• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.503-513
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• 2003

A single particle analytical technique, called low-Z electron probe X-ray microanalysis (low-Z EPMA) was applied to characterize atmospheric particles collected in Busan, Korea, over a daytime period in Dec. 2001. The ability to quantitatively analyze the low-Z elements, such as C, N, and 0, in microscopic volume enables the low-Z EPMA to specify the chemical composition of individual atmospheric particle. Various types of atmospheric particles such as organics, carbon-rich, aluminosilicates, silicon oxide, calcium carbonate, iron oxide, sodium chloride, sodium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, and titanium oxide were identified. In the sample collected in Busan, sodium nitrate particles produced as a result of the reaction between sea salt and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere were most abundantly encountered both in the coarse and fine fractions. On the contrary, original sea salt particles were rarely observed. The fact that most of the carbonaceous particles were distributed in the fine fraction implies that their origin is anthropogenic.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제14권7호
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• pp.22-28
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• 1997

In this paper, We have studied internal quality incluiding chemical compositions, microscopic structure and nonmetalic inclusion of test material. We have analyzed dynamic characteristics of cutting resistence and compared chip treatment of the test material. In analyzing internal quality, all of the test material have typical ferrite+pearlite structure. But, nonmetallic inclusion has oxide and sulfide inclusion has oxide and sulfide inclusion in medium carbon steel, mainly sulfide inclusion is existed in S-free cutting steel. In Ca+S-free cutting steel, calcium aluminate and sulfide complex inclusion, had low-melting point, as deformation of sulfide and oxide inclusion is existed. Machining characteristics, cutting resistence is maximum in medium carbon steel. Chip treatement are excellent in S-free cutting steel, similar to the Ca+S free cutting steel and medium carbon steel.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.551-564
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• 2003

Statement of problem : Magnesium oxide may increase pH of alginate, and supply magnesium ions to the polymerization reaction of alginate. Purpose : This study was designed to evaluate the influence of incorporation of magnesium oxide to alginate composition. Material and Method : Seven kinds of experimental alginates were prepared and used for the experiments. Components with unchanging concentrations were sodium alginate 15%, calcium sulfate 14%, sodium phosphate 2%, and zinc fluoride 3%. Contents of magnesium oxide were varied as 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%. Diatomaceous earth were added to each experimental groups as balance to be 100%. Control group was a MgO 0% group. Working time, setting time, elastic recovery strain in compression, compressive strength and tear resistance were measured were measured. Sample size for each groups were 10. Arithmetic means were used as each groups representative values. Regression test between MgO contents and results, Duncan's multiple range test, and One-way ANOVA test were done between groups at level of 0.05. Results : 1 Magnesium oxide made the working time and setting time as longer(p<0.0001). 2 Magnesium oxide did not alter the elastic recovery(p>0.05). 3. Magnesium oxide contents between 2% and 4% exhibited the lowest strain in compression on alginates(p<0.0001). 4. Magnesium oxide made the compressive strength and the tear resistance stronger(p<0.0001). Conclusion : These results mean that setting time of alginate maybe controlled and that mechanical properties maybe improved by the incorporation of magnesium oxide into alginate, without any reduction of elasticity.

• 한국표면공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국표면공학회 2018년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.23-23
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• 2018

In this study, new titanium alloys were prepared by adding elements such as tantalum (Ta), zirconium (Zr) and the like to complement the biological, chemical and mechanical properties of titanium alloys. The Ti-40Ta-xZr ternary alloy was formed on the basis of Ti-40Ta alloy with the contents of Zr in the contents of 0, 3, 7 and 15 wt. %. Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO), which combines high-voltage sparks and electrochemical oxidation, is a novel method to form ceramic coatings on light metals such as Ti and its alloys. These oxide film produced by the electrochemical surface treatment is a thick and uniform porous form. It is also composed of hydroxyapatite and calcium phosphate-based phases, so it has the characteristics of bone inorganic, non-toxic and very high bioactivity and biocompatibility. Ti-40Ta-xZr alloys were homogenized in an Ar atmosphere at $1050^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour and then quenched in ice water. The electrochemical oxide film was applied by using a power supply of 280 V for 3 minutes in 0.15 M calcium acetate monohydrate ($Ca(CH_3COO)_2{\cdot}H_2O$) and 0.02 M calcium glycerophosphate ($C_3H_7CaO_6P$) electrolyte. A small amount of 0.0075M zinc acetate and magnesium acetate were added to the electrolyte to enhance the bioactivity. The mechanical properties of the coated surface of Ti-40Ta-xZr alloys were evaluated by Vickers hardness, roughness test, and elastic modulus using nano-indentation, and the surface wettability was evaluated by measuring the contact angle of the coated surface. In addition, cell activation and differentiation were examined by cell culture of HEK 293 (Human embryonic kidney 293) cell proliferation. Surface properties of the alloys were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM), EDS, and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD).

