• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.473-491
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• 2022

The research investigates experimentally the effect of confinement on structural behavior at the ends of beam-column in reinforced concrete (RC) frames. In the experimental study, five specimens consisting of 1/3-scaled RC frames having single-bay, representing the traditional deficiencies of existing buildings constructed without receiving proper engineering service is investigated. The RC frame specimens were produced to represent most of the existing buildings in Turkey that have damage potential. To decrease the probable damage to the existing buildings exposed to earthquakes, the carbon Textile Reinforced Mortar (TRM) strengthening technique (fully wrapping) was used on the ends of the RC frame elements to increase the energy dissipation and deformation capacity. The specimens were tested under reversed cyclic lateral loading with constant axial loads. They were constructed satisfying the weak column-strong beam condition and consisting of low-strength concrete, such as compressive strength of 15 MPa. The test results were compared and evaluated considering stiffness, strength, energy dissipation capacity, structural damping, ductility, and damage propagation in detail. Comprehensive investigations of these experimental results reveal that the strengthening of a brittle frame with fully-TRM wrapping with non-anchored was effective in increasing the stiffness, ductility, and energy dissipation capacities of RC bare frames. It was also observed that the frame-only-retrofitting with an infill wall is not enough to increase the ductility capacity. In this case, both the frame and infill wall must be retrofitted with TRM composite to increase the stiffness, lateral load carrying, ductility and energy dissipation capacities of RC frames. The presented strengthening method can be an alternative strengthening technique to enhance the seismic performance of existing or moderately damaged RC buildings.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.13-23
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 초연약지반의 장비진입을 위해 토목섬유와 모래를 포설하는 표층보강공법의 지지력 평가를 목적으로 50g 중력수준의 원심모형실험을 수행하였다. 연약지반의 비배수 전단강도를 3.1~11.7kPa로 조성하고, 토목섬유와 모래를 설치한 모형지반에 장비하중을 모사한 기초모형을 하중재하장치에 연결하여 지지력 실험을 수행하였다. 원심 이론적 제안식과 수치해석을 수행하여 비교하였다. 실험결과 지반강도의 증가에 따라 지지력이 증가하는 하중-침하 관계를 획득하였으며, 관입 또는 국부전단의 파괴경향을 관찰하였다. 작은 비배수 전단강도의 지반에서는 침하의 거동이 장비 주행성 평가의 중요한 인자인데 반하여 큰 비배수 전단강도의 지반에서는 지지력이 지배적 비배수 전단강도에 따른 지지력과 침하량의 회귀분석식을 산정하여 장비의 주행성 확보를 위해 지지력을 평가할 수 있는 방안을 제안하였다. 수치해석 결과, 실험결과와 유사한 하중-침하 관계를 얻을 수 있었다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.665-679
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• 2015

The strain rate of reinforced concrete (RC) structures stimulated by earthquake action has been generally recognized as in the range from $10^{-4}/s$ to $10^{-1}/s$. Because both concrete and steel reinforcement are rate-sensitive materials, the RC beam-column joints are bound to behave differently under different strain rates. This paper describes an investigation of seismic behavior of RC beam-column joints which are subjected to large cyclic displacements on the beam ends with three loading velocities, i.e., 0.4 mm/s, 4 mm/s and 40 mm/s respectively. The levels of strain rate on the joint core region are correspondingly estimated to be $10^{-5}/s$, $10^{-4}/s$, and $10^{-2}/s$. It is aimed to better understand the effect of strain rates on seismic behavior of beam-column joints, such as the carrying capacity and failure modes as well as the energy dissipation. From the experiments, it is observed that with the increase of loading velocity or strain rate, damage in the joint core region decreases but damage in the plastic hinge regions of adjacent beams increases. The energy absorbed in the hysteresis loops under higher loading velocity is larger than that under quasi-static loading. It is also found that the yielding load of the joint is almost independent of the loading velocity, and there is a marginal increase of the ultimate carrying capacity when the loading velocity is increased for the ranges studied in this work. However, under higher loading velocity the residual carrying capacity after peak load drops more rapidly. Additionally, the axial compression ratio has little effect on the shear carrying capacity of the beam-column joints, but with the increase of loading velocity, the crack width of concrete in the joint zone becomes narrower. The shear carrying capacity of the joint at higher loading velocity is higher than that calculated with the quasi-static method proposed by the design code. When the dynamic strengths of materials, i.e., concrete and reinforcement, are directly substituted into the design model of current code, it tends to be insufficiently safe.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.255-263
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• 2014

