• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.157-163
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• 2020

Calmodulin (CaM) mediates cellular Ca²⁺ signals in the defense responses of plants. We previously reported that GmCaM-4 and 5 are involved in salicylic acid-independent activation of disease resistance responses in soybean (Glycine max). Here, we generated a GmCaM-4 cDNA construct under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter and transformed this construct into potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). The constitutive over-expression of GmCaM-4 in potato induced high-level expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, such as PR-2, PR-3, PR-5, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), and proteinase inhibitorII (pinII). In addition, the transgenic potato plants exhibited enhanced resistance against a bacterial pathogen, Erwinia carotovora ssp. Carotovora (ECC), that causes soft rot disease and showed spontaneous lesion phenotypes on their leaves. These results strongly suggest that a CaM protein in soybean, GmCaM-4, plays an important role in the response of potato plants to pathogen defense signaling.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.727-733
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• 2009

Effects of $Ca(OH)_2$ concentration(0.16~0.64 wt%), total volumetric flow rate(3~6 L/min) and $CO_2$ volume fraction(0.3~0.6) on morphology of the precipitated $CaCO_3$ and the mean particle size of the precipitated $CaCO_3$ were investigated in the slurry bubble column reactor. Experiments were carried out in acrylic reactor($0.11m-ID{\times}1.0m-high$) with a internal tube($0.04m-ID{\times}1.0m-high$). The calibration curve on the mass ratio of $CaCO_3$ to $Ca(OH)_2$ was obtained by FT-IR for the conversion of $Ca(OH)_2$ with the reaction time. The reaction rate of $Ca(OH)_2$ increased with increasing the volumetric flow rate of $CO_2$. From SEM images, the crystal size of $CaCO_3$ increased with increasing the reaction rate in the saturated concentration of $Ca(OH)_2$ (0.16 wt%). In addition, the crystal size of precipitated $CaCO_3$ decreased with increasing the concentration of $Ca(OH)_2$, but the mean particle size of precipitated $CaCO_3$ increased with increasing the concentration of $Ca(OH)_2$.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.66 no.6
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• pp.467-470
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• 2009

Serum CA 125 is the most useful marker for monitoring patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. However, it can be elevated above normal level in a variety of conditions other than ovarian cancer such as endometriosis, pelvic inflammation disease, and other malignant or nonmalignant disorders, including pulmonary diseases. Recently, we experienced a case of bronchiectasis in which the serum CA 125 level was elevated, changing with the patient's condition. There was no evidence of underlying malignant disease on positron emission tomography or on gynecologic examination, including transvaginal ultrasonography. During follow-up for 14 months, we could not find any clue of malignant disease that could have been the cause of the elevated levels of serum CA 125. Elevated serum CA 125 level should be interpreted carefully according to the patient's clinical condition. In addition, our case suggests that CA 125 may be used as a surrogate marker for acute inflammatory status for chronic pulmonary diseases.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 2003

The dielectric and sintering characteristics of composites made by substituting Ca ion to Ba-site and Zr ion to Ti site in $(Ba{1-x}Ca_x)(Ti{0.96-yZr_ySn_{0.04})O_3$ $(0.15{\leq}x{\leq}0.20,\;0.09{\leq}y{\leq}0.14)$ were investigated. As the content of Ca was more than 15 mol%, composite was formed by precipitating the second phase whose main element was $CaTiO_3$ and the fraction of the second phase was increased. The curie temperature of composites was depended on Ca concentration, $-1.7^{\circ}C$ per mol% and the maximum dielectric constant of composite was decreased by the rate of 200/mol%. The substitution of Zr ion decreased the curie temperature by the rate of $10^{\circ}C$ per mol% and the maximum dielectric constant was decreased by 217/mol% due to the increase of diffuse phase transition. The density and insulation breakdown characteristics were improved by suppressing the abnormal grain growth due to the increase of second phase. We developed the composition of Y5U (EIA standard) condenser which had high breakdown voltage and dielectric constant by controlling diffuse phase transition by the addition of Zr ion into composite.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.443-450
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• 2021

