• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 1998

This experiment was conducted to increase aromatics in roots of Condonopsis lanceolata by applications of organic matters. Fresh root wt. was increased by conifer/moss application to 79.1g per plant. Crude protein content was also higher at rice straw application than native soil application and crude saponin content was increased by conifer/moss application, but contents of crude fat, fiber and ash were not different in all treatments. Although contents of K, Ca, and Mg were increased by rice straw application, Fe, Mn, Zn, Na and Cu were not significantly different in all treatments, The highest free amino acid was arginine, it was increased by the application of fallen leaves and the highest yield (0,008%) of essential oils was obtained by conifer/moss application. As a result, to produce C. lanceolata plant showing higher quality and aromatic essential oils, it was considered that the most effective organic matter showing high yield and higher aromatic constituents was conifer/moss application of over 3M/T per 10a.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.67 no.1
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• pp.42-49
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• 1984

The elderberry was known to the ancients for its medicinal properties, and in Europe the inner back was formerly administered as a cathartic. The flowers contain a voletile oil, and serve for the distilation of elder-lower water, used in confectionery, perfumes and lotions. The leaves are employed to impart a green colour to fat and oil, and the leaves and bark emit a sickly odour, believed to be repugnant to insect. With its unique flavor and natural food colour, commercial processing companies used the fruit mainly in the making for jam, jelly, pies, juice, and wines. Its vitamin-C content is reported by Andross (1941) as 25-30mg/100g. Harvesting and processing have been mechanized to some extent. However, the cotains with nutritional value has not been reported yet. In the present study the various contains with nutritional value in the fresh elderberry juice is reported by the quantitative analysis. In this study results obtained can be summarized as follows. 1) The fresh elderberry juice contained following mineral elements; calcium 0.012%, magnesium 0.023%, potassium 0.10%, sodium 0.0019%, iron 0.0009%, cobalt 0.0002%, zinc 0.0004%, copper 0.0001%, phosphorus 0.036%, manganese 0.0006%, iodide $1{\mu}g/g$. 2) Five kinds of vitamines were also found ; vitamin-$B_1$ $0.1{\mu}g/g$, vitamin-$B_2$ $0.5{\mu}g/g$, vitamin-C 0.3mg/g, niacin $14{\mu}g/g$, choline chloride 0.3mg/g. 3) Fresh elderberry juice also contains crude protein 1.10%, fat 0.26%, carbohydrate 6.9%, pectin 0.76%, tannin 0.89%, ash 0.80%, water 90.9% and 34.3 cal/100g. 4) The absorption spectrum of the purplishblack color of fresh elderberry juice has a peak between 523-530mm.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.445-468
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• 2000

Background: Retrograde cerebral perfusion(RCP) is currently used for brain protection during aorta surgery, however, for the safety of it, various data published so far are insufficient. We performed RCP using pig and investiaged various parameters of cerebral metabolism and brain injury after RCP under deep hypothermia. Material and Method: We used two experimental groups: in group I(7 pigs, 20 kg), we performed RCP for 120 minutes and in group II (5 pigs, 20 kg), we did it for 90 minutes. Nasopharyngeal temperature, jugular venous oxygen saturation, electroencephalogram were continuously monitored, and we checked the parameters of cerebral metabolism, histological changes and serum levels of neuron-specific enolose(NSE) and lactic dehydrogenase(LDH). Central venous pressure during RCP was mainained in the range of 25 to 30 mmHg. Result: Perfusion flow rates(ml/min) during RCP were 130$\pm$57.7(30 minutes), 108.6$\pm$55.2(60 minutes), 107.1$\pm$58.8(90 minutes), 98.6$\pm$58.7(120 minutes) in group I and 72$\pm$11.0(30 minutes), 72$\pm$11.0(60 minutes), 74$\pm$11.4(90 minutes) in group II. The ratios of drain flow to perfusion flow were 0.18(30 minutes), 0.19(60 minutes), 0.17(90 minutes), 0.16(120 minutes) in group I and 0.21, 0.20, 0.17 in group II. Oxygen consumptions(ml/min) during RCP were 1.80$\pm$1.37(30 minutes), 1.72$\pm$1.23(60 minutes), 1.38$\pm$0.82(90 minutes), 1.18$\pm$0.67(120 minutes) in group I and 1.56$\pm$0.28(30 minutes), 1.25$\pm$0.28(60 minutes), 1.13$\pm$0.26(90 minutes). We could observe an decreasing tendency of oxygen consumption after 90 minutes of RCP in group I. Cerebrovascular resistance(dynes.sec.cm-5) during RCP in group I incrased from 71370.9$\pm$369145.5 to 83920.9$\pm$49949.0 after the time frame of 90 minutes(p<0.05). Lactate(mg/min) appeared after 30 minutes of RCP and the levels were 0.15$\pm$0.07(30 minutes), 0.18$\pm$0.10(60 minutes), 0.19$\pm$0.19(90 minutes), 0.18$\pm$0.10(120 minutes) in group I and 0.13$\pm$0.09(30 minutes), 0.19$\pm$0.03(60 minutes), 0.29$\pm$0.11(90 minutes) in group II. Glucose utilization, exudation of carbon dioxide, differences of cerebral tissue acidosis between perfusion blood and drain blood were maintained constantly during RCP. Oxygen saturation levels(%) in drain blood during RCP were 22.9$\pm$4.4(30 minutes), 19.2$\pm$4.5(60 minutes), 17.7$\pm$2.8(90 minutes), 14.9$\pm$2.8(120 minutes) in group I and 21.3$\pm$8.6(30 minutes), 20.8$\pm$17.6(60 minutes), 21.1$\pm$12.1(90 minutes) in group II. There were no significant changes in cerebral metabolic parameters between two groups. Differences in serum levels of NSE and LDH between perfusion blood and drain blood during RCP showed no statistical significance. Serum levels of NSE and LDH after resuming of cardipulmonary bypass decreased to the level before RCP. Brain water contents were 0.73$\pm$0.03 in group I and 0.69$\pm$0.06 in group II and were higher than those of the controls(p<0.05). The light microscopic findings of cerebral neocortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus(CA1 region) and cerebellum showed no evidence of cerebral injury in two groups and there were no different electron microscopy in both groups(neocortex, basal ganglia and hippocampus), but they were thought to be reversible findings. Conclusion: Although we did not proceed this study after survival of pigs, we could perform the RCP successfully for 120 minutes with minimal cerebral metabolism and no evidence of irreversible brain damage. The results of NSE and LDH during and after RCP should be reevaluated with survival data.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.473-479
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• 2002