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제79권4호
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• pp.367-375
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• 1990

모암(母岩), 유기물(有機物), calcium 및 Iron oxide가 토양입단화(土壤粒團化)에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위하여 석탄암(石炭岩), 화강암(花岡岩), 화강편마암(花崗片麻岩)을 모암(母岩)으로 하는 지역(地域)을 조사지(調査地)로 설정(設定)하고 조사지별(調査地別)로 삼림식생상태(森休植生狀態)에 따라 토양내(土壤內) 유기물(有機物), Calcium 및 Iron oxide의 함량(含量)차이가 입단안정도(粒團安定度)에 미치는 영향을 분석(分析) 평가(平價)하였다. 입단화도(粒團化度)와 관련된 요인(要因)들과 그 특성(特性) 및 침식(浸蝕)에 대한 안정성(安定性)과 밀접한 관련이 있는 입단직경(粒團直徑)을 분석(分析), 평가(平價)한 결과는 다음과 같았다. 모암(母岩)이 입단화(粒團化)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 보면 석탄암토양(石炭岩土壤)의 입단화도(粒團化度)가 21%로 가장 높았고 다음이 화강암토양(花崗岩土壤)으로 19.8%, 화강편마암토양(花崗片麻岩土壤)이 9.9%로 가장 낮았다. 입단화도(粒團化度)에 가장 큰 영향(影響)을 미치는 요인(要因)은 유기물함량(有機物含量)으로 유기물함량(有機物含量)이 증가(增加)함에 따라 입단화도 직선적(直線的)으로 증가(增加)하는 정(正)의 상관(相關)을 나타냈으며, 그 관계는 Y=4.31X-4.37 (Y : 입단화도(粒團化度), X : 유기물함량(有機物含量))과 같았다. 임상별(林相別) 입단화도(粒團化度)는 관엽수림지역(關葉樹林地域)의 토양이 침엽수림지역(針葉樹林地域)의 것보다 높게 나타났으며, 이것은 유기물함량(有機物含量)에 기인(基因)하는 것으로 인정(認定)되며 모암별(母岩別) 입단직경급(粒團直徑級)의 분포(分布)는 석탄암토양(石炭岩土壤)에서는 큰 직경급(直徑級) (0.5mm 이상) 입단(粒團)의 비율(比率)이 높은 반면 화강편마암토양(花崗片麻岩土壤)에서는 작은 직경급(直徑級) (0.25mm) 입단(粒團)의 비율(比率)이 높았고 화강암토양(花崗岩土壤)에서는 0.5mm직경급입단(直徑級粒團)을 중심으로 정규분포(正規分布)하는 경향(傾向)을 나타냈다. 토양(土壤)중 Ca과 Fe의 함량(含量)이 입단화도(粒團化度) 미치는 영향(影響)은 부분적(部分的)으로만 인정(認定)되고 있으나 석탄암지역(石炭岩地域)에서는 Ca의 영향(影響)이 유기물(有機物)과 함께 입단화(粒團化)에 크게 기여(奇與)하는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.53-65
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• 2003

Although the effect of Bee Venom has been reported, its mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Nitric Oxide(NO) is one of the free radicals and mediates in inflammation diseases. Chemokines contribute to the pathogenesis of several disorders such as allergic rhinitis and rheumatoid arthritis and so on. The objective of this study was to investigate the scavenging effect of Bee Venom on NO and on expression of chemokine genes. There was no significant NO scavenging effect in Crude Bee Venom, Apamin, Melittin, and MCD-peptide. The expression of chemokines was examined by RT-PCR using the human mast cell line(HMC-1), which is known to secrete and express chemokines. In order to investigate the protective effect of Bee Venom, HMC-1 cells were incubated with pretreatment of Bee Venom for 24 hrs and stimulated with 1 uM calcium ionophore A23178 for 2 hrs. RT-PCR analyses of chemokine genes showed that expressions of RANTES and MCP-1 were increased compared to the calcium ionophore-only treated group. But IL-8 and MCP-3 did not express increasing effect compared to control group. This study may provide important basic data on the possibility of the clinical treatment of Bee Venom in inflammation diseases.

