• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.765-770
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• 2005

In this study, we investigated antimicrobial and cytotoxicity effects of Undaria pinnatifida Sporophyll, which using methanol, dichloromethane and ethanol were extracted and fractionated into four different types: methanol (UPMM), hexane (UPMH), butanol (UPMB) and aqueous (UPMA). The antimicrobial activity was increased in proportion to its concentration by the paper disc method. Among the solvent fractions, UPMM and UPMB showed relatively strong antimicrobial activities in the order. Among various partition layers, the methanol partition layer (UPMM) was showed the strongest cytotoxic effects on all cancer cell lines. We also observed quinone reductase (QR) induced effects in all fraction layers of UP on HepG2 cells. The QR induced effects of UPMH on HepG2 cells at $320\mu g/mL$ concentration indicated 2.36 with a control value of 1.0.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.72-78
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• 2015

Objectives: The stomach is a sensitive digestive organ that is susceptible to exogenous pathogens from the diet. In response to such pathogens, the stomach induces oxidative stress, which might be related to the development of both gastric organic disorders such as gastritis, gastric ulcers, and gastric cancer, and functional disorders such as functional dyspepsia. This study was accomplished to investigate the effect of Ganoderma lucidum pharmacopuncture (GLP) on chronic gastric ulcers in rats. Methods: The rats were divided into 4 groups of 8 animals each: the normal, the control, the normal saline (NP) and the GLP groups. In this study, the modified ethanol gastritis model was used. The rats were administrated 56% ethanol orally every other day. The dose of ethanol was 8 g/kg body weight. The normal group received the same amount of normal saline instead of ethanol. The NP and the GLP groups were treated with injection of saline and GLP respectively. The control group received no treatment. Two local acupoints CV12 (中脘) and ST36 (足三里) were used. All laboratory rats underwent treatment for 15 days. On last day, the rats were sacrificed and their stomachs were immediately excised. Results: Ulcers of the gastric mucosa appeared as elongated bands of hemorrhagic lesions parallel to the long axis of the stomach. In the NP and GLP groups, the injuries to the gastric mucosal injuries were not as severe as they were in the control group. Wound healings of the chronic gastric ulcers was promoted by using GLP and significant alterations of the indices in the gastric mucosa were observed. Such protection was demonstrated by gross appearance, histology and immunehistochemistry staining for Bcl-2-associated X (BAX), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-${\beta}1$). Conclusion: These results suggest that GLP at CV12 and ST36 can provide significant protection to the gastric mucosa against an ethanol induced chronic gastric ulcer.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.20-27
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• 2013

Proximate composition, total phenolics and total flavonoids level, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and cytotoxicity were determined in the methanol extracts of different plant parts of Youngia sonchifolia at reproductive growth stage. Crude protein and crude fat were present as the highest amount in flowers, and crude fiber in the stems and roots. The highest content of phenolics [mg ferulic acid equivalents (FAE) $kg^{-1}$ dry weight (DW)] was found in flowers (highest) and followed by leaves, stems and roots (lowest). Flavonoids [mg rutin equivalents $kg^{-1}$ DW] level, however, showed the highest in leaf extracts and lowest in root extracts. The antioxidant potential of the methanol extracts from the plants dose-dependently increased DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity (%). DPPH radical scavenging activity were highest in root extracts ($IC_{50}=1,135.6\;mg\;kg^{-1}$) and followed by leaf, stem and flower extracts. By way of MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay, methanol extracts of roots showed the highest anticancer activity on human cancer cell line Calu-6 for human pulmonary carcinoma ($IC_{50}=196.3\;mg\;kg^{-1}$) and HCT-116 for human colon carcinoma ($IC_{50}=623.6\;mg\;kg^{-1}$).

