• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.345-352
• /
• 1998

A Korean endemic and evergreen small tree ' Dendropanax morbifera $L_{EV}$.(Araliaceae)' is a component of evergreen forest and mainly idstributein sourthern region and islands in Korea. A local population of D. morbifera which is located between evergreen and deciduous forest within 50m x 50m quadrate was investigated to ascertain the change of population structure, emergence and growth dynamics of seedlings and saplings, and pattern of spatial distribution by the temproal and spatial expansion of population . The result of analysis of population structure by Importnace Value(IV), evergreen forest showed a high species diversity of evergreen tree species such as Cinnamomum japonicum, Machilus japonica, Neolitsea serica, Daphniphyllum macropodum, Ligustrum japonicum, and etc, in middle and under story than in upper story where Camelia japonica and Quercus acuta were dominant. And in conterminous deciduous fores, the major component of evergreen forest in this region, Camellia japonica, Quercus acuta, evergreen tree of Lauraceae and etc. were abundant in only under story. IV of D. morbifera differed from among three story. In comparative analysis of emergence and growth dynamics of D. morbifera seedlings and saplings between evergreen and deciduous forest, emergece and density of seedlings were significantly greater in evergreen than in deciduous forest, and growth of height and basal diameter of seedlings and saplings were slightly larger in evergreen than in deciduous forest. The spatial distribution patterns by Moristia's index mapping of indivuduals using a lattice method of XY axis within this population showed that seedlings(age up to 2 years) and saplings (age>2 years and height<1m) both evergreen and deciduous forest were more or less aggregated apart from mature trees, and thougth intermediate trees(height>1m and dbh<10cm) had a aggregated distribution pattern, mature trees(dbh>10cm were uniform. In conclusion , the expansion of D. morbfera population from evergreen to deciduous forest accompanied with a mumber of evergreen woody species, and also, emergence and recruitment, and growth of seedlings were greatly influenced moisture and canopy by around community structure.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.43 no.3
• /
• pp.63-76
• /
• 2015

This study was carried out to suggest improvement plans for problems with the landscape areas of highway service areas. The survey factors were land use, placement of green area and land coverage in terms of spatial and environmental property. Noise and topographic structure in detached green areas were surveyed in terms of impact factor. The status of the planting area around each service area was analysed in regards to planting structure and planting landscape. As a result, the mean of rations of land use were 81.6% building and 18.4% green areas, which were composed of 5.4% landscape area, 9.1% buffer area, etc. Planting areas as usable space accounted for only 0.7%, and the result of noise measurement was different according to the distribution of highway and service area and type of detached green area. The mean of ratio of planting area was 18.4%, which consists of 6.7% landscape planting, 3.4% other green area, 4.6% buffer area, 2.0% buffer and landscape area, 1.1% shade planting and 0.5% landscape and shade planting. Most planting areas aim at landscape appreciation and areas in which visitors can relax and gain recreation were insufficient. The planting structures of service areas were 52.2% canopy layer, 11.8% shrubs and 9.4% canopy and shrub layers, and most of the planting areas were a single layer of green area. Multi-layered planting structures in the landscape and buffer areas were required and a shade planting area was needed to improve amenities as planting canopy layered trees. This study suggested improvement methods for based environments, spatial function and planting function in landscape areas.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.39-46
• /
• 2014

This study surveyed Abies koreana to identify the correlation between its vegetation structure according to its slope direction and seedling establishment in a bid to build basic research data on the changes and conservation of the A. koreana in Hallasan Mountain. The findings of its vegetation structure revealed that in both areas, Importance value was given to the A. koreana for its tree layer, the Taxus cuspidata for its shrub layer, and the Sasa quelpaertensis for its herb layer. However, in the Youngsil area with the tree layer, high importance was given to deciduous broad-leaved trees such as Prunus maximowiczii, Quercus mongolica, and the young species of the A. koreana in the shrub layer that can maintain the A. koreana forest's greater importance in the Jindallebat than in the Youngsil. Thus, the A. koreana forest in the Jindallebat is believed to lastlonger. The findings of correlation between the quantity of seedlings and their location by area revealed that in each tiny quadrat, the A. koreana seedling averaged 5.3 in the Youngsil and 2.9 in the Jindallebat. Both areas were all found to have a positive correlation in terms of rock exposure ratio and dead tree ratio as well as a negative correlation with regard to the cover degree of S. quelpaertensis, the canopy gap, the total vegetation, and the herb layer. It was found that the cover degree of the herb layer in the Youngsil and the S. quelpaertensis in the Jindallebat had the largest impact on the A. koreana seedlings.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.250-262
• /
• 2015