본 연구에서 피뢰기의 지진취약도 해석은 역량스펙트럼 방법을 이용하여 수행하였다. 많은 구조부재를 가진 구조물의 지진취약도 해석은 수십 혹은 수백 개의 지진하중에 대한 비탄성 지진응답을 계산하는 것이 요구되기 때문에 역량스펙트럼 방법과 같은 간단한 방법이 응답이력해석 보다 적합하다. 일반적으로 역량스펙트럼 방법에 의해 평가된 지진응답의 정확성은 응답이력해석에 의한 결과의 정확성 보다 떨어진다. 역량스펙트럼 방법의 정확성을 향상시키기 위하여 등가단자유도 방법과 성능점 계산기법이 적용되었다. 지진취약도에 대한 지진에 대한 지반효과를 평가하기 위하여 60개의 다른 지반종류의 지반운동을 입력지진으로 선정하여 사용하였다. 역량스펙트럼 방법과 응답이력해석에 의한 지진취약도 곡선의 비교로부터 역량스펙트럼 방법에 의한 지진취약도 곡선이 응답이력해석에 의한 지진취약도 곡선과 상당히 유사함을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 피뢰기의 주된 지진에 의한 파괴모드는 부싱의 파손임을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국지반신소재학회논문집
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.41-48
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• 2004

최근 들어 기초지반 하부를 보강하는 방법으로 4층 또는 5층으로 보강재를 수평으로 배치하여 지지력을 증가시키는 공법이 연구되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 기초하부 지반을 보강함으로서 지반이 갖는 전단강도 정수를 증가시키는 방법을 검토한 것이다. 그래서 지반을 구형 또는 반원형으로 토목섬유를 사용하여 감싸는 공법을 개발하게 되었는데 이는 흡사 확대기초 밑에 또 하나의 확대기초가 존재하는 양상이 된다. 이러한 토목섬유보강 확대기초의 지지력에 대한 메카니즘을 검토하기 위해서 알루미늄봉을 이용한 모형재하시험을 실시하였다. 모형재하시험에서 제안된 토목섬유보강 확대기초를 만들어서 하중을 직접 재하함으로서 극한지지력의 증가정도를 확인하였으며, 또한 격자표시법에 의해 지반의 점들이 이동하는 방향 등을 점검하였고, B-Shutter 촬영법을 이용하여 소성파괴가 일어나는 영역을 확인하였다.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.1153-1173
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• 2016

According to deformation data measured in some high concrete dams, for dam body deformation, there is a complex relationship with dam height and water head for different projects, instead of a simple monotonic relationship consistently. Meanwhile, settlement data of some large reservoirs exhibit a significant deformation of reservoir basin. As water conservancy project with high concrete dam and large storage capacity increase rapidly these decades, reservoir basin deformation problem has gradually gained engineers' attentions. In this paper, based on conventional analytical method, an improved analytical method for high concrete dam is proposed including the effect of reservoir basin deformation. Though establishing FEM models of two different scales covering reservoir basin and near dam area respectively, influence of reservoir basin on dam body is simulated. Then, forward and inverse analyses of concrete dam are separately conducted with conventional and proposed analytical methods. And the influence of reservoir basin deformation on dam working behavior is evaluated. The results of two typical projects demonstrate that reservoir basin deformation will affect dam deformation and stress to a certain extent. And for project with large and centralized water capacity ahead of dam site, the effect is more significant than those with a slim-type reservoir. As a result, influence of reservoir basin should be taken into consideration with conducting analysis of high concrete dam with large storage capacity.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2009년도 춘계 학술발표회
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• pp.750-758
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• 2009

This study, as basic research which was intended to develope the surface reinforcement method using reinforcement material which is applicable to very soft ground in Korea, was aimed at proposing the design parameter for the surface ground improvement method. To that end, a wide width tensile test using geotextile, geogrid and steel bar (substitute for bamboo) and 25 kinds of the laboratory model tests with the end restraint conditions of the reinforcement that comprises the constrained and partially constrained (3 types) conditions were conducted. And the result indicated that the modulus of subgrade reaction or $N_c$ value (5.3) apparently overestimated the bearing capacity of very soft ground such as dredged ground. Moreover, as a result of model test by partially constraining the preload of 23.0kgf using geotextile, the effect of bearing capacity($q_1$) appeared to be the largest till the loading stress was $0.4tf/m^2$ due to cohesion, while it reached 75% of the maximum bearing force after $0.4tf/m^2$ due to increase in the effect of bearing capacity($q_2$) caused by the tensile force of the reinforcement. Such results tended to have appeared constantly or very similarly with each other, irrespective of the type of reinforcement (geogrid, steel bar) and constraint conditions.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제32권3C호
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• pp.105-111
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• 2012

