• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.3D
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• pp.417-422
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• 2008

With standard orthorectification algorithms, one can produce unacceptable structure duplication in the orthophoto due to the double projection. Because of the abrupt height differences, such structure duplication is a frequently occurred phenomenon in the dense urban area which includes multi-history buildings. Therefore, occlusion area detection especially for the urban area is a critical issue in generation of true orthophoto. This paper deals with occlusion area detection with visible height based approach from aerial imagery and LiDAR. In order to accomplish this, a grid format DSM is produced from the point clouds of LiDAR. Next, visible height based algorithm is proposed to detect the occlusion area for each camera exposure station with DSM. Finally, generation of true orthophoto is presented with DSM and previously produced occlusion maps. The proposed algorithms are applied in the Purdue campus, Indiana, USA.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.603-615
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• 2023

Population growth and urbanization prompted engineers to propose more sophisticated and efficient transportation methods, such as underground transit systems. However, due to limited urban space, it is necessary to construct these tunnels in close proximity to existing infrastructure like high-rise buildings and bridges. Battered piles have been widely used for their higher stiffness and bearing capacity compared to vertical piles, making them effective in resisting lateral loads from winds, soil pressures, and impacts. Considerable prior research has been concerned with understanding the vertical pile response to tunnel excavation. However, the three-dimensional effects of tunnelling on adjacent battered piled foundations are still not investigated. This study investigates the response of a single battered pile to tunnelling at three critical depths along the pile: near the pile shaft (S), next to the pile (T), and below the pile toe (B). An advanced hypoplastic model capable of capturing small strain stiffness is used to simulate clay behaviour. The computed results reveal that settlement and load transfer mechanisms along the battered pile, resulting from tunnelling, depend significantly on the tunnel's location relative the length of the pile. The largest settlement of the battered pile occurs in the case of T. Conversely, the greatest pile head deflection is caused by tunnelling near the pile shaft. The battered pile experiences "dragload" due to negative skin friction mobilization resulting from tunnel excavation in the case of S. The battered pile is susceptible to induced bending moments when tunnelling occurs near the pile shaft S whereas the magnitude of induced bending moment is minimal in the case of B.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.222-228
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• 2024

This study aims to anal yze the social benefits of introducing a sel ective demol ition system for buil dings. Incremental revenue, incremental cost, and incremental profit for the entire nation were derived based on the calculated costs and revenues of selective demolition for a 2,400 m² apartment complex. In conducting selective demolition on a 2,400 m² building, the increase in demolition construction costs, the reduction in waste disposal costs due to the decrease in mixed waste, and the revenue obtained from recycling separated and sorted waste were comprehensively reviewed. It was calculated and analyzed that, compared to general demolition work, a total cost-saving effect of 34,727,000 KRW could be expected. Extrapolating this to the entire nation, based on the year 2020, which had the highest construction waste generation, it is estimated that the social benefits would amount to 746,782,886,000 KRW.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.49-57
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• 2020

Traditional landscape is a cultural asset left by Seonhyeon to modern society, and it can not only understand the landscape culture of ancient tradition but also provides / provided a new creative material for modern landscape designs / designed. However, it is well known that Korea and China have a relationship between the development and exchange of landscaping in a global background, the succession of traditional landscape architecture culture in a global background covers many dimensions, including protection, development and innovation, and that "traditional and modern" and "regionally and internationality" should be harmonized with each other. This study uses traditional Korean and Chinese landscaping buildings as research subjects to extract and organize related data through various channels, including basic literature research that understands the history and culture of the two countries. I interpreted the cultural backgrounds of the two countries by dividing them into religious ideas, traditional culture, and natural views, and highlighted the history of development and the relationship between the two countries. Based on this, it analyzed the differences created by traditional landscaping between Korea and China, and also specifically analyzed the "creation of righteous army" and "the law of righteous army." In particular, this study sought to inherit and innovate traditional landscape culture for the internationalization of "One Belt, One Road" based on the characteristics of Korea and China's landscape through a comparative analysis of the construction elements and methods of Yihwawon of the Ming and Qing periods and Gyeongbokgung Palace of the Joseon Dynasty on the theoretical background of landscaping and the significance of landscaping. The direction for the development and exchange with landscaping between the two countries was presented in line with the development trend of Korea-China landscaping in the global environment. In the future, the development of landscaping between the two countries is expected to be key to international cooperation in traditional culture, creative combination of local characteristics, creation of a harmonious landscape architecture environment, and co-prosperity of various cultures.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.2461-2476
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• 2013

