• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.1317-1325
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• 2015

There are two types of clinical research to figure out risk factor for disease using collected data. One is prospective study to approach the subjects from the present time and the other is retrospective study to find the risk factor using the subject's information in the past. Both approached and study design are different but the purpose of the two studies is to identify a significant difference between two groups and to find out what the variables to influence groups. Especially when comparing the two groups in clinical research, we have to look at the difference between the impact clinical variables by group while controlling the influence of the baseline characteristics variables such as age and sex. However, in the retrospective study, the difference of baseline characteristic variables can occur more frequently because the past records did not randomly assign subjects into two groups. In clinical data analysis use covariates to solve this problem. Typically, the analysis method using the analysis of covariance of variance, adjusted model, and propensity score matching method. This study is introduce the way of equality adjustment between groups data analysis using covariates in retrospective clinical studies and apply it to the recurrence of gastric cancer data.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.528-534
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• 2005

Angiogenesis is important for the growth and metastasis of solid tumors. Some growth factors, inflammatory cytokines, and angiogenin are known to promote tumor angiogenesis. Among them, Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the most intriguing factor in regard to tumor angiogenesis. Inhibition of VEGF activity by neutralizing antibodies or by the introduction of dominant negative VEGF receptors into endothelial cells of tumor-associated blood vessels resulted in the inhibition of tumor growth and in tumor regression, indicating that VEGF is a major initiator of tumor angiogenesis. VEGF promotes angiogenesis through their receptors, Flt-1 and Flk-1/KDR. on vascular endothelial cells. These two receptors were usually believed to be expressed specifically on vascular endothelial cell. Several reports have now shown that VEGF is not only significantly associated with microvessel density but also has prognostic value in both node-negative and node-positive oral squamous cell carcinoma. For many years several histologic features of the neoplasms are being considered when assessing the influence of malignancy grading on recurrence and prognosis. Among the characteristics investigated, degree of keratinization, nuclear pleomorphism, mode of invasion, microscopic depth of invasion, intravascular invasion, lymphocyte infiltration, and number of mitoses have been considered as important prognostic factors. So, this study was conducted to evaluate the correlation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression with malignancy in paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens from 11 patients with tongue cancers. Our results showed that high immunoreactivity specimens of VEGF expression were significantly lower keratinization degree and more pronounced nuclear pleomorphism than in low immunoreactivity specimens. Thus, VEGF expression could be used as a prognostic marker in tongue cancer.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.61-68
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• 2012

Sikhae is a traditional Korean fermented seafood with a 7-10% salt concentration. Consumers have begun to look for low-salt food because excess salt is known to cause hypertension and gastric cancer. The quality characteristics of low-salt squid sikhae were investigated at different fermentation temperatures and periods, so as to determine its shelflife. The shelf-life of the low-salt (5%) squid sikhae at $-1^{\circ}C$ based on pH was 142 days. The functional activities of the ethanol extract of squid sikhae such as its antioxidant activity and inhibitions on ${\alpha}$-glucosidase, ${\beta}$-glucuronidase, and elastase were stronger than those of the water extract. Based on the results of sensory evaluation, the low-salted squid sikhae was very similar to fermented seafood. In conclusion, low-salt sikhae is commercially viable.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.73-85
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• 2002

This study was conducted to examine community residents' knowledge level and related factor on electronic wave in order to provide basic data for development of education and publicity program. 2,000 people, who lived in five big cities and five small and medium cities, were selected ad subjects of this study. The data were collected from May 1, 200 I to August 31, 2001. The results of this study are as follows. According to the average knowledge level of harmful affect of electronic wave on health in general characteristics, female was higher(37.40 ± 5.24 points) than male; ‘forties’ was highest(37.77 ± 5.69 points); ‘married spouse’ was high(36.84 ± 5.59 points); ‘living in small-ta-medium city’ was high(36.84 ± 5.32 points). ‘university graduate’ was highest(37.41 ± 5.32 points) in education level, ‘middle class’ was high(36.61 ± 4.96 points) in economic status, ‘professional technician’ was higher(36.68 ± 6.55 points) than other occupations in occupational type. According to the knowledge level of harmful affect of electronic wave on health in health condition by self-judgment, ‘good health condition’ was highest(36.77 ± 4.99 points). In the case of the knowledge level of those who visited medical institutions for last one year, ‘never visited’ was highest(37.19 ± 5.02 points). In the kind of medical institutions, ‘those who visited general hospital’ was highest(36.58 ± 5.63 points). In the way of knowledge obtainments of electronic wave through education and publicity media, ‘school education’ was highest(37.55 ± 5.19 points). According to the score of awareness level of disease incidence related to electronic wave, allergy and erethism was highest(57.8 points on the basis of 100 points). It appeared in order of leukemia, skin disease or skin cancer, dementia, various cancers, cataract, and brain tumor. The variables which significantly influenced knowledge level of harm of electronic wave were knowledge obtainments of electronic wave, age, economic status, daily TV watching period, sex, period of daily cellular phone use, period of working with computer, and daily VTR watching period. The knowledge of community residents concerning harmful affect of electronic wave on health is needed because people's opportunity of exposing to electronic wave is increasing. Especially, it is the demands of the times to provide information on knowledge of each equipment which generate electronic wave. The government, the product manufacturing companies, related social organizations, and education institutions must make efforts to develop the education program which is needed to make people have right knowledge and attitude.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 2002

