• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.78-88
• /
• 2002

Experimental animals were divided into 5 groups; normal, cadmium control, and 3 experimental groups. Cadmium control and experimental groups were exposed to 1 mg/㎥ of cadmium aerosol in air by inhalation exposure for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week during 4 weeks. Dosages of 20, 40, and 80mg/kg of extracts of persimmon leaves were intraperitoneally injected to experimental groups respectively and several toxicological parameters and induction of metallothionein were measured from the rats that inhaled cadmium aerosol in air. The results of this study were as follows. Cadmium concentration that cadmium control and experimental groups were inhaled was 0.980±0.061 mg/㎥. Mass median diameter of cadmium aerosol for inhalation exposure was 4.93±0.483㎛. Cadmium content of normal group in lung was 0.088㎍/g and the highest cadmium content in lung, 55.492㎍/g was from 80mg/kg dose group. Cadmium concentration of normal group in blood was 0.348㎍/100㎖ and the highest cadmium concentration in blood, 2.642㎍/100㎖ was from cadmium control. Cadmium concentration of normal group in liver was 0.010㎍/g and the highest cadmium concentration in liver, 31.100㎍/g was from 20mg/kg dose group. Cadmium concentration of normal group in kidney was 0.030㎍/g and the highest cadmium concentration in kidney, 2.526㎍/g was from cadmium control. Cadmium concentration of normal group in intestine was O.064㎍/g and the highest cadmium concentration in intestine, 0.300㎍/g was from 80mg/kg dose group. The highest cadmium concentration in urine by week was 6.080㎍/day from 20mg/kg dose group in the fouth week and the highest cadmium concentration in feces by week was 341.731㎍/day from 20mg/kg dose group in the fouth week. Metallothionein concentration of normal group in lung was 5.769㎍/g and the highest in lung, 30.986㎍/g was from 80mg/kg dose group. Metallothionein concentration of normal group in liver was 38.856㎍/g and the highest in liver, 169.378㎍/g was from 40mg/kg dose group. Metallothionein concentration of normal group in kidney was 22.228㎍/g and the highest in kidney, 47.898㎍/g was from 80mg/kg dose group. Metallothionein concentration of normal group in intestine was 2.170㎍/g and the highest in intestine, 13.642㎍/g was from 80mg dose group.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.34 no.5
• /
• pp.351-360
• /
• 2008

These experiments were conducted to determine the effects of Gamdutang on the accumulation of cadmium in the body of groups of rats that received an 8-week administration of 1.7, 3.4 and $6.8{\mu}g$/g/day of cadmium, respectively, while the other groups of rats received an 8-week administration of a mixture of cadmium by concentration and Gamdutang. A comparative analysis of these groups was conducted in respect of weight, accumulated cadmium in blood and diverse organs and pathological findings from the kidneys. As for the cadmium accumulation in blood, livers, kidneys, and testis, with the lengthening of the experiment period, the cadmium and Gamdutang mixture-administered groups tended to have reduced accumulation levels compared with the groups exclusively administered cadmium. Histopathological observation of the kidneys, observed in the cadmium exclusively administered groups showed hemorrhagic necrosis in glomeruli, swelling of tubules, epithelial shedding and necrosis of tubules; however, only mild tissue lesions were observed in the cadmium and Gamdutang mixture-administered groups. Given the above results, Gamdutang is deemed to have the effects of reducing the accumulation of cadmium in blood, liver, and testis when low-concentration cadmium is administered to rats.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.104-113
• /
• 1996

Cadmium uptake by growing and nongrowing (intact) cells of a chdmium-tolerant yeast Hansenula anomala B-7 in the presence of surfactants was studied. In growing cultures the addition of Triton X-100 or Tween 80 increased cadmium uptake by about 30% with no inhibition of cell growth, and in intact cells Triton X-100 increased cadmium accumulation by about 80% compared to surfactant-free controls. Considering balance between increased uptake and pollution, the addition of 0.1% Triton X-100 was preferable. By the mixed addition with defoamer silicone, during growth of cells Tween 80 or Triton X-100 enhanced uptake efficiency of cadmium compared to its single addition, whereas in intact biomass each of surfactants tested had no significant effect on cadmium uptake. The uptake of cadmium was observed to rise sharply to a maximum and then declined with increasing pH, and maximum accumulation of cadmium by growing and intact cells occurred at the pH of 6.0 and 7.0, respectively. A significant increase in cadmium uptake occurred with shaking culture. Cadmium uptake by growing and intact cells was almost completed during the culture time of 72 or 24 hrs, respectively. Scalded cells sorbed much more cadmium-ion than living cells.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• v.3 no.3
• /
• pp.192-199
• /
• 2009

