• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.563-567
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• 2008

Background: The histomorphological properties of the left anterior desecending artery (LAD), the left internal thoracic arteries (LITA), the radial arteries (RA) and the intercostal arteries (ICA) were studied for their use as a conduit for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), and we compared them with each other. Material and Method: All the vessels were harvested from nineteen cadavers (17 males and 2 females). The mid-portion of the LAD, the mid-portion of the LITA, the distal RA and the mid-portion of the 5th ICA were obtained. All of them were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and with Van Gieson's elastin stain. The morphological characteristics were examined and the thicknesses of the intima and media (I/M ratio: the intima to media ratio) were compared using one-way ANOVA tests. Result: The mean age of the cadavers was $61.5{\pm}9.6$ years. The LITA and ICA were elastic arteries, and the LAD and RA were muscular arteries. The I/M ratio showed statistically significant differences: $0.07{\pm}0.03$ in the LITA, $0.16{\pm}0.11$ in the ICA, $0.45{\pm}0.29$ in the RA and $0.93{\pm}0.52$ in the LAD, respectively. Conclusion: This study showed that the degrees of intimal hyperplasia of the CA and the various conduits for CABG were different significantly. The ICA was found to have relatively favorable characteristics as a coronary by pass conduit, but its suitability for clinical use is a challenging issue.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.152-157
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• 2016

BACKGROUND: Since bottom ash (BA) contains considerable amounts of CaO and MgO, it could be a useful amendment to increase soil pH and to immobilize cadmium (Cd). This study was conducted to evaluate effect of BA application in reducing Cd phytoavailability.METHODS AND RESULTS: Bottom ash was applied at the rate of 0, 20, 40, and 80 Mg/ha to Cd contaminated soil, and then lettuce was cultivated under field condition. soil pH and net negative charge increased slightly with increasing BA application; however, there was no statistical difference among the rates. Water soluble, exchangeable+acidic, reducible, and oxidizable fraction of Cd decreased with increasing bottom ash application rate, whereas residual fraction of Cd increased with increasing bottom ash application rate. Lettuce yield increased with rate of bottom ash up to 40 kg/ha. Visual evidences of cadmium toxicity and growth inhibition were not found during lettuce cultivation.CONCLUSION: Bottom ash was effective to reduce phytoextractability of Cd and to increase lettuce yield. Conclusively, BA could be a good soil amendment to reduce Cd phytoavailability in contaminated arable soil.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.581-594
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• 2004

CREAHS II carried out an intensive hydrographic survey covering almost entire East Sea in 1999. Hydrographic data from total 203 stations were released to public on the internee. This paper summarized the results of water mass analysis by OHP (Optimum Multiparameter) method that utilizes temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, alkalinity, silicate, nitrate, phosphate and location data as an input data-matrix. A total of eight source water types are identified in the East Sea: four in surface waters(North Korea Surface Water, Tatar Surface Cold Water, East Korean Coastal Water, Modified Tsushima Surface Water), two intermediate water types (Tsushima Middle Water, Liman Cold Water), two deep water types (East Sea Intermediate Water, East Sea Proper Water). Of these NKSW, MTSW and TSCW are the newly reported as the source water type. Distribution of each water types reveals several few interesting hydrographic features. A few noteworthy are summarized as follows: The Tsushima Warm Current enter the East Sea as three branches; East Korea Coastal Water propagates north along the coast around $38^{\circ}N$ then turns to northeastward to $42^{\circ}N$ and moves eastward. Cold waters of northern origin move southward along the coast at the subsurface, which existence the existence of a circulation cell at the intermediate depth of the East Sea. The estimated volume of each water types inferred from the OMP results show that the deep waters (ESIW + ESPW) fill up ca. 90% of the East Sea basins. Consequently the formation and circulation of deep waters are the key factors controlling environmental condition of the East Sea.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.143-153
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• 2006

Microarray which enables us to obtain hundreds and thousands of expression of gene or genotype at once is an epoch-making technology in comparative analysis of genes. First of all, we have to measure the intensity of each gene in an microarray image from the experiment to gain the expression level of each gene. But it is difficult to analyze the microarray image in manual because it has a lot of genes. Meta-gridding method and various auto-gridding methods have been proposed for this, but thew still have some problems. For example, meta-gridding requires manual-work due to some variations in spite of experiment in same microarray, and auto-gridding nay not carried out fully or correctly when an image has a lot of noises or is lowly expressed. In this article, we propose Hierarchical Grid Alignment algorithm for new methodology combining meta-gridding method with auto-gridding method. In our methodology, we necd a meta-grid as an input, and then align it with the microarray image automatically. Experimental results show that the proposed method serves more robust and reliable gridding result than the previous methods. It is also possible for user to do more reliable batch analysis by using our algorithm.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.59-87
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• 2012

