 세신(細辛) 등에서 볼 수 있듯이 온성약(溫性藥)은 benzene 구조(構造)를 함유(含有)하는 phenolic aromatic 화합물(化合物)들이 주종을 이룬다.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.161-167
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• 2012

Burning mouth syndrome(BMS) is defined as chronic, painful burning sensation in the oral mucosa. Treatments for BMS include medication and psychiatric interventions. Capsaicin, alpha-lipoic acid, and topical and systemic clonazepam showed more effective in reducing the symptoms of BMS in the previous studies. The purpose of this study is to evaluate of the therapeutic efficacy of systemic clonazepam in BMS and to elucidate the relationships between such a efficacy and various clinical features, including age, pain intensity, pain duration, previous dental history and condition of oral mucosa. A retrospective clinical records audit was performed of patients diagnosed with BMS between January 2011 and August 2012. Patients were prescribed 0.5 mg clonazepam two times daily. Pain was assessed by patients on an 11-point numeric rating scale (NRS; 0 to 10) before and 1-2 weeks after systemic administration of clonazepam. The efficacy of clonazepam was evaluated in terms of patient's age, initial pain intensity, pain duration, presence or absence of precipitating event, condition of the tongue, presence or absence of denture. A total of 50 patients (46 women, 4 men) were included in this study. The patients were divided into two or three groups according to above clinical features. The amount of mean NRS reduction in patients with severe initial pain was $3.33{\pm}2.74$, whereas that in patients with mild initial pain was $1.64{\pm}1.54$. The amount of mean NRS reduction in oldest patients was $3.53{\pm}1.94$ (${\geq}$70yrs), and those in another younger patients were $2.88{\pm}1.80$(< 60yrs) and $1.54{\pm}2.86$(60yrs ${\leq}$ age < 70yrs), respectively. It was concluded that the older patients and the patients with higher intensity of initial pain tend to show better efficacy of clonazepam. However, There were no statistically significant differences according to pain duration, presence or absence of precipitating events, tongue fissuring, and wearing dentures.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.395-403
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• 2014

This study aimed to investigate the activities of phytochemical and bioactive components from 24 new varieties of red pepper obtained by crossbreeding different Korean red pepper lines. The ASTA (American Spice Trade Association) color values ranged from 116.69 to 249.83 and the total carotenoid content ranged from 3.19 to 6.11 mg/g dried red pepper. The free sugar content ranged from 43.41 to 199.54 mg/g, and the fructose content was found to be higher than the glucose content. The ascorbic acid, total polyphenol, and flavonoid contents were found to be 8.08-11.53 mg/g, 7.93-14.26 mg gallic acid/g, and 4.24-10.07 mg quercetin/g dried pepper, respectively. Overall, the total polyphenol contents of the new varieties were found to be higher than the average content of Korean red peppers. The total capsaicinoid content in the new varieties varied widely from 0.42 to 237.87 mg/100 g dried pepper. The pepper-methanol extract antioxidant activities of 'variety 2, 4, 8, 9' were higher than others. A high correlation was observed between the antioxidant activities and the polyphenol contents (r=0.804, r=0.701).

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.675-681
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• 2008

This study investigatedthe quality of mashed red pepper after application of various freezing and thawing conditions. Two freezing temperatures ($-70^{\circ}C$, $-10^{\circ}C$), two thawing temperatures ($0^{\circ}C$, $40^{\circ}C$), and two thawing methods (water-thawing, air-thawing), were employed. Changes in levels of capsaicinoids, vitamin C, free sugars, organic acids, and capsanthin were measured. Capsaicinoids, vitamin C,and free sugar contents were lowest in pepper treated at $-10^{\circ}C/40^{\circ}C$ (freezing/thawing), and the loss rates were 38.0, 79.4 and 24.6%, respectively. When thawing methods were compared, chemical contents were higher in air-thawed samples than in water-thawed peppers, but there was a statistically significant difference only in vitamin C content. Free sugar content after $-70^{\circ}C$ freezing were higher than after $-10^{\circ}C$ freezing, irrespective of the thawing method used. Initial citric acid, malic acid, and succinic acid contents were 44.90, 30.76 and 20.65 mg/100 g, and there was no significant difference between peppers treated with different freezing and thawing conditions. It is recommended that the best method for preserving the overall quality of mashed red pepper is freezing at $-70^{\circ}C$ and thawing at $0^{\circ}C$ in air.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 2007

This study was conducted to determine the effects of different levels (10, 12 and 15%) of crude protein (CP) in total mixed ration (TMR) on dry matter intake, digestibility and nitrogen balance of Korean black goats in the stage of early pregnancy and to obtain information on their optimal dietary levels of CP. In the present study, 12 Does of Korean black goats in the early pregnancy were allotted to four unreplicated groups by dietary level of CP and then they were housed in individual metabolism cages with completely randomized design throughout 30 days with 20 days adaptation and 10 days collection periods. Does in Control were fed a conventional diet and does in TMR10, TMR12 and TMR15 were fed a diet adjusted to about 10, 12 and 15% CP, respectively. Dry matter(DM) contents ranged from 89 to 91% in treatments. There were no differences fur fiber contents among three CP levels of TMR, showing that ADF and NDF had 18.57 to 19.85, and 53.41 to 54.80, respectively. Crude protein contents for three TMR treaements had 10.61, 12.15 and 14.97%, respectively. However, non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) contents decreased with increasing CP levels in treatments. Meanwhile, Intakes of DM, nutrients and digestible nutrients were significantly (p<0.05) higher in TMR15 and control than in TMR10 and TMR12. Moreover, DM intake per metabolic body weight and theit ratio per body weight was significantly (p<0.05) higher for control and TMR15 than other treatments. DM digestibility was not significantly different among treatments, but ether extract digestibility of treatments was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of control, but there was no significant difference among treatments. Nitrogen retention significantly (p<0.05) increased with increasing CP levels in TMR, and TMR15 was highest among treatments. Our results showed that the increasing CP levels in TMR increased DM intake and nitrogen retention and suggested that the optimal dietary CP levels under TMR feeding system in early pregnant Korean black goats could be estimated for at least 15%.