Cadmium intoxication has been associated with the dysregulation of iron homeostasis. In the present study, we investigated the effect of cadmium on the expression of ferroportin 1 (FPN1), an important iron transporter protein that is involved in iron release from macrophages. When we incubated cadmium with J774 mouse macrophage cells, FPN1 mRNA levels were significantly increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, the cadmium-induced FPN1 mRNA expression was associated with increased levels of FPN1 protein. On the other hand, cadmium-mediated FPN1 mRNA induction in J774 cells was completely blocked when cells were co-treated with a transcription inhibitor, acitomycin D. Also, cadmium directly stimulated the activity of the FPN1-promoter driven luciferase reporter, suggesting that the cadmium up-regulates FPN1 gene expression in a transcription-dependent manner. Finally, cadmium exposure to J774 macrophages increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels by ${\sim}2$-fold, compared to untreated controls. When J774 cells were co-treated with antioxidant N-acetylcystein, the cadmium-induced FPN1 mRNA induction was significantly attenuated. In summary, the results of this study clearly demonstrated that cadmium increased FPN1 expression in macrophages through a mechanism that involves ROS production, and suggests another important interaction between iron and cadmium metabolism.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
• /
• 2003.05a
• /
• pp.107-107
• /
• 2003

The heavy metal cadmium is a xenobiotic toxicant of environmental and occupational concern and it has been classified as a human carcinogen. Inhalation of cadmium has been implicated in the development of emphysema and pulmonary fibrosis, but, the detailed mechanism by which cadmium induces adverse biological effects is not yet known. Therefore, we undertook the investigation of genes that are induced after cadmium exposure to illustrate the mechanism of cadmium toxicity For this purpose, we employed the polymerase chain reaction-based suppression subtractive hybridization technique. We identified 29 different cadmium-inducible genes in human peripheral mononuclear cells, such as macrophage migration inhibitory factor, lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase-${\alpha}$, enolase-1${\alpha}$, VEGF, Bax, neuron-derived orphan receptor-1, and Nur77, which are known to be associated with inflammation, cell survival, and apoptosis. Induction of these genes by cadmium treatment was further confirmed by semi-quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Further, we found that these genes were also induced after cadmium exposure in normal human lung fibroblast cell line, WI-38, suggesting potential use of this induction profile to monitor cadmium toxicity in the lung. Next, Nur77, one of cadmium-inducible genes, was further studied since the products of Nur77 are known to be involved in the apoptotic process of lung cells. Following cadmium treatment, Nur77 gene expression was increased at protein-level in A549 cells. Consistently, the reporter containing Nur77 binding sequence was activated by 2.5-fold after exposure to cadmium in reporter gene analysis by transient transfection experiments. When the plasmid encoding dominant negative Nur77 that represses the transcriptional function of wild-type Nur77 was transfected into A549 cells, the expression of Bax was significantly reduced, suggesting that induction of Nur77 was an important process in cadmium-induced apoptosis in the cells. Cadmium induced the expression of Nur77 in vivo, confirming the relevance of the data obtained in viro. Together our results suggest that Nur77 gene expression in exposure to cadmium leads apoptosis of lung cells which may cause pathological changes in lung.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.36 no.7
• /
• pp.691-698
• /
• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of vitamin E on the cadmium accumulation in body, cadmium excretion and detoxification functions in chronic cadmium poisoned rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 100$\pm$10 g were randomly assigned to one normal group and three cadmium poisoned groups. Cadmium poisoned groups were classified to vitamin E free diet (Cd-0E group), vitamin E 40 mg/kg diet (Cd-400E group) and 400 mg/kg diet (Cd-400E group) according to the levels of vitamin E supplement. Animals were maintained on 0, 40 mg and 400 mg vitamin E/kg diets for 20 weeks and simultaneously administered 50 ppm Cd$^{2+}$ dissolved in the drinking water. Body weight, food intakes and food efficiency ratio were significantly decreased in all cadmium groups, compared with those of normal group. The accumulation of cadmium in rat liver, kidney and blood was reduced by sufficient vitamin E supplementation. The metallothionein (MT) content in liver and kidney were increased in all cadmium groups compared with that of normal group. The ratio of cadmium absorption and retention were significantly decreased in vitamin E supplementation groups. Accordingly, vitamin E supplementation resulted in an excretion of cadmium in urine and feces and a lowered accumulation of cadmium in liver and kidney. It can be suggested that increased MT synthesis lead to the significant decrease in cadmium absorption and retention ratios.s.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.25-30
• /
• 1979

A bacterial strain which showed a remarkable tolerance against cadmium was isolated from waste water and identified as a member of Staphylococcus aureus. Heavy metal ions, at the concentration of 10 ppm and other than cadmium, inhibited at least by 30 per cent of turbidometric growth of the organism. The organism exhibited a normal pattern of growth with increasing concentration of cadmium up to 50 ppm. However, they were unable to grow in the concomitant presence of cadmium higher than 500 ppm. In spite of the drastic growth inhibition of cadmium, the organism was able to grow even in the concomitant presence of 500 ppm cadmium when it was previously cultivated for 15 hours with exposing to 10 ppm cadmium or lead.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• v.52 no.6
• /
• pp.775-780
• /
• 2014