Recent studies reveal that eclogite formed in the Hongseong area and post collision igneous rocks occurred throughout the Gyeonggi Massif during the Triassic Songrim Orogeny. These new findings derive the tectonic model in which the Triassic Qinling-Dabie-Sulu collision belt between the North and South China blocks extends into the Hongseong-Yangpyeong-Odesan collision belt in Korea. The belt may be further extended into the late Paleozoic subduction complex in the Yanji belt in North Korea through the Paleozoic subduction complex in the inner part of SW Japan. The collision belt divides the Gyeonggi Massif into two parts; the northern and southern parts can be correlated to the North and South China blocks, respectively. The collision had started from Korea at ca. 250 Ma and propagated to China. The collision completed during late Triassic. The metamorphic conditions systematically change along the collision belt:. ultrahigh temperature metamorphism occurred in the Odesan area at 245-230Ma, high-pressure metamorphism in the Hongseong area at 230 Ma and ultra high-pressure metamorphism in the Dabie and Sulu belts. This systematic change may be due to the increase in the depth of slab break-off towards west, which might be related to the increase of the amounts of subducted ocecnic slab towards west. The wide distribution of Permo-Triassic arc-related granitoids in the Yeongnam Massif and in the southern part of the South China block indicate the Permo-Triassic subduction along the southern boundary of the South China block which may be caused by the Permo-Triassic collision between the North and South China blocks. These studies suggest that the Songrim orogeny constructed the Korean Peninsula by continent collision and caused the subduction along the southern margin of the Yeongnam Massif. Both the northern and southern Gyeonggi Massifs had undergone 1870-1840 Ma igneous and metamorphic activities due to continent collision and subduction related to the amalgamation of Colombia Supercontinent. The Okcheon metamorphic belt can be correlated to the Nanhua rift formed at 760 Ma within the South China blocks. In that case, the southern Gyeonggi Massif and Yeongnam Massif can be correlated to the Yangtz and Cathaysia blocks in the South China block, respectively. Recently possible Devonian or late Paleozoic sediments are recognized within the Gyeonggi Massif by finding of Silurian and Devonian detrital zircons. Together with the Devonian metamorphism in the Hongseong and Kwangcheon areas, the possible middle Paleozoic sediments indicate an active tectonic activity within the Gyeonggi Massif during middle Paleozoic before the Permo-Triassic collision.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.482-489
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• 2015

This study was performed for the comparison of the general components, minerals, amino acids, organic acids, free sugars, ascorbic acid, polyphenol content and DPPH free radical scavenging activity of steamed-treated reed (sprout and root) to those of raw reed. Moisture content of sprout and root of reed after steaming treatment decreased from 81.28% and 81.64% to 70.18% and 65.50%, respectively. Crude ash content was the highest in raw sprout and steam-treated root. Crude lipid content of raw sprout and root were almost similar. In addition, crude lipid content of steam-treated sprout was greater than that of root. Nitrogen free extract content of root was 2 times as high as that of sprout. Total free sugar contents of raw sprout and root increased from 1,311.39 mg% and 4,130.98 mg% to 1,157.79 mg% and 3,750.90 mg%, respectively, after steam treatment. Furthermore, the organic acid contents of sprout and root of reed after steam treatment were less than those of raw sprout and root. Calcium and potassium contents were the highest among others in both steam-treated and raw reed. Amino acid content of sprout was higher than that of root in both before and after steam treatment. Among the amino acids, serine content was the best presented in both before and after steam treated reed. Vitamin C content of steam-treated sprout and root of reed decreased from 61.74 mg% and 6.57 mg% to 4.54 mg% and 80.79 mg%, respectively. Total polyphenol content of sprout was greater than that of root in raw and steam-treated reed. DPPH free radical scavenging activity of ethanol extraction of root was greater than those of other extracts of root.

• Journal of Cadastre & Land InformatiX
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.161-178
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• 2017

Whereas the demand for development of forested areas covering more than 60% of Korean territory, permission on the forest development has been still given from the perspective of effective land utilization rather than conservation. As the assessment of large forested areas usually focuses more on forest structure, it has its limitation of observing and analyzing the interior change in forest in this way. This study was aimed at computing landscape metrics using a presence vegetation map and FRAGTSTATS 4.2 and analyzing vegetation mosaics. Colonies in native vegetation were classified into a series of major groups and sub-groups based on the native species within the colonies. The colonies were investigated by analyzing a suite of landscape metrics - Core Area, Percentage of Landscape, Number of Patches, Patch Density, Largest Patch Index, Total Edge, Edge Density, Landscape Shape Index, Mean Patch Area, Euclidean Nearest Neighbor. In the Chungnam province major groups and sub-groups of colonies classified based on the proportion of pine and oak species, and pine species was the principal one in terms of distribution area. As for the competition between pines and oaks, while the coverage of pine-centered colonies were three times larger than those of oak-centered ones, pine colonies showed the greater number of patches and therefore higher fragmentation than oaks at the major group level. For the sub-groups, the largest coverage colonies were not only indicated by Pinus densiflora-Quesrcus mongolica colonies among P. densiflora-centered colonies, Q. accutissima colonies among Q. accutissima-centered ones, Q. accutissima-P. densiflora colonies among Q. accutissima-centered ones, Q. mongolica colonies among Q. mongolica-centered ones, P. thumbergii colonies among P. thumbergii-centered ones, and Q. serrata-Q. acutissima colonies among Q. serrata-centered ones, but also revealed more severely mosaicked than other smaller colonies. The overall mosaicking degree estimated by landscape metrics was considered useful for monitoring and investigating vegetation. However, in order to develop management strategy based on analyzing the reason for the mosaicking process and anticipating a trend in vegetation succession, it is essential to further study about ecological characteristics of each colony in the vegetation.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.301-308
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• 2017