This study aims to investigate the characteristics of the vegetation structure in the sectin stretching between the Jilmoi wetlands and the Donghae Observatory and to set the criteria for the basic data for a management plan including restoration afterwards. 12 plots($10m{\times}40m$, $20m{\times}20m$) were set up to analyse the vegetation structure. The analysis of the classification by TWINSPAN and ordination by DCA, importance percentage and property, distribution of diameter of breast height, growth increments of major woody species, species diversity and the physicochemical properties of soil were all analyzed. Vegetation classes were divided into 3 communities, which are community I (Pinus densiflora community), community II (Quercus mongolica community) and community III (Quercus mongolica-Tilia amurensis community). The P. densiflora community declined when competing with Q. mongolica and Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Q. mongolica competed with T. amurensis on an understory layer in Q. mongolica community. Q. mongolica competed with T. amurensis on both canopy and understory layers in Q. mongolica-T. amurensis community. P. densiflora declined and it was assumed to succeed to F. rhynchophylla or T. amurensis through Q. mongolica based on the importance percentage and distribution of the diameter of the breast height of small and middle sized trees. The age of P. densiflora was between 47 to 51 years old and Q. mongolica was 61years old. T. amurensis was 61 years old and the growth of Q. mongolica slowed a little. As the result of Shannon's index of species diversity, community I ranged from 0.9578 to 1.1862, community II ranged from 0.7904 to 1.2286 and community III ranged from 0.8701 to 1.0323. The contents of organic matter and cation were low compared to uncultivated mountain soil and it were analysed to be inappropriate for tree growth.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.31-45
• /
• 2020

This study suggested the planting models of Carpinus turczaninowii community to make in Badahyanggi Arboretum and was carried out to the structure of C. turczaninowii commnity in Daebu-Yeongheung Islands. In order to identify the current ecological environment, this study set to 13 plots(i.e. 100㎡) for analysing detailed structure of plant communities. The research methodology was qualitative analysis. It used TWINSPAN, PCA and Indicator Species Analysis tools which are performed well in several comparisons of classification techniques and one of the ordination techniques showed that the plant communities. The results were classified into 3 communities that C. turczaninowii-Pinus densiflora community(I), C. turczaninowii-Quercus serrata community(II) and C. turczaninowii-Platycarya strobilacea community(III). In all of communities, C. turczaninowii was dominant species in canopy layer and understory layer, the degree of closure was high. Proposed the planting models that are I~II communities based on planting status in Badahyanggi Arboretum(Island Plant Botanical Garden), the structure of plant communities, indicator species and individual distribution by DBH classes. Also, The multi-layer planting plans are necessary, such as P. strobilacea, Lindera erythrocarpa, Viburnum carlesii, V. dilatatum, Ligustrum obtusifolium, Zanthoxylum schinifolium and so on.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.382-393
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this study was to research the vegetation structure of the Bongamsa Forest Genetic Resourses Resreve Area in Mt. Heuyang, Mungyeong, Gyeongsangbuk-do. For doing this, ninety-two plots($100m^2/plot$) were set up and investigated, and then Classification analysis and Ordination analysis were carried out. As a result, the vegetation of this area is divided to nine communities; Quercus mongolica community, Quercus variabilis community, Pinus densiflora community, Pinus densiflora-Quercus serrata community, Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica community, Quercus serrata community, Decideous broad leaf community, Pinus koraiensis community, Larix kaempferi community. To compare between the communities, statistical analyses were conducted with topographical condition and the results of the vegetational investigation of each community. In altitude, slope, the number of species, the number of individuals in canopy and the number of individuals of understory layer, the mean averages among the communities were different in statistically significance. Then we analysed the vegetation community structure with Importance Percentage of each stratum. The oak tree communities were expected to keep or expand the actual communities because oak trees are spread widely in canopy and understory layers. But the pine tree dominant communities were expected to be succeeded to oak tree communities in the future because of the wide expansion of oak trees.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.33-39
• /
• 1972