The effects of blast furnace slag(BFS) and desulfurized gypsum(FDG) on the compressive strength of CFBA, and self-hydration of CFBA were studied. CFBA has self-hydrating and hardening properties, and it can be seen that the compressive strength of CFBA can be improved by using appropriate amounts of BFS and FDG. In addition, the self-hardening properties of CFBA are similar to the hydration reaction of 4CaO·Al₂O₃·Fe₂O₃ (C₄AF), a cement clinker mineral, and when free-CaO, CaSO₄ and CaCO₃ coexist, Compressive strength of CFBA is expressed by the formation of calcium carbo compounds and hydrates of ettringite, calcium silicate, and calcium aluminate.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.870-882
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• 2021

Coptis chinensis has been used in the treatment of various diseases such as soothing, anti-inflammation, antimicrobial and antipyretic in oriental traditional medicine. In this study, we investigated the effect of hot water extract of Coptis chinensis(CCW) on skin barrier and inflammation-related factors in UVB and TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced HaCaT cells and evaluated its potential as a moisturizing and anti-inflammatory material. Based on result, the amount of HA (Hyaluronic acid) production and protein and mRNA expression of filaggrin were measured. In TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced HaCaT cells, CCW increased the amount of HA production in a concentration-dependent manner. In the measurement of protein and mRNA expression of filaggrin, the expression rate increased as the concentration of CCW increased. In UVB-induced HaCaT cells, CCW decreased the production of ROS and showed significant results with EGCG ((-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate), a positive control. In addition, CCW inhibited the expression of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 in TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced HaCaT cells. It was confirmed that the protein and mRNA expression of COX-2, a major factor in skin inflammation, was decreased in a concentration-dependent manner. These results suggest that hot water extract from Coptis chinensis can be used as a cosmetic material having a moisturizing and anti-inflammatory effect.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.103-111
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• 2015

Soil washing with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is highly effective in the remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals. The EDTA recycling process is a requisite for reducing the operating cost. The applicability of Na₂S addition on the precipitation of heavy metals from the spent soil washing solution and thereby recycling of EDTA was investigated. Addition of Na₂S into the single metal-EDTA and the mixed metal-EDTA solutions ([Na₂S]/[metal-EDTA] ratio = 30, reaction time = 30 min and pH = 7~9) was highly effective in the separation of Cu and Pb from metal-EDTA complexes, but not for Ni. The Zn removal efficiency varied with pH and slightly increased upto 40% as the reaction time increased from 0 to 240 min which was longer than those for Cu and Pb. Ca(OH)₂ was subsequently added to induce further precipitation of Zn and Ni and to reduce the Na₂S dose. At the [Na₂S]/[metal-EDTA] ratio of 10, the removal efficiencies of all heavy metals excluding Ni were above 98% with the dose of Ca(OH)₂ at 0.002, 0.006 and 0.008 g into 100 mL of Cu-, Pb- and Zn-EDTA solutions, respectively. However, Ca(OH)₂ addition was not effective for Ni-EDTA solution. A further research is needed to improve metal removal efficiency and subsequent EDTA recycling for the real application in field-contaminated soils.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.77-80
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• 1997