An antitumor substance was purified from the culture filtrate of phytopathogenic fungus Alternaria brassicicola SW-3 isolated from soil of a chinese cabbage patch, and its characteristics were investigated. Antitumor activity of A. brassicicola SW-3 was measured by MTT assay. The cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell line was detected in the culture filtrate of A. brassicicola SW-3, but no activity found in mycelium. Antitumor substance was isolated from the culture broth by ethyl acetate extraction and purified by silica gel column chromatography. Structure of the purified compound was analyzed by the instrumental analysis such as $^1$H-NMR, $^{13}$ C-NMR and IR spectroscopy. The purified fungal metabolite of an A. brassicicola SW-3, consists of 11 carbon chain with two hydroxyl groups and two epoxides which is identical to depudecin. The $IC_{50}$/ values of the active compound identified as depudecin were $69\mu$g/mL and $57\mu$g/mL against mouse melanoma B16BL6 cell line, and human hepatoma SK-HEP1 cell line, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Food & Health Convergence
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 2018

A radiation dosimeter is important to assess quality assurance (QA) of radiation therapy devices and to estimate the radiation dose in vivo dosimetry. Recently, optically stimulated luminescence detector (OSLD) is widely used in clinical filed. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate dose, energy, and angular dependence of OSLD and EBT3 film. The absorbed dose in clinical linear accelerator (Linac) beam is calibrated for dose per monitor unit (MU). Dose, energy, and angular dependence of OSLD and EBT3 film are estimated after the calibration procedure. The absorbed dose is measured at 50, 100, 150, and 200 cGy in an 6 MV X-ray beam for dose dependence. A dose of 150 cGy is delivered to OSLD and EBT3 film with 6 and 10 MV photon energies for energy dependence. For measurements of angular dependence, angular positions of gantry are $0^{\circ}{\pm}80^{\circ}$ with 6 MV at 150 cGy. The results of dose dependence is linear for OSLD and EBT3 film. For the results of energy dependence, errors were 0.39% and 0.03% for OSLD and EBT3 film, respectively. The results of dose for angular is decreased from $0^{\circ}$ to ${\pm}80^{\circ}$ for both OSLD and EBT3 film. When angle of $0^{\circ}$ is normalized to 1, and the dose is decreased to 60 and 66% at $80^{\circ}$ for OSLD and EBT3 film, respectively. Dose and energy dependence of OSLD and EBT3 film are measured within the recommendation of manufacturer. Angular dependence is increased from $0^{\circ}$ to ${\pm}80^{\circ}$ for OSLD and EBT3 film. The characteristics of OSLD and EBT3 film are similar and expected to useful for clinical field.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.173-181
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• 2012

The aim of this study is to compare the geometric characteristics of the lung tumor, such as tumor centroid, HU change relative to breath phase, depending on tumor location and adhesion using 4DCT and deformable image registration program (MIMVista). The Y axis change was most significant and the mean Y axis centroid fluctuation was $7.32{\pm}6.88mm$ in lower lung tumor. The mean HU variation in lower lung mass has changed more than other locations, and its mean HU variation was $7.7{\pm}4.97%$ and non-adhered mass was more changed. Correlation for the mass volume between 3DCT and MIP was very high and its coefficient was 0.998. The effect of tumor location, adhesion and diaphragm excursion to geometric uncertainties was analyzed by linear regression model, it was influenced to mass deformation and geometrical variation so much except diaphragm excursion. but intra-fractional and inter-patient's uncertainties were great, so it couldn't find any exact deformation trend.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.81-88
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• 2016