For the increase of productivity, canopy structure and nutritional status in various productivity grades (high>700, medium>600 and low>500kg/l0a as head rice) were investigated in a study using Jinheung(Oryza sativa L.) for the increase of producticity with following results: 1. High yield plot showed greater leaf area and slow decrease of it after heading stage. While low yield plot had rapidly decrease of leaf area. 2. High yield plot showed higher light transmission ratio (LTR) durnig early grow stage, low LTR. during late grow stage, and higher leaf area per LTR. 3. Net assimilation ratio was decrease with the increase of leaf area index (LAI) and it was always higher in high yield plot. 4. High yield plant had greater amount of total nitrogen uptake, slow uptake rate, and considerable uptake after heading while low yield plant showed higher uptake of nitrogen in early stage of growth and no uptake after heading. 5. The percent ratio starch at heading to total at harvesting was 40% for low yield plant and 10% for highyield plant inderting that high yield depends much on past-heading starch synthesis. 6. Main factor determining secondary yield was ripened grain ratio.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.75-82
• /
• 1972

The proposed hypothesis that the effects of climatic factors during ripening period (from 10 days before heading to 30 days after heading) on ripened grain ratio are equal on the level of canopy and on the level of tiller in that canopy of rice plant appeared to be agreeable. The followings were found according to the analysis of ripening structure at tiller level. 1. The optimum ripening temperature (mean air temperature during ripening period) was $21^{\circ}C$ for Jinheung and $22^{\circ}C$ for IR667-Suwon 214. 2. The minimum mean solar radiation ($cal\;cm^{-2}\;day^{-1}$) of ripening period was not greater than 240 for Jinheung and greater than 270 for IR 667-Suwon 214. 3. The ripened grain ratio was not different from main culm to first tillers of second order of main culm in Jinheung but greatly decreased from 4th tiller of first order of main culm in IR667 and the number of grain per main culm was greater in IR667 than in Jinheung indicating that yield of IR667 could be increased by increasing the number of main culm. 4. The last heading date insuring optimum ripening period appeared to be 25th in August for Jinheung and 30th in August for IR667 in Suweon.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.1-14
• /
• 1995

To investigate the damage on the forest plant community by the air pollution around Daesan, Kunsan industrial complex, five sites(Daesan) and three sites(Kunsan) were set up and surveyed(Area : 500$m^2$/site). In the analysis of community structure, the dominant species in the canopy and understory layer were Pinus densiflora, P. thunbergiana. ones in the shrub layer appeared Rhododendron mucronulatum and Quercus spp. in the Daesan industrial complex. Species diversity of the plant community in Daesan industrial complex showed very severe difference between plots. Soil acidity measured 4.67~5.12. It was not found that plant community in Daesan industrial complex appeared serious damage by the air pollutant. In the analysis of community structure the dominant species in the canopy and understory layer were P. densiflora, P. thunbergiana in Kunsan industrial complex. Species diversity of the plant community in Kunsan industrial complex was prove to low as nearer from the pollutant. Soil acidity measured 4.32~4.76 and it was very strong acidity. It was found that plant community as nearer from the pollutant appeared visible damage entirely by the air pollutant in Kunsan industrial complex.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.42-50
• /
• 1989

A valley and a ridge forest in Mt. Gaya area was studied to investigate forest structure in relation to altitude and part of slope. Sixty-three quadrats were set up in the valley forest along altitude of 600m to 1,000m and part of slope, and thirty-eight quadrats were set up in the ridge forest along altitude of 700m to 1,430m. According to the importance values, the valley forest was Quercus mongolica-Lespedeza maximowiczii community and the ridge forest was Pinus densiflora, Quercus mongolica-Rhododendron mucronulatum community. Similarity index between the valley forest community and the ridge forest community was 37.2%. Shannon's species diversities of the valley forest community and the ridge forest community were 1.3402 and 1.0098, respectively. According to importance values by crown stories and DCA ordination, successional trends of tree species may be from Pinus densiflora and Pinus koraiensis through Quercus mongolica to Quercus serrata and Carpinus laxiflora. As going from the lower part to upper part of the slope in the valley forest, the importance values of Quercus mongolica, Quercus aliena, Rhododendron mucronulatum and Lespedeza maximowiczii increased while those of Carpinus laxiflora and Fraxinus rhynchophylla decreased. With increasing elevation in the valley and ridge forest, the importance value of Pinus densiflora decreased while that of Quercus mongolica increased. In the valley forest, densities of canopy and shrubstratum increased as increasing elevation, and the number of species and species diversity decreased as increasing elevation and going from the lower part to the upper of slope. The range of similarity indices between parts of the slope, and the elevation belts of 100m in the valley forest were 66.6-69.2 and 25.9-79.8%, respectively. In the ridge forest, density and basal area of canopy tended to decreased as increasing elevation, and the range of similarity indices between elevation belts of 100m was 27.9-98.2%.