• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.264-274
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• 2023

Purpose: In this study, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based microsatellite instability (MSI) testing was comprehensively analyzed and compared with immunohistochemistry (IHC) for mismatch repair (MMR) protein expression in patients with gastric cancer (GC). Materials and Methods: In 5,676 GC cases, PCR-based MSI testing using five microsatellites (BAT-26, BAT-25, D5S346, D2S123, and D17S250) and IHC for MLH1 were performed. Reevaluation of MSI testing/MLH1 IHC and additional IHC for MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 were performed in discordant/indeterminate cases. Results: Of the 5,676 cases, microsatellite stable (MSS)/MSI-low and intact MLH1 were observed in 5,082 cases (89.5%), whereas MSI-high (MSI-H) and loss of MLH1 expression were observed in 502 cases (8.8%). We re-evaluated the remaining 92 cases (1.6%) with a discordant/indeterminate status. Re-evaluation showed 1) 37 concordant cases (0.7%) (18 and 19 cases of MSI-H/MMR-deficient (dMMR) and MSS/MMR-proficient (pMMR), respectively), 2) 6 discordant cases (0.1%) (3 cases each of MSI-H/pMMR and MSS/dMMR), 3) 14 MSI indeterminate cases (0.2%) (1 case of dMMR and 13 cases of pMMR), and 4) 35 IHC indeterminate cases (0.6%) (22 and 13 cases of MSI-H and MSS, respectively). Finally, MSI-H or dMMR was observed in 549 cases (9.7%), of which 47 (0.8%) were additionally confirmed as MSI-H or dMMR by reevaluation. Sensitivity was 99.3% for MSI testing and 95.4% for MMR IHC. Conclusions: Considering the low incidence of MSI-H or dMMR, discordant/indeterminate results were occasionally identified in GCs, in which case complementary testing is required. These findings could help improve the accuracy of MSI/MMR testing in daily practice.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.5587-5591
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• 2012

Objective: This study was performed to evaluated the efficacy and safety of continuous infusional paclitaxel and 5-Fu as first-line chemotherapy in patients with advanced esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC). Methods: A total of 22 patients with advanced esophageal squamous cell cancer with no indications for surgery and radiation therapy, or recurrent patients were enrolled from October 2008 to November 2010. All were treated with PTX 20 $mg/m^2$ was administered through a 16 hours continuous intravenous infusion on days 1 to 3, 8 and 9. DDP 3.75 $mg/m^2$ was given on days 1 to 4 and 8 to 11, continuous infusional 5-FU over 24-hours on days 1 to 5 and 8 to 12 at a dose of 375 $mg/m^2$, and folacin 60 mg orally synchronized with 5-Fu. The treatment was repeated every 21 days for at least two cycles. Results: 22 cases of all enrolled patients could be evaluated for the effect of treatment: 2 cases were CR, 9 cases PR, 5 cases SD and 2 cases PD, giving an overall response rate of 68.2%(15/22). The median time to progression was 7.0 months. The adverse reactions related to chemotherapy were tolerable; the most common toxic effects were marrow depression, alopecia, and fatigue. Conclusion: Low-dose continuous infusional PTX over 16-hours and 5-fu over 24-hours is a promising regimen with good tolerability in treating patients with advanced esophageal squamous cell cancer.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.2593-2596
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• 2016

Background: Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare disease that accounts for less than 1% of all cancers in men and less than 1% of all diagnosed breast cancers. In this study, we retrospectively evaluated the clinicopathological features, treatment options and overall survival in Kurdish MBC cases. Materials and Methods: Seventeen MBC were referred to Department of Radiation Oncology in Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah, Iran, between 2010 and 2016. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed for ER, PR and Her2 biomarkers and FISH for those with Her2 2+. Median follow-up period was 30 months (2-65 months). We excluded from the study patients who did not have follow-up after initial diagnosis. Treatment methods were chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormonal therapy, target therapy and palliative care. Survival was estimated by the Kaplan Meier method (Prism 5). Results: The mean age at diagnosis was $49.24{\pm}17$ years (range, 24-85 years). Grade II was the most grade in MBC (65%). Fourteen patients (82%) had invasive ductal carcinoma, one (6%) had ductal carcinoma in situ and 2 (12%) had invasive papillary. ER, PR and Her2 were significantly positive in 14/17, 8/17 and 2/17 cases, respectively. The treatment included modified radical mastectomy for most patients. Chemotherapy with TAC and CEF regimens was delivered to 15/17 cases. Tamoxifen therapy was delivered to 14/17 cases. Three stage IV patients received Avestin and two with Her2 3+ were given Trastuzumab (Herceptin). Patients received adjuvant radiotherapy following surgery and chemotherapy. The site of metastasis was the bone in 2 cases, lung in 1 case and liver in 1 case. Zoledronic acid (Zometa) was prescribed for patients with bone metastasis. Five-year overall survival rate was 64%. Conclusions: MBC is rare. Thus, we need larger studies are in collaboration with several research centers in the field of breast cancer. ER positive, grade II of invasive ductal carcinoma, stage II and right side happened more with MBC. Overall survival is similar to other studies.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.26-34
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• 1978

