• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.72-84
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• 2013

In the study, pollution levels of indoor polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in public facilities (vapor phase or particulate phase) were evaluated, and a health risk assessment (HRA) was carried out based on exposure scenarios. Public facilities in Korea covered by the law, including underground subway stations, funeral halls, child care facilities, internet cafes (PC-rooms), and exhibition facilities (6 locations for each type of facility, for a total of 48 locations), were investigated for indoor assessment. For the HRA, individual excess cancer risk (ECR) was estimated by applying main toxic equivalency factor (TEF) values suggested in previous studies. Among the eight public facilities, internet cafes showed the highest average $PM_{2.5}$ concentration at $110.0{\mu}g/m^3$ (range: $83.5-138.5{\mu}g/m^3$). When assuming a risk of facility exposure time based upon the results of the surveys for each public facility, the excess cancer risk using the benzo(a)pyrene indicator assessment method was estimated to be $10^{-7}-10^{-6}$ levels for each facility. Based on the risk associated with various TEF values, the excess cancer risk based upon the seven types cancer EPA (1993) and Malcolm & Dobson's (1994) assessment method was estimated to be $10^{-7}-10^{-5}$ for each facility. The excess cancer risk estimated from the TEF EPA (2010) assessment was the highest: $10^{-7}-10^{-4}$ for each facility. This is due to the 10-fold difference between the TEF of dibenzo(a,e)fluoranthene in 2010 and in 1994. The internet cafes where smoking was the clear pollutant showed the highest risk level of $10^{-4}$, which exceeded the World Health Organization's recommended risk of $1{\times}10^{-6}$. All facilities, with the exception of internet cafes, showed a $10^{-6}$ risk level. However, when the TEFs values of the US EPA (2010) were applied, the risk of most facilities in this study exceeded $1{\times}10^{-6}$.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.321-333
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• 2022

본 연구에서는 대산 석유화학 산업단지에서 배출되는 BTEX (benzene toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene)의 농도 및 분포 특성을 조사하여 지역주민에 대한 잠재적 위해성을 파악하였다. 산업단지 인근 지역주민들은 다양한 매체(공기, 물, 토양), 특히 공기를 통해 화학물질에 노출될 수 있다. 이 연구는 결정론적 및 확률론적 위해성 평가 접근 방식을 모두 사용하여 흡입에 의한 인체 건강 위험을 평가하였다. 결정론적 위해성 평가 결과 모든 지점에 대해 비발암 위해도의 유해지수(HI) 1.0보다 훨씬 낮은 결과가 나타났다. 그러나 발암 위해성 평가 결과, 산업단지 내에 위치한 A 지점에서 벤젠에 대한 초과발암위해도는 2.28×10^-6로 기준치인 1.0×10^-6을 약간 상회하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 해당 지점에 대한 확률론적 위해성 평가 결과, 보수적 기준인 1.0×10^-6을 초과하는 Percentile은 45.3%로 나타났으며, 민감도 분석 결과 노출시간(ET)가 결과에 미치는 영향이 가장 크다고 판단되었다. 인체 위해성 평가 결과, 에틸벤젠, 톨루엔, 자일렌에 대해서는 인체에 위해한 영향이 적은 것으로 판단되었으나, 벤젠은 초과발암위해도 기준(1.0×10^-6)을 초과하는 것으로 나타났다. 산업단지에서 공기 중 VOCs에 대한 광범위한 모니터링을 통해 이러한 잠재적 위험을 평가하기 위한 추가적인 연구가 필요하다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권24호
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• pp.10683-10690
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• 2015

The big gap between efficacy of population level prevention and expectations due to heterogeneity and complexity of cancer etiologic factors calls for selective yet personalized interventions based on effective risk assessment. This paper documents our research protocol aimed at refining and validating a two-stage and web-based cancer risk assessment tool, from a tentative one in use by an ongoing project, capable of identifying individuals at elevated risk for one or more types of the 80% leading cancers in rural China with adequate sensitivity and specificity and featuring low cost, easy application and cultural and technical sensitivity for farmers and village doctors. The protocol adopted a modified population-based case control design using 72, 000 non-patients as controls, 2, 200 cancer patients as cases, and another 600 patients as cases for external validation. Factors taken into account comprised 8 domains including diet and nutrition, risk behaviors, family history, precancerous diseases, related medical procedures, exposure to environment hazards, mood and feelings, physical activities and anthropologic and biologic factors. Modeling stresses explored various methodologies like empirical analysis, logistic regression, neuro-network analysis, decision theory and both internal and external validation using concordance statistics, predictive values, etc..