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.58-65
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• 2009

The chemopreventive effects of naringenin derived from citrus on tumor migration and the possible mechanisms involved in this protection were investigated in HT-1080 tumor cells. In this study, we found that naringenin reduced phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-enhanced matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-9 activation in a dose-dependant manner and further inhibited HT-1080 cell migration. In addition, naringenin suppressed PMA-enhanced expression of MMP-9 protein, mRNA and transcription activity levels through suppression of nuclear factor $\kappa$B (NF-$\kappa$B) activation and activator protein-1 (AP-1) translocation without changing tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 level. Therefore, our results suggested that the inhibitory effects of naringenin on MMP-9 activation, relation of tumor migration in vitro possibly involve mechanisms related to its ability to suppress PMA-enhanced MMP-9 gene and protein expression through NF-$\kappa$B activation and AP-1 translocation. Overall, naringenin may be a valuable anti-invasive drug candidate for cancer therapy.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.233-239
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• 1991

This is a retrospective study of 62 patients with unresected squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus treated by radiotherapy alone (25 patients) or combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy (37 patients). Of these, 14 of 25 patients treated by radiation therapy alone and 25 of 37 patients treated by combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy completed radiotherapy consisting of 55 to 60 Gy in 5 to 6 weeks and were analyzed for local control rate and survival rate. Follow up ranged from 6 days to 58 months. Three ($8\%$) of 39 patients had a complete response, twenty-eight ($72\%$) a partial response and eight ($20\%$) minimal or no response. Overall median survival was 11 months for all stages. The 1 year and 2 year actuarial survival rates were $48.6\%$ and $13\%$ respectively. Age and stage had prognostic significances (p <0.05, p<0.05 respectively). The 1 year survival rate was $70.1\%$ for stage I, $47.6\%$ for stage II, and $28.4\%$ for stage III. The median survival was 19 months for stage I, 11 months for stage II, 6 months for stage III, and 5.5 months for stage III with distant metastases. The 1 year survival rate of patients 55 years and above was $69.6\%$, 54 years and below was $0\%$. There was no significant difference in survival rate between treatment modalities, locations of tumor, and responses of tumor.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.951-956
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to prepare black ginseng and evaluate its antitumor activity. In order to achieve such aim, 5 year fresh ginsenges were steamed at 95'E for 3 hr in pottery apparatus and dried at $60^{\circ}C$ for 12-36 hr. This process was repeated again nine times in same condition. Among the ginseng saponins in black ginseng, the amount of Ginsenoside $Rg_3$ was examined by HPLC. 10.05 mE of Ginsenoside $Rg_3$ was obtained from 1 g of dried black ginseng prepared. The extract of black ginseng exhibited stronger cytotoxic activity against MCF-1, HT-1080 and Hepa 1C1C7 tumor cell lines in vitro than the extract of red ginseng. Also, the extract of black ginseng exhibited stronger antitumor activity(33%) in BDFl mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma cells(LLC) than the extract of red ginseng(23%). From these results, it was concluded that Black ginseng had antitumor activity suggesting its application for the prevention and treatment of cancer.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.267-281
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• 1993

To find antitumor components from higher fungi, the mycelia of Collybia confluens (Pers. ex Fr.) Kummer were cultured in artificial media. For efficient production of the mycelia, the influences of various modifications of culture conditions were examined. A water-soluble protein-bound polysaccharide fraction, Fr. A, was obtained from the mycelia by hot water extraction. When Fr. A was purified and fractionated by DEAE-cellulose and Sepbadex G-200 gel filtration chromatographies into four fractions which were designated B, C, C-I and C-II. The tumor inhibition ratios of these fractions ranged from 46% to 75% against the solid forms of sarcoma 180 in ICR mice at doses of 20 and 50 mg/kg/day when given intraperitoneally. Especially, Fr. C which was named Collyban(CB) exhibited a marked life-prolonging effect of the mice against ascitic forms of sarcoma 180 at a dose of 50 mg via i.p. administration. To extend spectra of the antitumor activities and eliminate the effects of allograft rejection, the characterization of antitumor effects of CB was performed in syngeneic host-tumor systems. It did not show any antitumor activity against L1210 murine leukemia in $CD_2Fl$ mice but prolonged their life span against ascitic forms of $MM_{46}$ carcinoma in $C_3H/He$ mice. Also it exhibited antitumor activity against human cervical cancer HeLa cells that were xenografted into nude mice having BALB/c genetic backgrounds by the i.p. injection at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day. In order to characterize the antitumor components, CB was examined by chemical analysis. It was acidic protein-bound polysaccharides composed of 31% polysaccharide, 27% protein and 3% hexosamine. CB was fractionated into two fractions, Fr. C-I(M.W.: 500 Kd) and Fr. C-II(M.W.:30 and 8 Kd) by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration chromatography.