We observed 82 cases of primary lung cancer clinically and statistically, which had been experienced at the dept. of thoracic surgery, Chonnam University Hospital, during the period of 13 years from 1964 to 1967. The results obtained were as follows: Peak incidence of age was from 5th decade to 6th decade, and the ratio of male to female was 3: 1. The frequency of lung cancer was higher in the heavy smoker than in the lighter smoker, and undifferentiated carcinoma showed low resectability in spite of the shorter clinical duration. Major symptoms were coughing and chest tightness & pain, especially coughing was initial symptom in the majority of patients. Of the 82 cases, operation was performed in the 32 cases [39%], but resection was possible in the 22 cases [27%]. The delaying factors led patients to an inoperable stage were physician’s misdiagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma due to non-specific symptoms and signs of the patients, old age patients were dependence on herb medicine, and poor economical condition of the patients in our region especially. Basic conditions of treatment in lung cancer were early detection & early surgery, so, chest P-A would be checked per 3 to 6 months interval associated with sputum cytology in the smoker over 45 age routinely.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.33-37
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• 1996

From January 1994 to August 1995 we performed 270 cases of fine needle aspiration cytology for bone and soft tissue lesions. Among them 137 cases were diagnosed histologically. Sixty-seven cases were benign and 70 cases were malignant. We analysed these on the aspect of sensitivity, specifity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value of the cytologic examination. Malignant cases consisted of bone tumor 29 cases; soft tissue tumor 25 cases; and metastatic tumor 16 cases. The sensitivity and specifity of the aspiration cytology for malignant tumor were 67.8% and 97%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive value of aspiration cytology were 97.4% and 72.7%, respectively. Among them 40 cases were primary bony lesions; 14 benign lesions, 26 malignamt bone tumors. Sensitivity of aspiration cytology for these primary bony lesion was 90%(18/20) and its specifity was 100%(13/13). Three cases showed atypical cells in cytology but with biopsy we could find them as one benign and two malignancies. Two cases of manignancy showed negative result in cytology; one was parosteal sarcoma of proximal femur and the other was osteosarcoma of proximal tibia which was biopsied already at other hospital. Although the overall sensitivity and specifity for malignant bone and soft tissue tumors were relatively low and not so predictable, the fine needle aspiration cytology for primary bony lesion was useful in the differential diagnosis of benign or malignancy.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.705-709
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• 1993

The mediastinoscopy was a well known useful diagnostic tool for detection of certain mediastinal tumors ,mediastinal lymph nodes invasion by bronchogenic carcinoma and metastatic cancer. A total of 33 cases of mediastinoscopies were reviewed, which were experienced at Chon Buk National University Hospital from August,1980 to October 1991. Mediastinoscopy was performed through anterior or parasternal approach in 18 cases, cervical approach in 14 cases and both in 1 case. In 12 cases which were used for preoperative stagig of lung cancer, 10 cases[83.3%] had the positive biopsy results at mediastinal nodes. In 11 cases for diagnosis of lymph nodes and masses with unknown lung lesion, small cell carcinoma revealed in 3 cases,squamous cell carcinoma in 2 , adenocarcinoma in 1 case and the others were had the negative biopsy results. In 10 cases for diagnosis of mediastinal tumors, lymphoma revealed in 2 cases, malignant thymoma in 2, sarcoidosis in 2, tuberculous granuloma in 1, mesothelioma in 1, metastatic cancer with unknown origin in 1 case. Thoracotomy was performed in 3 cases of lung cancers, 2 patients with negative biopsy results in preoperative staging and 1 patient with subcarinal lymph node involvement only. Bleeding complications during mediastinoscopy were developed in 2 cases, managed by anterior mini-thoracotomy.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1983

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were measured in the serum of 35 normal control subjects and 179 cases of various benign and malignant gastrointestinal diseases. Malignant gastrointestinal tumors include 69 cases of stomach cancer, 24 cases of hepatoma and 33 cases of colorectal cancer. Benign gastrointestinal diseases include 29 cases of peptic ulcer and 24 cases of liver cirrhosis. The results were as followings: 1) Mean serum CEA level in normal control subjects was $6.9{\pm}3.3ng/ml$ and there was; no difference in mean serum CEA level between age and sex difference. 2) In malignant gastrointestinal tumors, mean serum CEA level in colorectal cancer, hepatoma and stomach cancer, were $54.3{\pm}88.9ng/ml,\;62.1{\pm}99.7ng/ml$ respectively. Serum CEA level showed positive rate of 67% in colorectal cancer, 63% in hepatoma and 62% in stomach cancer. There was no difference in mean levels and positivity of serum CEA between these 3 malignant tumor groups. 3) Positivity of serum CEA was 61% in malignant gastrointestinal tumor group in spite of 37% in benign gastrointestinal disease group. In both mean level and positivity of serum CEA, stomach cancer was much higher than peptic ulcer. But there was no difference in mean level and positivity of serum CEA level between hepatoma and liver cirrhosis. 4) In hepatoma serum CEA level showed positive rate of 62.5% and alpha-feto protein showed a rate of 58.3%. 5) Mean serum CEA levels in patients with cancer in rectal, cecal, sigmoid colon, ascending: colon and descending colon were $73.7{\pm}106.7ng/ml,\;69{\pm}84.8ng/ml$, $15.7{\pm}9.1ng/ml,\;7.5{\pm}10.6ng/ml$ and 4.0ng/ml respectively. Positive rate of serum CEA showed 86% in sigmoid. colon cancer, 68% in rectal cancer and 66% in cecal cancer. 6) In considering of histological background, there was no correlation between the degree of differentiation of tumor cell and the serum CEA level in colorectal cancer. According to Duke's classification, the mean serum levels of CEA were $8.8{\pm}11.4ng/ml$ in group A, $15.3{\pm}16.0ng/ml$ in group B and $68.5{\pm}101.5ng/ml$ in group C respectively. Positivity-of serum CEA in group A, Band C were 40%, 50% & 69% respectively. So there was significant correlation between the degree of elevation of serum CEA and tumor extension.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.1409-1413
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• 2015

