• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.83-91
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• 1999

Angiotensin II (ANG II) has a biphasic effect on $Na^+$ transport in proximal tubule: low doses of ANG II increase the $Na^+$ transport, whereas high doses of ANG II inhibit it. However, the mechanisms of high dose ANG II-induced inhibition on $Na^+$ uptake are poorly understood. Thus the aim of the present study was to investigate signal transduction pathways involved in the ANG II-induced inhibition of $Na^+$ uptake in the primary cultured rabbit renal proximal tubule cells (PTCs) in hormonally defined serum-free medium. ANG II $(10^{-9}\;M)-induced$ inhibition of $Na^+$ uptake was blocked by losartan $(10^{-8}\;M,\;AT_1\;antagonist),$ but not by PD123319 $(10^{-8}\;M,\;AT_2\;antagonist)$ (P<0.05). ANG II-induced inhibition of $Na^+$ uptake was also completely abolished by neomycin $(10^{-4}\;M,$ PLC inhibitor), W-7 $(10^{-4}\;M,$ calmodulin antagonist), and $AACOCF_3\;(10^{-6}\;M,\;PLA_2\;inhibitor)$ (P<0.05). ANG II significantly increased $[^3H]arachidonic$ acid (AA) release compared to control. The ANG II-induced $[^3H]AA$ release was blocked by losartan, $AACOCF_3,$ neomycin, and W-7, but not by PD123319. ANG II-induced $[^3H]AA$ release in the presence of extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ was greater than in $Ca^{2+}-free$ medium, and it was partially blocked by TMB-8 $(10^{-4}\;M,$ intracelluar $Ca^{2+}$ mobilization blocker). However, in the absence of extracellular $Ca^{2+},$ it was completely blocked by TMB-8. In addition, econazole $(10^{-6}\;M,$ cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase inhibitor) and indomethacin $(10^{-6}\;M,$ cyclooxygenase inhibitor) blocked ANG II-induced inhibition of $Na^+$ uptake, but NGDA $(10^{-6}\;M,$ lipoxygenase inhibitor) did not affect it. In conclusion, $PLA_2-mediated$ AA release is involved in ANG II-induced inhibition of $Na^+$ uptake and is modulated by $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ in the PTCs.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.449-457
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• 2016

N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and cysteine have been implicated in a number of human neutrophils' functional responses. However, though $Ca^{2+}$ signaling is one of the key signalings contributing to the functional responses of human neutrophils, effects of NAC and cysteine on intracellular calcium concentration ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$) in human neutrophils have not been investigated yet. Thus, this study was carried out with an objective to investigate the effects of NAC and cysteine on $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ in human neutrophils. We observed that NAC ($1{\mu}M{\sim}1mM$) and cysteine ($10{\mu}M{\sim}1mM$) increased $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ in human neutrophils in a concentration-dependent manner. In NAC pre-supplmented buffer, an additive effect on N-formyl-methionine-leucine-phenylalanine (fMLP)-induced increase in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ in human neutrophils was observed. In $Ca^{2+}$-free buffer, NAC- and cysteine-induced $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ increase in human neutrophils completely disappeared, suggesting that NAC- and cysteine-mediated increase in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ in human neutrophils occur through $Ca^{2+}$ influx. NAC- and cysteine-induced $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ increase was effectively inhibited by calcium channel inhibitors SKF96365 ($10{\mu}m$) and ruthenium red ($20{\mu}m$). In $Na^+$-free HEPES, both NAC and cysteine induced a marked increase in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ in human neutrophils, arguing against the possibility that $Na^+$-dependent intracellular uptake of NAC and cysteine is necessary for their $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ increasing activity. Our results show that NAC and cysteine induce $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ increase through $Ca^{2+}$ influx in human neutrophils via SKF96365- and ruthenium red-dependent way.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.217-221
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• 1986