• 환경영향평가
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.286-297
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 국내 4개 도시(6개 지점)로부터 도로 노면 퇴적입자 내 PAHs의 농도 및 분포특성을 비교, 분석하고 오염 수준에 대한 초과 발암 위해도를 산정하여 인체 위해성 평가를 수행하였다. 지역별 오염농도를 바탕으로 흡입, 섭취, 피부 노출에 대한 노출경로를 설정하여 결정론적 위해성평가를 수행한 결과, 울산 지역의 경우 위해도 발암 기준 1×10^-6을 상회하는 결과가 나타났다. 또한 발암위해도가 있다고 판단되는 해당 지역에 대한 확률론적 위해성평가 결과, 확률적 평균값이 단일값을 활용한 결정론적 위해도 산정에서 도출되었던 발암위해도와 중앙값에 근접한 수준을 나타내었다. 민감도 분석 결과, 노출시간에 따른 기여도가 가장 크게 나타났다. 향후 기준치를 초과하는 발암 위해도를 나타내는 지역에 대한 위해도 관리는 물론 상세한 모니터링을 통한 추가 위해성 평가가 이루어져야 할 것으로 판단되며, 지역적 특성을 반영한 노출계수의 산정을 통해 인체 위해도 평가 결과 신뢰도를 높여야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권11호
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• pp.4913-4916
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• 2016

Objective: As a source of information, medical data can feature hidden relationships. However, the high volume of datasets and complexity of decision-making in medicine introduce difficulties for analysis and interpretation and processing steps may be needed before the data can be used by clinicians in their work. This study focused on the use of Bayesian models with different numbers of nodes to aid clinicians in breast cancer risk estimation. Methods: Bayesian networks (BNs) with a retrospectively collected dataset including mammographic details, risk factor exposure, and clinical findings was assessed for prediction of the probability of breast cancer in individual patients. Area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC), accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were used to evaluate discriminative performance. Result: A network incorporating selected features performed better (AUC = 0.94) than that incorporating all the features (AUC = 0.93). The results revealed no significant difference among 3 models regarding performance indices at the 5% significance level. Conclusion: BNs could effectively discriminate malignant from benign abnormalities and accurately predict the risk of breast cancer in individuals. Moreover, the overall performance of the 9-node BN was better, and due to the lower number of nodes it might be more readily be applied in clinical settings.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.46-51
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• 2005

Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for breast cancer and early screening behavior in women in the community. Method: The participants were 125 women residing in W city. Data was collected using an instrument developed by the researchers. Analysis was done using descriptive statistics, and the $x^2$ test. Result: For risk based on the Gail Model, age (above 50 years) had a distribution of 24.8%, first degree family history, 4.9%, age at first full term pregnancy, 13.8%, and benign breast cancer history, 4.9%. For risk based on other common risk factors, menopause had a distribution of 20.7%, did not breast feed, 15.4%, history of HRT, 7.3%, meat preference, 35.0%, and history of smoking or drinking, 2.4% and 43.5%, respectively. There was a significant difference in BSE and mammography screening behavior ($x^2=22.5$, p<.00), but no difference in distribution of risk factors and screening behavior. Conclusion: For effective prevention of breast cancer, it is necessary to develop an instrument for risk assessment and, through assessment, select women at high risk. It is also necessary to provide education and appropriate recommendations on screening behavior.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권11호
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• pp.6327-6330
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• 2013