• BMB Reports
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.656-661
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• 2006

Cisplatin (CDDP) is a widely used anticancer drug, but at high dose, it can produce undesirable side effects such as hepatotoxicity. Because silymrin has been used to treat liver disorders, the protective effect of silymarin on CDDP -induced hepatotoxicity was evaluated in rats. Hepatotoxicity was determined by changes in serum alanine aminotransferase [ALT] and aspartate aminotransferase [AST], nitric oxide [NO] levels, albumin and calcium levels, and superoxide dismutase [SOD], glutathione peroxidase [GSHPx] activities, glutathione content, malondialdehyde [MDA] and nitric oxide [NO] levels in liver tissue of rats. Male albino rats were divided into four groups, 10 rats in each. In the control group, rats were injected i.p. with 0.2 ml of propylene glycol in saline 75/25 (v/v) for 5 consecutive days [Silymarin was dissolved in 0.2 ml of propylene glycol in saline 75/25 v/v]. The second group were injected with CDDP (7.5 mg /kg, I.P.), whereas animals in the third group were i.p. injected with silymarin at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day for 5 consecutive days. The Fourth group received a daily i.p. injection of silymarin (100 mg/kg/day for 5 days) 1 hr before a single i.p. injection of CDDP (7.5 mg/kg). CDDP hepatotoxicity was manifested biochemically by an increase in serum ALT and AST, elevation of MDA and NO in liver tissues as well as a decrease in GSH and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including SOD, GSHPx in liver tissues. In addition, marked decrease in serum NO, albumin and calcium levels were observed. Serum ALT, AST, liver NO level, MDA was found to decreased in the combination group in comparison with the CDDP group. The activities of SOD, GSHPx, GSH and serum NO were lower in CDDP group than both the control and CDDP pretreated with silymarin groups. The results obtained suggested that silymarin significantly attenuated the hepatotoxicity as an indirect target of CDDP in an animal model of CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity.

• 한국표면공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국표면공학회 2017년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.152-152
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• 2017

Titanium and its alloys have been widely used for biomedical applications. However, the use of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy in biomaterial is then a subject of controversy because aluminum ions and vanadium oxide have potential detrimental influence on the human body due to vanadium and aluminum. Hence, recent works showed that the synthesis of new Ti-based alloys for implant application involves more biocompatible metallic alloying element,such as, Nb, Hf, Zr and Mo. In particular, Nb and Hf are one of the most effective Ti ${\beta}$-stabilizer and reducing the elastic modulus. Plasma electrolyte oxidation (PEO) is known as excellent method in the biocompatibility of biomaterial due to quickly coating time and controlled coating condition. The anodized oxide layer and diameter modulation of Ti alloys can be obtained function of improvement of cell adhesion. Silicon (Si) and magnesium (Mg) has a beneficial effect on bone. Si in particular has been found to be essential for normal bone and cartilage growth and development. In vitro studies have shown that Mg plays very important roles in essential for normal growth and metabolism of skeletal tissue in vertebrates and can be detected as minor constituents in teeth and bone. Therefore, in this study, Si and Mg coatings on the hydroxyapatite film formed Ti-29Nb-xHf alloys by plasma electrolyte oxidation has been investigated using several experimental techniques. Ti-29Nb-xHf (x= 0, 3, 7 and 15wt%, mass fraction) alloys were prepared Ti-29Nb-xHf alloys of containing Hf up from 0 wt% to 15 wt% were melted by using a vacuum furnace. Ti-29Nb-xHf alloys were homogenized for 2 hr at $1050^{\circ}C$. The electrolyte was Si and Mg ions containing calcium acetate monohydrate + calcium glycerophosphate at room temperature. The microstructure, phase and composition of Si and Mg coated oxide surface of Ti-29Nb-xHf alloys were examined by FE-SEM, EDS, and XRD.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제40권6호
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• pp.746-751
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• 2002