Background: According to increase in elderly populations, and change in lifestyle and cancer-causing behavior, the global burden of cancer is increasing. For prevention and control of disease, knowledge of population statistics of cancers and their trends is essential. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology and trends of cancer in the province of Kerman: southeast of Iran. Materials and Methods: This analytical and cross-sectional study was carried out based on cancer registry data at the Disease Management Center of the Health Ministry from 2004 to 2009 in the province of Kerman in Iran. Common cancers were defined as the number of reported cases and standardized incidence rates. To compute the annual percentage change (APC), joinpoint 4.1.1.1 software was applied. Results: Of 10,595 registered cases, 45.3% (4802 cases) were in women and 56.7% (5,793 cases) occurred in men. The standardized incidence rates for both females and males were increasing during the six years studied. The most common cancers in both sexes during six years of studied were skin (13.4%), breast (9.35%), bladder (7.8%), stomach (7.45%), leukemia (7.05%), colorectal(5.57%), lung(4.92%), trachea(3.51%) and prostate(2.48%). Conclusions: Our findings revealed that the cancer incidence is demonstrating increasing trends in both sexes in the province of Kerman. This may be because of changes in lifestyle, increasing exposure to risk factors for cancer and increase of life expectancy. If this is the case, increasing public awareness of cancer risk factors is a high priority, together with introduction of large-scale screening techniques.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.321-328
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• 2007

Objectives : The aim of this study was to evaluate the roles of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, tuberculosis, and their interactions in the risk of lung cancer in a Korean cohort. Methods : The study subjects comprised 13,150 males and females aged above 20 years old. During the follow up period from 1993 to 2002, 79 lung cancer cases were identified by the central cancer registry and the national death certificate database. Information on cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and the history of physician-diagnosed tuberculosis was obtained by interview. Indirect chest X-ray findings were also evaluated to ascertain tuberculosis cases. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) after adjusting for age and gender. Results : Cigarette smoking was statistically significantly associated with an increased risk of lung cancer [for current smokers, RR = 2.33 (95% CI = 1.23 - 4.42) compared to non-smokers]. After further adjustment for cigarette smoking, both alcohol consumption and tuberculosis showed no statistically significant association with the risk of lung cancer [for current drinkers, RR = 0.80 (95% CI = 0.48 - 1.33) compared to non-drinkers] [for tuberculosis cases, RR = 1.17 (95% CI = 0.58 - 2.36) compared to non-cases]. There was no statistically significant interaction between cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption (p-interaction = 0.38), or cigarette smoking and tuberculosis (p-interaction = 0.74). Conclusions : Although cigarette smoking was confirmed as a risk factor of lung cancer in this cohort study, this study suggests that alcohol consumption and tuberculosis may not be associated with the risk of lung cancer.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.15
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• pp.6715-6717
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• 2015

Background: The purpose of this study was to provide epidemiological and histological data of thyroid cancers in Togo. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study of cases of thyroid cancers diagnosed from 2000 to 2014 (15 years) at the pathology laboratory of the Sylvanus Olympio Teaching Hospital of $Lom{\acute{e}}$. All cases of review of a thyroid sample (biopsies, surgical specimens) were collected from the data records of that laboratory. Results: Thyroid cancers represented 1.1% (7930cases) of all cancers registered during the study period. Mean age was $45.4{\pm}0.3$ years and the proportion of females was 78.3%. We identified 92.4% carcinomas and 7.6% lymphomas. Carcinomas were well differentiated in 80 cases and were dominated by the papillary type (47 cases). Metastasis was observed in 13% of patients. The pTNM classification evaluated in 18 cases showed a predominance of grade I (13 cases). Lymphomas were dominated by lymphoma diffuse large B-cell (5 cases). Conclusions: This study is the first global standard for thyroid cancer pathology in Togo. The high frequency of follicular form suggests an unrecognized iodine deficiency. The improvement of the technical platform of the LAP (immunohistochemistry) will increase the diagnosis of rare forms of thyroid cancer.