Haematuria is a common presentation of bladder cancer and requires a full urologic evaluation. This study aimed to develop a scoring system capable of stratifying patients with haematuria into high or low risk groups for having bladder cancer to help clinicians decide which patients need more urgent assessment. This cross-sectional study included all adult patients referred for haematuria and subsequently undergoing full urological evaluation in the years 2001 to 2011. Risk factors with strong association with bladder cancer in the study population were used to design the scoring system. Accuracy was determined by the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. A total of 325 patients with haematuria were included, out of which 70 (21.5%) were diagnosed to have bladder cancer. Significant risk factors associated with bladder cancer were male gender, a history of cigarette smoking and the presence of gross haematuria. A scoring system using 4 clinical parameters as variables was created. The scores ranged between 6 to 14, and a score of 10 and above indicated high risk for having bladder cancer. It was found to have good accuracy with an area under the ROC curve of 80.4%, while the sensitivity and specificity were 90.0% and 55.7%, respectively. The scoring system designed in this study has the potential to help clinicians stratify patients who present with haematuria into high or low r isk for having bladder cancer. This will enable high-risk patients to undergo urologic assessment earlier.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.121-126
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• 2012

본 논문에서는 의사의 진단 없이 개인의 건강관련 정보만을 이용하여 암 발생 위험도를 예측할 수 있는 소프트웨어 시스템(CARA)의 활용도를 극대화 할 수 있는 방안을 제안한다. 이를 위하여 CARA에 대한 전반적인 설명을 하고, 전국적인 인터넷 망을 활용하는 CARA 활용도 극대화 방안을 설명한다. CARA를 사용하면 암 발생 위험도가 높은 사람을 (병원에서의 진단 이전에)미리 선별할 수 있어 암으로 인한 피해를 줄일 수 있다. 또한 CARA는 개인정보와 암에 관련된 상관관계를 실험적으로 밝힐 수 있는 도구로도 사용될 수 있어 의학연구에도 도움을 줄 수 있다. CARA는 기존의 유사 소프트웨어와 달리 30종의 암을 동시에 고려하는 새로운 시스템으로 암의 조기발견에 매우 효과적으로 활용될 수 있다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.29-37
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• 2005

Recently, significant contamination problems by residual chemicals have occasionally been occurred from major rivers and drinking water in Korea. Therefore, the management for use of them and risk assessment should be more strictly performed. In this study, we have analyzed trihalomethanes in treated water samples taken from water plants located in the region of four major rivers (i.e. Han river, Geum river, Youngsan river and Nakdong river) in Korea for eight years (1997～2004). From the data, we could assess the excess cancer risk by calculating the chronic daily intakes (CDI) multiplied by individual oral slope factors, Q₁＊, for the cancer suspected matters such as trihalomethanes, moreover the hazard index which is calculated by dividing the CDI by the acceptable daily reference dose (R/sub f/D) was determined for the risk assessment. As a result, in the case of 95 percentile excess cancer risk, it was shown that the excess cancer risk for dichlorobromomethane in the Nakdong river region is highest among the tested samples as 8.73 x 10/sup -6/. The 95 percentile total hazard index (the sum of individual hazard indices considering R/sub f/D), in addition, was below 1.0 for all samples, and therefore it was assessed that water samples taken from treatment plants of four major rivers are not harmful.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.294-305
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• 2010

This study estimated the health risk of heavy metals in particulate matter $(PM)_{2.5}$ in a Gwangyang industrial complex. The $PM_{2.5}$ containing heavy metal was collected from January to November, 2008 using a denuder air sampler and by IC (Ion Chromatograph). The risk assessment was performed in a four-step process; hazard identification, exposure assessment, dose-response assessment and risk characterization. In the hazard identification process, $Cr^{6+}$, Ni, As, and Pb were categorized as human carcinogens and probable human carcinogens, while Ti, Mn, Se, P, $Cr^{3+}$, Cu, and Zn were not classified as human carcinogens. It was found that the excess cancer risk by Central Tendency Exposure (CTE) of $Cr^{6+}$ and As in $PM_{2.5}$ was > $10^{-6}$, and the total excess cancer risk posed by carcinogen heavy metals in $PM_{2.5}$ was > $10^{-6}$. It was also determined that the total hazard index by CTE of non-carcinogen heavy metals in $PM_{2.5}$ was <1. Taken together, these results indicate a high cancer risk associated whit inhalation of heavy metal-containing$PM_{2.5}$ in industrial areas.