토양중(土壤中)에서 납(Pb)의 용출경감효과(溶出輕減效果)를 구명(究明)하기 위(爲)하여 토양(土壤)에 납을 $PbCl_2$로 310.8ppm 처리(處理)하고 경감제(輕減劑)로서 소석회(消石灰), 석고(石膏), 과석(過石), 인산(燐酸)을 처리(處理)하여 담수후(湛水後) 실온(室溫)에 보관(保管)하면서 납 용출량(溶出量) 및 Ca, $PO_4$, $SO_4$와 pH, Eh를 측정(測定)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 납 용출량(溶出量)은 경감제시용량(輕減劑施用量)이 증가(增加)할수록 감소(減少)되었으며 $H_3PO_4$ 및 과석(過石)이 용출억제효과(溶出抑制效果)가 좋았다. 2. 토양(土壤)의 pH는 소석회(消石灰)가 높고 인산구(燐酸區)가 낮으며 토양(土壤)의 Eh는 반대(反對)의 경향(傾向)이었다. 3. 토양중(土壤中)의 수용성(水溶性) Ca, $PO_4$ 및 $SO_4$ 함량(含量)은 경감제(輕減劑) 시용량(施用量)이 증가(增加)할수록 증가(增加)되었다. 4. 시험후(試驗後) 토양(土壤)의 가용성(可溶性) 납함량(含量)은 과석(過石), 인산(燐酸), 소석회(消石灰), 석고(石膏), 대조(對照)의 순(順)으로 낮은 경향(傾向)이었다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.89-96
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• 2002

Ca-alginate bead로 소금의 흡착에 미치는 영향조건을 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. Ca-alginate beads에 의한 소금 흡착은 시간이 경과함에 따라 증가하였으며, 10분 후4.0g으로 최고의 흡착량을 나타내었다. 0.2M CaCl$_2$, 0.2M BaCl$_2$, 0.2M FeCl$_3$및 0.2M MgCl$_2$등의 경화용액으로 조제한 bead에 의한 소금 흡착량은 Fe-alginate beads가 5.6g으로 제일 높았으나 bead가 쉽게 부서지는 단점이 있었고, MgCl$_2$용액으로는 bead가 만들어지지 않았다. 그리고 0.2M CaCl$_2$, 0.2M BaCl$_2$및 0.2M SrCl$_2$용액으로 만든 bead는 각각 4.2g 정도의 대등한 흡착량을 나타내었다. CaCl$_2$경화 용액이 0.1M, 0.2M 및 1M 일때 소금 흡착량은 각각 4.8g, 4.2g 및 4.1g으로 나타났다. Alginate의 농도를0.6%, 1% 그리고 2%로 하여 제조한 비드로 소금 흡착량은 2.8g, 4.0g, 4.4g으로 각각 나타났으며, 그리고 bead의 크기를 각각 2.5mm, 3.5mm 그리고 4.5mm로 제조하여 소금의 흡착량을 살펴본 결과 각 크기별 모두 4.0~4.2g로 차이가 없었다. 초기 소금의 농도 4%, 8%, 12%그리고 16%에서, 각각 소금의 흡착율은 30%, 28%, 27% 그리고 25%이었으며, pH에 따른 염분의 흡탁율은 산성(pH 4.0) 및 중성(pH 6.8) 영역에서 보다는 염기성(pH 10.0)에서 더 높았다. 된장으로부터 내염성 세균을 분리한 후 alginate로 고정화한 beads와 비고정화한 bead와의 염분 흡착량은 고정화한 bead에 의한 염분 초기흡착속도가 보다 낮았으며, Ca-alginate bead 제조시 경화용액에 머무는 시간이 길수록 염분 흡착율은 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 1회 사용한 bead를 증류수에 하루 동안 방치 후 이 bead를 재이용 함에 따라 염분 흡착량은 점점 감소하였다. 시료를 된장으로 하여 0시간, 3시간, 6시간, 12시간 및 24시간 후 소금 흡착율은 시간의 경과에 따라 더불어 증가하였다. 또한 소금이 감소된 된장의 pH를 측정한 결과, 4.90, 5.00, 5.01, 5.02, 그리고 5.03이였으며, 적정산도는 0.1N-NaOH 소모량이 4ml, 3.4ml, 3.2ml, 3.0ml 그리고 3.0 ml이었다. 저염 된장의 아미노태 질소를 적정 한 결과, 원료 된장이 840mg/된장 100g, 740mg/된장 100g, 630mg/된장 100g, 그리고 530mg/된장 100g으로 줄어들었다. 각 시료별 염분 흡착율은 된장이 다른 시료(Doengjang 100%, Kochujang 86%, Soy-sauce 78% and Jeotkal 71%) 보다 가장 높게 나타났다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.169-179
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• 1994