Locusts, Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae) are periodical unpredictable agricultural pests worldwide and cause serious damage to crop production; however, little consideration has been given to the management of this pest. Herein, we constructed a locust-pathogenic fungal library and confirmed that some fungi could be used as resources for locust management. First, the entomopathogenic fungi were collected from sampled soils using a Tenebrio molitor-based baiting system. For the locust assay, a locust colony was obtained from the National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology. A total of 34 entomopathogenic fungal granules, which were produced by solid cultures, were placed in the plastic insect-rearing boxes (2 g/box) and nymphs of locust were contained in the box. In 3-7 days, mycosis was observed on the membranous cuticles of the head, abdomen, and legs of locusts. In particular, Metarhizium anisopliae, M. lepidiotae, and Clonostachys rogersoniana exhibited high virulence against the locust. Given that the 34 isolates could be used in field applications, their conidial production and stability (thermotolerance) were further characterized. In the thermotolerance assay, Paecilomyces and Purpureocillium isolates had higher thermotolerance than the other isolates. Most of the fungal isolates produced ca. >$1{\times}10^8conidia/g$ on millet grain medium. In a greenhouse trial, the granular application of M. anisopliae isolate on the soil surface resulted in 85.7% control efficacy. This work suggests that entomopathogenic fungi in a granular form can be effectively used to control the migratory locust.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.237-244
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• 2010

Five mold strains - Mucor racemousus, Rhizopus oryzae, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus kawachii, and Monascus purpureus - were used for the fermentation of both freeze-dried and air-dried silkworm powders. The concentrations of proteins and minerals, electrophoretical protein patterns, fatty acid composition and the activities of fibrinolytic and antioxidation with freeze-dried silkworm (FDSW) or air-dried silkworm powders (ADSW) fermented by the five molds were investigated. The concentrations of major minerals in fermented FDSW and ADSW powders were K by 72.0-76.3 and 77.1-78.9 ppm, Mg by 29.6-49.7 and 44.3-58.7 ppm, Ca by 1.9-14.9 and 9.8-21.6 ppm and Zn by 0.64-0.70 and 4.17-4.52 ppm, respectively. Major fatty acids in fermented FDSW and ADSW powders were linolenic acid, oleic acid, and palmitic acid. There were slightly varietal differences in electrophoretical protein patterns when total protein patterns of fermented FDSW and ADSW powders were analyzed by native-and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). DPPH radical scavenging activity was slightly stronger in fermented ADSW powders than that in fermented FDSW. Fibriolytic activity was only detected in the FDSW fermented by Aspergillus kawachi and Monascus purpureus. These results may provide the basic data to understand the biological activities and chemical characteristics of silkworm fermented by mold, which can be used for the development of functional foods.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.531-537
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• 2009

In this study alkali reactivity of crushed stone was conducted according to the ASTM C 227 that is traditional mortar bar test, and C 1260 that is accelerated mortar bar test method. The morphology and chemical composition of products formed in mortar bar, 3 years after the mortar bar tests had been performed, were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with secondary electron imaging (SEI) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) with backscattered electron imaging (BSEI). The crushed stone used in this study was not identified as being reactive by ASTM C 227. However, mortar bars exceeded the limit for deleterious expansion in accelerated mortar bar test used KOH solution. The result of SEM (SEI) analysis, after the ASTM C 227 mortar bar test, confirmed that there were no reactive products and evidence of reaction between aggregate particles and cement paste. However, mortar bars exposed to alkali solution (KOH) indicated that crystallized products having rosette morphology were observed in the interior wall of pores. EPMA results of mortar bar by ASTM C 227 indicated that white dots were observed on the surface of particles and these products were identified as Al-ASR gels. It can be considered that the mortar bar by ASTM C 227 started to appear sign of alkali-silica reaction in normal condition. EPMA results of the mortar bar by ASTM C 1260 showed the gel accumulated in the pores and diffused in to the cement matrix through cracks, and gel in the pores were found to be richer in calcium compared to gel in cracks within aggregate particles. In this experimental study, damages to mortar bars due to alkali-silica reaction (ASR) were observed. Due to the increasing needs of crushed stones, it is considered that specifications and guidelines to prevent ASR in new concrete should be developed.