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.63-70
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• 2006

Natural product compounds are the source of numerous therapeutic agents. The marine environment produces natural products from a variety of structural classes exhibiting activity against numerous disease targets including anticancer agents. Among these, pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2), which was first identified as a cytotoxic entity in marine sponges, which depolymerizes actin filaments, was found to be highly effective and more potent to activate an intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in p53-deficient tumor cells compared to those with functional p53 both in vitro and in vivo. However, the anti-proliferative mechanism of the compound at non-cytotoxic concentrations has not yet been explored. In the current study, we sought to investigate anti-proliferation and apoptosis of PTX-2 against U937 human leukemic cells and its underlying molecular mechanism. Exposure of U937 cells to PTX-2 resulted in growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis in dose- and time-dependent manner as measured by MTT assay, fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometric analysis. The anti-proliferative effect of PTX-2 was associated with a marked increase in the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase p21 (WAF1/CIP1) mRNA which was tumor suppressor p53-independent. The increase in apoptosis was connected with a time-dependent down-regulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-XL and inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) family such as XIAP and cIAP-2. Though additional studies are needed, these findings suggested that PTX-2-induced inhibition of U937 cells was associated with the induction of apoptotic cell death and the results provided important new insights into the possible molecular mechanisms of the anti-cancer activity of PTX-2.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.502-507
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• 2016

This study was designed to investigate the beneficial effects of fermented Rhus verniciflua stem bark extract (RVSBE) on the stomach. We evaluated RVSBE for its antimicrobial activity against Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), along with its ability to reduce the viability of human gastric cancer AGS cells. In addition, its anti-inflammatory effect was examined by evaluating nitric oxide (NO) production, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 mRNA expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. RVSBE showed antimicrobial activity, as 2.0 mg of the extract produced a clear inhibition zone of 4.0 mm. RVSBE inhibited the growth of AGS cells by 20% at concentrations ranging from 0.25-1.0 mg/mL. Regarding the anti-inflammatory effects of RVSBE, at 0.1-1.0 mg/mL, the extract showed more than 75% inhibition of NO production. In addition, cells treated with 0.25 mg/mL RVSBE showed a 25% decrease in iNOS mRNA levels compared to those in the LPS-treated cells. These results suggest that RVSBE may have significant inhibitory effects on inflammatory mediators, and therefore, may be a potential anti-inflammatory candidate.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.295-301
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• 2015

The functions of probiotics, particularly Lactic acid bacteria, have been studied in a range of human diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, gastrointestinal disorders, and allergies. Among the many benefits associated with the consumption of probiotics, modulation of immune activity has received the most attention. This study aimed at investigating the improved immune stimulatory and stability of L. plantarum when cultivated on modified basal media supplemented with the Undaria pinnatifida co-cultured with L. plantarum. An in vitro test showed that U. pinnatifida media cultured L. plantarum is strong enough to survive in the gastric juice (gastric and bile acid). Mouse macrophage-derived cell lines RAW 264.7 was used to measured immune stimulating activity of L. plantarum. When U. pinnatifida media cultured by L. plantarum was NO and $TNF-{\alpha}$ production is significantly increased compared to basal media cultured L. plantarum. These results show that U. pinnatifida could be applied for a component for cultivation of L. plantarum. This optimized U. pinnatifida medium can be used the improving of stability and immune function on production of probiotics.