The effect of extracellular and intracellular pH on vascular tone and $^{45}Ca$ uptake were investigated in aortic strips and dispersed single aortic smooth muscle cells of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and aged-matched Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). The contraction produced by a change of extracellular pH (pHo) in the range of $6.5{\sim}8.3$ was estimated by comparison with the level of vascular tone at pH 7.4. Contraction was induced below pHo 6.5 in WKY, pHo 7.1 in SHR, and over pHo 8.0 on both strains. The amplitude of contraction induced by high pHo (over pHo 7.7) was similar in SHR and WKY, but that induced by low pHo (below pHo 7.1) in SHR was greater than that in WKY. Either high pHo- or low pHo-induced contractions in WKY and SHR were not induced in the Ca-free Tyrode's solution and were induced by the addition of Ca. $^{45}Ca$ uptake increased progressively as pHo was increased from 6.8 to 8.1 in the single aortic smooth muscle cells of WKY and SHR. $NH_4Cl$ induced a gradually developing contraction in a dose-dependent manner $(5\;mM{\sim}30\;mM)$ and the removal of $NH_4Cl$ induced transient contraction was followed by profound relaxation in the aortic rings of both strains. The contractions induced by $NH_4Cl$ or by the removal of $NH_4Cl$ in SHR were significantly greater than that in WKY. These contractions were not induced in Ca-free Tyrode's solution. $^{45}Ca$ uptake was increased by $NH_4Cl$ (20 mM) and was not changed by the removal of $NH_4Cl$ (20 mM) in the aortic strips of WKY and SHR. As a summary of above results, the vascular tone of SHR was more sensitive to the change pHi and pHo than that of WKY. The contractions induced by change of extracellular or intracellular pH depended on extracellular Ca in the aorta of SHR nnd WKY. However, the Ca uptake was in accord with the changes of contraction but increase in contraction by low pH was not accompanied by an increase in Ca uptake in both strains.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.31-36
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• 1993

Sr-90으로 처리(處理)된 토양(土壤)에서 질소(窒素), 인산(燐酸), 석회질(石灰質) 비료(肥料)의 시비조건(施肥條件)에 따른 대두(大豆)의 생육(生育)과 Sr-90 흡수양상(吸收樣相)을 조사하였다. 1. 지상부(地上部) 건물중(乾物重)으로 나타낸 대두수량(大豆收量)은 $NO_3-N$보다 $NH_4-N$에서 다소 높았고, 질소시비량(窒素施肥量)의 증가(增加)에 따라 감소(減少)되었으며, 인산(燐酸)과 석회(石灰) 시비(施肥)는 수량증가(收量增加) 효과가 있었다. 2. 생육시기(生育時期)에 따른 대두(大豆)의 Sr-90 흡수(吸收)는 질소시비(窒素施肥)에 의해 억제(抑制)되었는데 그 효과는 $NO_3-N$보다 $NH_4-N$에서 더 높았다. 3. 대두(大豆)의 Sr-90 흡수(吸收)에 대한 $NO_3-N$와 $NH_4-N$ 증시효과는 인산(燐酸) 혼용시(混用時)에 더욱 억제효과가 있었다. 4. 인산(燐酸)과 석회시비(石灰施肥)는 대두(大豆)의 Sr-90 흡수억제(吸收抑制)에 상당한 효과가 있었고 시험구(試驗區) 중 인산(燐酸)+석회(石灰)+$NH_4-N$구(區)에서 가장 낮은 흡수(吸收)를 보였다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.170-176
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• 1983

The results obtained from the experiments conducted to investigate Cruciferae plants in rape dependent on the amount of applied fertilizer in aspects of mineral nutrient uptake and on the effects of the composition of oil quality are as follows: Absorption of mineral nutrients in the respective pars of the plant body was high in nitorgen in the order of leaf and stem

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2012년도 춘계 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.215-216
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• 2012

Emissions of CO₂ occur during the production of cement manufacturing process. During the production of clinker, limestone is mainly calcium carbonate, is heated to produce lime and CO₂ as a by-product. It has a major problem, CO₂ uptake is not considered in concrete carbonation, just focus in CO₂ emission. This study is to develop a simulation model for CO₂ uptakes in concrete structures based on carbonation reduction coefficient considering finishing materials. CO₂ uptakes unit of concrete cubic meter is calculated by CO₂ emissions unit of concrete materials and usage of concrete materials in mix proportion. From the simulation result, CO₂ uptake ratios is 2.04 percent in carbonation models of concrete structure during 40 years.