To assess environmental contamination with carcinogens, carbonaceous compounds, water-soluble ionic species and trace gaseous species were identified and quantified every three hours for three days st three different atmospheric layer at the heart of chiang-Mai, bangkok and hat-Yai from December 2006 to February 2007. A DRI model 2001 Themal/Optical Carbon Analyzer with the IMPROVE thermal/optical reflectance (TOR) protocol was used to quantify the organic carbon(OC) and elemental carbon content in $PM_{10}$. Diurnal and vertical variability was also carefully investigated. In general, OC and EC contenttration shoeed the highest values at the monitoring period o 21.00-00.00 as consequences of human activities at night bazaar coupled with reduction of mixing layer, decreased wind speed and termination of photolysis nighttime. Morning peaks of carboaceous compounds were observed during the sampling period of 06:00 -09:00, emphasizing the main contribution of traffic emission in the three cities. The estimation of incremental lifetime partculate matter exposure (ILPE) raises concern of high risk of carbonaceous accumulation over workers and residents living close to the observatory sites. The average values of incremental lifrtime particulate matter exposure (ILPE) of total carbon at Baiyoke Suit Hotel and Baiyoke Sky Hotel are approsimately ten time shigher then those air sample collected at prince of songkla University Hat-Yai campus corpse incinerator and fish-can maufacturing factory but only slightly higher than those of rice straw burnig in Songkla province. This indicates a high risk of developing lung cancer and other respiratory diseases across workers and residents living in high buildings located in Pratunam area. Using knowledge of carbonaceous fractions in $PM_{10}$, one can estimate the gas-particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Dachs-Eisenreich model highlights the crucial role of adsorption in gas-particle partitioning of low molecular weight PAHs, whereas both absorption and adsorption tend to account for gas-particle partitioning of high molecular weight PAHs in urban residential zones of Thailand. Interestingly, the absorption mode alone plays a minor role in gas-partcle partitiining of PAHs in Chiang-Mai, Bangkok and hat-Yai.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.1-11
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• 2016

The floor field model (hereafter referred to as FFM) is a cellular automata (hereafter referred to as CA)-based walk model used to model pedestrian behavior. Existing studies on FFM conducted experiments with simple structures (that have one room or one obstacle in a room) or relatively complicated structures (that have many rooms). In order to apply the FFM to real buildings, it is necessary to have additional methodologies to process information about the number of rooms, floors, stairs, and exit doors. In particular, it is necessary to process exit doors during this procedure. Exit doors that are recognized by pedestrians are of many types such as exit doors in rooms, stairs connected to corridors, and exit doors in a building. When calculating the static floor field (hereafter referred to as SFF) in the FFM, information about exit doors is needed and simulation results will be different depending on how the SFF is calculated using an exit door among the above-mentioned exit doors. In this study, an XML-format building data model is proposed according to data structures required by the FFM. This study also defines a methodology to process a number of exit doors. Accordingly, this study developed a building data construction and evacuation simulator and simulation experiments were conducted with university campus building.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.6 s.113
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• pp.98-108
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• 2006

The climate of urban area is an unstable type with considerable seasonal variation in precipitation wind speed, and temperature and it grows worse. Besides, ozone is a serious air pollutant in most of large cities. So worldwide, some of large cities are investing in forestry options to offset their climate problems, but lack of information has hindered comparisons of urban un cost effectiveness to other options. This research intends to study the economic benefits of tree shading of 19 parking lots in UCD campus. The economic benefits of tree shading are air conditioning savings, air quality, stormwater run-off, and other benefits. Especially, this study focuses how much the economic benefit of parking lot shading has been increased from 1995 to 2003 year by aerophoto. Some data on dimensions of parking lots and the number, size, tree species, and location of trees around each parking lot was inventoried. Two aerophotos(1995,2003) were used in order to analyze the increasement of tree canopy in 19 parking lots for 8 years. However, increasing coverage of trees and managing them for healthy growth would not be sufficient for avoiding adverse impacts by future climate change. Additional measures should be followed such as an increase of energy use efficiency and development of substitute energy. For example, coverage of trees help to save cooling energy by blocking solar radiation reaching parking cars and building structures through shading, and creating cool micro-climates through evapotranspiration. They also reduce heating demand by decreasing air infiltration and heat conduction out of the interior of buildings. Proper arrangement of vegetation over the parking lots can reduce cooling and heating costs. So proper planting design around hard space paving including species selection and location can significantly save cooling and heating energy. And a reduction in car and building's heating and cooling costs results in the reduction in energy demand which causes to emissions of air pollutants. Total increased tree canopy from 1995 to 2003 is $8,470.45m^2$ and the economic benefits is US$ 5,282.10. The economic benefit of one tree has been US$ 7.21 for 8 years. And an annually increased benefit is US$ 0.9 per a tree. If this kind of study is applied to studying the economic benefits of tree canopy in parking lots of Korea, it could result in guidelines of tree planting of parking lots. Because the trees selected for planting in parking lots were not suitable for an environment, the guidelines should contain a recommended list of trees. The guidelines should propose the shading percentage of parking lot when we plan a parking lot and contain the maintenance of trees in order to maximize the economic benefits of tree canopy.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.9
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• pp.604-612
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• 2012

Self-management plan for GHG (Greenhouse Gas) reduction should be prepared in academic facilities, which occupy a large amount of energy consumption. In this study, a university was chosen as one of the major academic facilities and its energy consuming pattern and GHG emission were analyzed. The results have shown that annual $CO_2$ emission from university buildings was 10,452 ton-$CO_2$ (0.65 ton-$CO_2/m^2$), and dependent upon 78.0% electricity, 20.5% LNG and 1.5% oil, respectively as energy sources. According to more detail analysis by usage of energy consumption, appliances occupies 36.7% followed by gas heating (18.9%), lighting (18.6%), heating with electricity (12.5%), cooling with electricity (10.2%), transportation (1.5%), gas cooling (1.2%) and cooking (0.4%). Furthermore, annual $CO_2$ emissions per unit area and a student by electricity usage were evaluated to 51.30 kg-$CO_2/m^2$ and 981.86 kg-$CO_2$/capita, respectively and those by LNG usage were 14.61 kg-$CO_2/m^2$ and 241.01 kg-$CO_2$/capita.