해상 풍력발전기의 기초로 사용되는 버켓기초에는 수평하중과 모멘트가 크게 작용한다. 그러므로, 수평하중과 모멘트에 대한 지지력을 증가시키기 위해 3개의 단일 버켓기초를 묶은 Tripod 버켓기초가 적용되고 있다. 본 연구는 ABAQUS(2010) 해석을 수행하여 점토 지반에 근입된 Tripod 기초의 무리효과와 지지력을 분석하였다. 변수연구를 위해 버켓간 간격비 S/D(S=버켓과 타워중심간의 거리, D=버켓 직경)와 근입깊이비 L/D(L=버켓의 지반 근입깊이)를 변화시키며 해석을 수행하였다. 구성모델은 정규압밀 점토지반에 대해 Tresca 항복기준을 적용한 탄성-완전 소성 모델, 그리고 버켓기초에 대해 탄성모델을 적용하였다. 하중조건은 절점의 변위를 증가시키는 방법으로 연직, 수평 그리고 모멘트 하중을 재하하였다. 해석결과로부터, 단일 버켓기초와 Tripod 기초의 지지거동과 지지력을 비교한 후 단일 버켓의 지지력을 이용하여 Tripod 기초의 지지력을 산정하는 방법을 제안하였다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.599-615
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• 2016

The present research presents experimental and finite element studies to investigate the behavior of piled raft-tunnel system in a sandy soil. In the experimental work, a small scale model was tested in a sand box with load applied vertically to the raft through a hydraulic jack. Five configurations of piles were tested in the laboratory. The effects of pile length (L), number of piles in the group and the clearance distance between pile tip and top of tunnel surface (H) on the load carrying capacity of the piled raft-tunnel system are investigated. The load sharing percent between piles and rafts are included in the load-settlement presentation. The experimental work on piled raft-tunnel system yielded that all piles in the group carry the same fraction of load. The load carrying capacity of the piled raft-tunnel model was increased with increasing (L) for variable (H) distances and decreased with increasing (H) for constant pile lengths. The total load carrying capacity of the piled raft-tunnel model decreases with decreasing number of piles in the group. The total load carrying capacity of the piles relative to the total applied load (piles share) increases with increasing (L) and the number of piles in the group. The increase in (L/H) ratio for variable (H) distance and number of piles leads to an increase in piles share. ANSYS finite element program is used to model and analyze the piled raft-tunnel system. A three dimensional analysis with elastoplastic soil model is carried out. The obtained results revealed that the finite element method and the experimental modeling are rationally agreed.

• 한국농업기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농업기계학회 1993년도 Proceedings of International Conference for Agricultural Machinery and Process Engineering
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• pp.119-128
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• 1993

Effective machine capacity is affected by the physical and geometrical conditions of the fields. In the small and scattered farmland structure field efficiency is greatly influenced by plot geometry. In this paper, a method for estimating field efficiency and effective machine capacity was developed . The developed method was applied to Korean paddy cultivation. Various time elements related to farm operations for small and scattered plots are discussed in this paper . Available working time is divided into two parts, viz. the preparation time for machine operation and actual working time. Two kinds of machine efficiencies, namely , Machine Efficiency 1, applicable on a single large plot or set of well consolidated plots ; and Machine Efficiency 2, applicable on small and scattered multiple plots, are considered. Based assumptions made and steps followed to construct the model are discussed. Effective capacity of each machine based on different plot geometries are calculated y the model. Machine efficiency on a single plot increases with increase in the dimension of longer side of the plot . Low speed, low theoretical capacity machines have higher machine efficiency which is only slightly influenced by plot geometry. As plot geometry is improved , the machine efficiency of high speed, high capacity machines increases rapidly. The effects of short side length and plot size on machine efficiency on a single plot depend on the type of farm operation. For a particular plot shape, as plot size increases, machine efficiency on multiple plots increases rapidly. The effects of consolidation on machine efficiency is highly significant if the plot size is small and/or machine size is large.