Micellar enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) was used to remove cadmium from an aqueous solution using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as a surfactant. Operational parameters such as initial permeate flux, retentate pressure, initial cadmium concentration, pH solution, molecular weight cut-off (MWCO), and molar ratio of cadmium to SDS were investigated. Removal efficiency of cadmium from an aqueous solution increased with an increase of retentate pressure, pH solution and molar ratio of cadmium to SDS, and decreased with an increase of initial permeate flux. Higher removal efficiency of cadmium from the aqueous solution was achieved using lower MWCO (smaller membrane pore size). Under optimized experimental condition, cadmium removal efficiency reached 74.6 % within an hour. Using MEUF-ACF hybrid process the removal efficiency of both cadmium and SDS was found to be over 90%.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.29 no.6
• /
• pp.578-589
• /
• 1996

This study was performed to invstigate the effect of dietary protein level and source on cadmium intoxicification in rats. Forty-eight male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain weighing 171$\pm$3g were blocked into 8 groups of 6 animals according to body weigth, and were raised for 30days. Eight experimental diets different with cadmium(0ppm, 400ppm)and protein(15%, 40%) levels and protein source[casien, I.S.P.(isolated soy protein)] were given to animals for 30days. Food intake, weight gain, food efficiency ratio, liver weight, kidney weight and femur weight were lower in cadmium added group, and higher in high protein groups(40% protein) than medium protein groups(15% protein). But, dietary protein source had no influence on them. Cadmium concerntration of liver was higher in rats fed casein than I.S.P. groups, and cadmium concentration in intestine was higher in high protein groups. In femur both high protein and I.S.P.diets increased cadmium concentrations. MT concdentrations in liver, kidney and intestine were higher in cadmium added group, and kidney intestine MT concentration were higher in high protein group. Absorption and retention rates of cadmium were lower in rat fed I.S.P. than animal fed casein among medium protein groups and cadmium concentration in blood and liver of I.S.P groups were lower than casein groups. But absorption and retention rates of cadmium were similar in high casein and I.S.P. groups. Renal damage by cadmium administration was not seen in all groups. Absorption rates of zinc and copper competing with cadmium in absorption process were lower in high protein groups than medium protein groups and lower in rats fed I.S.P. than casein. In conclusion, weight gain, F.E.R, and MT concentraion of high protein groups were higher than those of medium protein groups and absorption and retention rates of cadmium were lower in high protein groups. From these results, it was shown that cadmium toxicity was alleviated by high dietary protein. Meanwhile, the effect of dietary source on the cadmium toxicity was different with protein level. In medium protein groups absorption and retention rates of cadmium were much lower in rats fed I.S.P. than casein. In high protein groups, cadmium toxicity was not influenced by protein source and absorption and retention rates of cadmium were not different between casein and I.S.P. groups.

• Biomedical Science Letters
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.23-27
• /
• 2006

The rate of metallothionein synthesis on cadmium-poisoned rats reflects the level of toxicity, and also it reduces the toxicity which is caused by the uptake of cadmium. Chlorella supplementation in the diets of the cadmium-poisoned rats decreased the concentration of cadmium in blood and urine compared with the control group. Although the liver and kidneys of rats are major target organs of cadmium and coherence of metallothionein and cadmium, no previous study has determined the correlation between the rate of metallothionein synthesis in the liver and kidneys of rats and dietary supplementation of chlorella with cadmium uptake. This study analyzed total metallothionein level on the tissue of the liver and kidneys, the concentration of cadmium bound to the metallothionein, and the total concentration of cadmium on the tissue of the liver and kidneys after dietary supplementation with 1%, 5%, and 10% dried chlorella and 40 ppm of cadmium to 46 male SD rats (mean weight: $150\pm20\;g$) for 4 weeks. According to the data analysis of the total rate of metallothionein synthesis in the liver and kidneys, the group of SD rats on the supplementation with 1% chlorella and 40 ppm of cadmium showed a rate of $93.2\pm8.9\;ng/g$, a significant decrease of 58.8% compared to that of the control group of SD rats on the supplementation with cadmium only, which showed a rate of $227.3\pm32.5 ng/g$ (P=0.0001). In contrast, no significant difference was observed through the changing of chlorella concentrations between 5% and 10% chlorella supplementation with cadmium. The group supplemented with 1% or greater chlorella levels represented a greater decrease in the total cadmium concentration of the kidney and liver tissues, the amount of total metallothionein synthesis, the amount of metallothionein with binding to cadmium, and the concentration of free cadmium without binding to metallothionein. Consequently, the supplementation of 1% and 5% chlorella was effective in reducing the synthesis of metallothionein for cadmium uptake, but increased the rate of binding of cadmium to metallothionein.