DOantrolene is a primary specific therapeutic drug for prevention and treatment of malignant hyperthermia symptoms. The mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of the drug are not well understood. The present study aimed at the characterization of the effects of azumolene, a water soluble dantrolene analogue, on ryanodine binding to sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) from normal and malign::lnt hyperthermia susceptible (MHS) swine muscles. Characteristics of $[^3H]ryanodine$ binding were clearly different between the two types of SR. Kinetic analysis of eH]ryanodine binding to SR in the presence of $2{\mu}M$ $Ca^{2+}$ showed that association constant $(K_{ryanodine}_7$ is significantly higher in MHS than normal muscle SR $(2.83 vs. 1.32{\times}10^7 M^{-1}$, whereas the maximal ryanodine binding capacity $(B_{max})$ is similar between the two types of SR. Addition of azumolene $(e.g. 400{\mu}M)$ did not significantly alter both $K_{ryanodine}$ and $B_{max}$ of $[^3H]$ryanodine binding in both types of SR, indicating that the azumolene effect was not on the ryanodine binding sites. Addition of caffeine activated $[^3H]$ ryanodine binding in both types of SR, and caffeine sensitivity was significantly higher in MHS muscle SR than normal muscle SR $(K_{caffeine}:3.24 vs. 0.82 {\times} 10^2 M^{-l}). Addition of azumolene $(e.g.400{\mu}M)$ decreased Kcaffeine without significant change in $B_{max}$ in both types of SR suggesting that azumolene competes with caffeine binding site(s). These results suggest that malignant hyperthermia symptoms are caused at least in part by greater sensitivity of the MHS muscle SR to the $Ca^{2+}$ release drug(s), and that azumolene can reverse the symptoms by reducing the drug affinity to $Ca^{2+}$ release channels.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.56 no.12
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• pp.915-920
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• 2018

With the development of modern microelectronics technologies, the power density of electronic devices is rapidly increasing, due to the miniaturization or integration of device elements which operate at high frequency, high power conditions. Resulting thermal problems are known to cause power leakage, device failure and deteriorated performance. To relieve heat accumulation at the interface between chips and heat sinks, thermal interface materials (TIMs) must provide efficient heat transport in the through-plane direction. We report on the enhanced thermal conduction of $Al_2O_3-based$ polymer composites, fabricated by the surface wetting and texturing of thermally conductive hexagonal boron nitride(h-BN) nanoplatelets with large anisotropy in morphology and physical properties. The thermally conductive polymer composites were prepared with hybrid fillers of $Al_2O_3$ macro beads and surface modified h-BN nanoplatelets. Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) has high thermal conductivity and is one of the most suitable materials for thermally conductive polymer composites, which protect electronic devices by efficient heat dissipation. In this study, we synthesized hexagonal boron nitride nanoparticles by the pyrolysis of cost effective precursors, boric acid and melamine. Through pyrolysis at $900^{\circ}C$ and subsequent annealing at $1500^{\circ}C$, hexagonal boron nitride nanoparticles with diameters of ca. 50nm were synthesized. We demonstrate that the addition of a small amount of calcium fluoride ($CaF_2$) during the preparation of the melamine borate adduct significantly enhanced the crystallinity of the h-BN and assisted the growth of nanoplatelets up to 100nm in diameters. The addition of a small amount of h-BN enhanced the thermal conductivity of the $Al_2O_3-based$ polymer composites, from 1.45W/mK to 2.33 W/mK.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.77.1-77
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• 2003

We have isolated a full-length cDNA clone, CaCDPK4 encoding a typical calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) from hot pepper cDNA library. Genomic southern blot analysis showed that it belongs to a multigene family, but represents a single copy gone in hot pepper genome. RNA expression pattern of this gene revealed that it is induced by infiltration of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines Bra into hot pepper leaves but not by water deficit stress. However, high salt treatment of NaCl (0.4 M) solution to hot pepper plants strongly induced CaCDPK4 gene. In addition, this gene is weakly responsive to the exogenous application of salicylic acid or ethephon. Biochemical study of the GST-CaCDPK4 recominant protein showed that it autophosphorylates in vitro and the presence of EGTA, a calcium chelater, eliminates the kinase activity of the recombinant protein. As a way to identify the in vivo function of CaCDPK4 in plants, VIGS (Virus-Induced Gene Silencing) was employed. Agrobacterium-mediated TRV silencing construct containing the kinase and calmodulin domain of CaCDPK4 resulted in cell death of Nicotiana benthamiana plants. A highly homologous H benthamiana CDPK gene, NbCDPK5, to CaCDPK4 was cloned from N. benthamiana cDNA library. VIGS of NbCDPK5 also resulted in cell death. The molecular characterization of this cell death phenotype is being under investigation.