The body of the fat tissue increased in obese represented by risk factors such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, metabolic disease and dyslipidemia. Such metabolic diseases and the like of the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, hypertension, dyslipidemia, increase in the adipose tissue of the pancreas is known to be a risk factor of these diseases. Study on the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer was conducted actively, case studies on pancreatic steatosis is not much. In this study, divided into a control group diagnosed with pancreatic steatosis as a result of ultrasonography to evaluation the physical characteristics and serologic tests and blood pressure and arterial stiffness. The control group and the test pancreas steatosis age and waist circumference, body mass index, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, arterial elasticity is higher in pancreatic steatosis. And the lower ankle brachial stenosis and HDL-cholesterol were lower than the normal control group, so the pancreatic steatosis harmful to blood vessels.(P <0.05). The difference between the control group and it was confirmed that the pancreatic jibanggun statistically significant. In conclusion, pancreatic steatosis at abdominal ultrasound can predict the risk of metabolic diseases, and there was a correlation with cardiovascular disease.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.1732-1741
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• 2006

Obesity is chronic disease which influenced on health severly. The causes of obesity have been known as life change, lack of excercise, genetic factor, mental and social economic factors. Especially the obesity of women increased the risk of the diseases such as DM, osteoarthritis, cardiovascular disease, breast cancer and infertility. The limitations of the widely used negative definition of health as the absence of disease and WHO's 1946 definition of health as total social, psychological and physical well-being have long been recognized (WHO 1958). The Quality of Life (QoL) includes functional ability, the degree and quality of social and community interaction, psychological well-being as somatic sensation and life satisfaction. I investigated to compare the differences between obese women (n=63), non-obese women (n=37) in clinic and general women (n=43, control) on baseline characteristics and WHO QoL-BREF. The purpose of this study is to assist the diagnosis and treatment of obesity. WHO QoL-BREF is self administered type which consisted of 26 questions. The prospective question is calculated with 5 scores by Likert's method. The results are as follows : The means of physical, psychological, social, overall and total scores of QoL were significant among BMI group (P<0.05). The score of control group (BMI < 25) was higher than other groups significantly (P<0.05). In multiple regression analysis, the variable of high school/below middle school was significant in environmental and overall domain of QoL scores (P<0.05). The variable of college/below middle school was significant in environmental, overall domain and total score of QoL scores (P<0.05). The variable of above university/below middle school was significant in physical health, environmental, overall domain and total score in QoL scores (P<0.05). The variable of Health perception (moderate/bad) was positively significant in physical health, environmental, overall domain and total score of QoL scores (P<0.05). The variable of Health perception (good/bed) was positively significant in physical health, environmental, social, overall domain and total score of QoL scores (P<0.05). The variable as BMI non-=obese women/control was negatively significant in social domain of QoL scores (P<0.05). Above the results, It suggests that the variable as BMI did't affect on the QoL in patients and control, but the variables as education and health perception affected on the QoL scores. Further study is required to conduct QoL differences between before and after treatment of obese patients.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.201-206
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• 2016

Social interest in breast cancer has increased. The most basic exams for diagnosis include breast X-ray and breast ultrasound. In particular, breast microcalcification requires histological diagnosis, and breast microcalcification biopsy is commonly performed. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze and assess X-ray guided biopsy (needle localized open biopsy) and ultrasound guided biopsy (sono guided core needle biopsy), which are basics in diagnosis of microcalcification. Targeting 241 cases in which magnification mammography was performed for patients who visited the hospital due to breast microcalcification, age distribution and the location of lesions were analyzed in X-ray guided biopsy and ultrasound guided biopsy. By classifying exams performed after magnification mammography, the frequencies of X-ray guided biopsy and ultrasound guided biopsy were analyzed, and malignant and benign results were confirmed. The results showed that 64 cases(26.6%) were X-ray guided biopsy, which was 5.4 times higher than 12 cases(4.9%) of ultrasound guided biopsy. Due to development of ultrasound equipments, stereotactic vacuum-assisted biopsy, etc. the methods of histological diagnosis of microcalcification have become diverse, but when considering characteristics and limitations of each exam, X-ray guided biopsy is thought to be most accurate and useful.