• Mycobiology
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.109-113
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• 2009

The mineral contents of the cultivation substrates, fruiting bodies of the mushrooms, and the postharvest cultivation substrates were determined in cultivated edible mushrooms Pleurotus eryngii, Flammulina velutipes, and Hypsizigus marmoreus. The major mineral elements both in the cultivation substrates and in the fruiting bodies were K, Mg, Ca, and Na. Potassium was particularly abundant ranging 10${\sim}$13 g/kg in the cultivation substrates and 26${\sim}$30 g/kg in the fruiting bodies. On the contrary, the calcium content in the fruiting bodies was very low despite high concentrations in the cultivation substrates, indicating Ca in the cultivation substrates is in a less bio-available form or the mushrooms do not have efficient Ca uptake channels. Among the minor mineral elements determined in this experiment, Cu, Zn, and Ni showed high percentage of transfer from the cultivation substrates to the fruiting bodies. It is noteworthy that the mineral contents in the postharvest cultivation substrates were not changed significantly which implies that the spent cultivation substrates are nutritionally intact in terms of mineral contents and thus can be recycled as mineral sources and animal feeds.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.57-68
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• 1981

수도묘(水稻苗)의 Butachlor(2-chloro-2',6'-diethyl-N-(carboxymethyl) acetanilide) 흡수특성(吸收特性)과 약해발생가구(藥害發生機構)를 밝히어 Butachlor의 안전사용(安全使用)에 도움을 주고자 시도(試圖)되었다. 수도품종(水稻品種) '만석(萬石)'(수원(水原)264호(號))을 사용(使用)하여 제(第)6, 7여기(葉期)까지 수경재배(水耕栽培)한 후 Butachlor를 0, 1.8, 3.6, 7.2, 10.8 또는 14.4ppm 되도록 처리(處理한) 수경액(水耕液)으로 1, 2, 4일간(日間) 생육(生育)시킨 경우와 Butachlor 처리(處理) 후(後) 정상수경액(正常水耕液)으로 교체(交替)하고 6일간(間生) 생장(生長)시킬 경우 약해(藥害)의 진전(進展) 또는 회복과정중(恢復過程中)에 일어나는 수도(水稻)의 Butachlor 흡수(吸收)에 따른 생장반응(生長反應), 수분흡수(水分吸收), 양분흡수(養分吸收), 기공(氣孔) 개폐(開閉), 질산환원효소(窒酸還元酵素)(Nitrate reductase)의 생합성(生合成) 및 분해작용(分解作用)의 변화(變化)를 검정(檢定)했고 Butachlor의 세포구성물질(細胞構成物質)들에 대한 흡착특성(吸着特性)을 비교(比較)하였으며 그 결과(結結)는 다음과 같이 요약(要約)된다. 1. 수도묘(水稻苗)의 Butachlor의 흡수(吸收)는 처리농도(處理濃度) 및 기간(期間)에 비례(比例)하여 거의 직선적(直線的)으로 증가(增加)하였다. 2. Butachlor는 지상부(地上部) 생육(生育)보다는 뿌리생육(生育)을, 지상부(地上部) 생체중(生體重) 및 출엽(出葉)보다는 초장(草長)의 생육(生育)을 더욱 저해(沮害)하였으며, 처리종료(處理終了) 후(後) 지상부(地上部) 생체중(生體重)과 출엽(出葉)은 조속(早速)히 회복(恢復)되었으나 초장(草長) 및 뿌리생체중(生體重) 생장(生長)은 4일(日) 이후(以後) 회복세(恢復勢)를 보였다. 3. Butachlor는 뿌리의 수분흡수(水分吸收)를 처리농도(處理濃度) 비례(比例)하여 곧 저해(沮害)하였고, 그 결과(結果) 엽면(葉面) 기공(氣孔)의 저항(低抗)을 증가(增加)시켰으며, 처리종료(處理終了) 후(後)에는 수분흡수력(水分吸收力)은 곧 회복(恢復)되었으나 기공(氣孔)의 개도(開度)는 서서히 회복(恢復)되었다. 4. Butachlor는 처리(處理) 전(前) 후(後) 수도묘(水稻苗)의 $NH_4^+$, $K^+$ 및 $Ca^{++}$ 같은 양(陽)이온의 흡수(吸收)에는 영향(影響)하지 않았으나 $NO_3^-$의 흡수(吸收)를 뚜렷이 저해(沮害)했고, 7.2 ppm의 고종도(高濃度)에서는 인산(燐酸)의 흡수(吸收)도 저해(沮害)했다.