석탄 연소기술에서 타 연소로에 비해서 유동층 연소는 황산화물과 질소산화물 배출을 줄이는 기술이다. 석회석의 소성으로 생성되는 CaO에 의한 황산화물의 제거와 저온 연소와 공기 다단계 주입에 의한 NOx를 줄일 수 있다는 것이 유동층 연소로의 큰 장점이지만, 상대적으로 $N_2O$의 배출은 매우 높다. $N_2O$는 지구온난화 가스일 뿐만 아니라 성층권내의 오존층을 파괴하는 물질이기도 하다. CaO는 $N_2O$ 분해를 위한 촉매 물질로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 CaO를 충진시킨 고정층 반응기에서 CaO에 의한 $N_2O$의 분해특성에 관하여 수행하였으며, 유동층 연소온도와 가스조성에서 온도변화에 대한 $N_2O$의 분해특성, CaO 충진량의 변화와 $CO_2$, NO, $O_2$ 농도변화에 따른 $N_2O$ 분해특성에 관하여 수행하였다. 또한 실험 결과로부터 CaO표면에서 $N_2O$분해반응에 대한 반응속도식을 나타낼 수 있었다. 결과로서 온도가 증가함에 따라 $N_2O$ 분해반응이 증가하였으며, $CO_2$의 농도를 변화시킬 경우 $CO_2$ 농도가 증가할수록 $N_2O$ 분해반응이 감소하였다. NO 존재시와 비교하였을 때 $N_2O$의 분해반응이 감소함을 알 수 있었다. 반응속도론적으로 해석한 결과 $CO_2$ 농도에 대한 $N_2O$ 분해반응의 반응속도식을 다음과 같이 나타내었다. 본 연구 결과 CaO는 $N_2O$분해 반응에서 좋은 촉매 기능을 지니고 있음을 알 수 있었다. $\frac{d[N_2O]}{dt}=\frac{3.86{\times}10^9{\exp}(-15841/R)K_{N_2O}[N_2O]}{(1+K_{N_2O}[N_2O]+K_{CO_2}[CO_2])}$

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.1-15
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• 1990

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dental therapeutic agent on conduction velocity and threshold current of intradental A- and C-fibers in the cat. Inferior alveolar nerve of cat anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital was exposed and dissected until response of functional single pulp nerve until could be evoked by monopolar electrical stimulation of the crown of the lower left canine teeth. 10ms rectangular pulse was used to determine the threshold current and 1ms rectangular pulse was used to determine conduction velocity. After application of calcium chloride (1, 2, 6M), calcium hydroxide mixed with saline, potassium chloride (0.2, 0.8, 1.6M), eugenol, zinc oxide eugenol to the cavity on the labial surface, conduction velocity and threshold current of single pulp nerve unit were compared with the control. In 10 cats, 24 $A{\delta}$- and 11 C- pulp nerve units were recorded. The mean conduction velocities of $A{\delta}$- and C-fibers were 7.5m/sec (SD=5.8) and 1.2m/sec (SD=0.4), respectively. The mean threshold current was $12.3{\mu}A$ (SD=5.3) for $A{\delta}$-fibers and $24.9{\mu}A$ (SD=8.1) for C-fibers. 1, 2, 6M calcium chloride caused decrease of conduction velocity and remarkable increase of threshold current in $A{\delta}$- and C-fibers. The effect of calcium hydroxide mixed with saline was similar but smaller than calcium chloride solution. 0.2M potassium chloride had insignificant effect. In 0.8M potassium chloride, the threshold current was increased although conduction velocity was not affected. In 1.6M potassium chloride, the threshold current was increased and the conduction velocity was slowed down. Spontaneous activity was recorded frequently for first 5 min but gradually reduced both in $A{\delta}$- and C-fibers. Eugenol had irreversible effect on pulp nerve in that initially there were not certain changes in the conduction velocity and threshold current of $A{\delta}$- and C-fibers, but the responses to electrical stimulation were abruptly disappeared after sustained application and were not recovered. Contrary to eugenol, zinc oxide eugenol did not caused significant increase of the threhold current and caused time dependent decrease of the conduction velocity, and did not show any irreversible change.