This study investigated associations between calcium intake, exercise behaviors, lumbar bona mineral density (BMD), and bone mineral content (BMC) among 79 premenopausal women (mean age = 41yr). The BMD and BMC of the lumbar spine (L$_2$-L$_4$) were measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Nutrient intake was estimated by the convenient method and a quantitative food frequency questionnaire was designed for this study that included the most commonly consumed floods sources of Ca. Participants were asked to identify all activities of exercise they had participated in including estimation of number of years of participation, number of weeks per year, number of times per week, and the number of hours per session. Participants were then categorized into the exercise group or nonexercise group (control). To meet the criteria for inclusion in the exercise group, the subjects participated more than 3 sessions per week and more than 30 minutes per session and the length of the exercise participation was at least more then 6 months. The participants were also grouped by calcium intake. The total calcium intake of all participants was estimated by dietary calcium intake and then the subjects were divided into quartiles to assess the lumbar BMD and BMC of the upper 25% (average calcium intake = 910 mg) and the lower 25% (average calcium intake = 414 mg). Results indicated that there were no significant differences in energy and calcium intake, and that there were no significant differences in lumbar BMD and BMC between participants in exercise group and the nonexercising control group. However, the exercise group had significantly lower ALP concentration than the nonexercise group. The upper 25% calcium intake group had significantly greater lumbar bone mineral density and bone mineral content than the lower 25% calcium intake group. Also the upper 25% calcium intake group had significantly lower ALP concentration than the lower 25% calcium intake group. Correlation analysis revealed that the spinal BMB was positively associated with body weight, while calcium intake was negatively associated with ALP concentration in nonexercising women. However, neither body weight nor dietary calcium intake were associated with both spinal BMD or ALP concentration in exercising women. These results suggest that calcium intake positively influence bone mineral density and bone mineral content in nonexercisulg premenopausal women. Exercise group did not affected by body weight and dietary calcium, but decreased ALP concentration than nonexercising group. Both exercise and calcium intake positively influence bone mineral density and bone mineral content in premenopausal women.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.561-574
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• 2000

Poly-P has been used to prevent decomposition of foods and has been shown to have inhibitory effect on the growth of gram positive bacteria. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of poly-P on the growth of Porphyromonas endodontalis, a gram negative obligate anaerobic rod, endodontopathic bacterium. P. endodontalis ATCC 35406 was in BHI broth containing hemin and vitamin K with or without poly-P. Inhibitory effect of each poly-P which was added at the beginning(lag phase) or during(exponential phase) the culture, MIC(minimum inhibitory concentration) was determined by measuring the optical density of the bacterial cell at 540nm. Viable cell counts were measured to determined whether poly-P has a bactericidal effect. Leakage of intracellular nucleotides from P. endodontalis was determined at 260nm and morphological change of P. endodontalis was observed under the TEM(transmission electron microscope). Binding of 32P-labeled poly-P to P. endodontalis was examined. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and zymography were performed to observe the changes in protein and enzyme profiles of P. endodontalis, respectively. The results from this study were as follows : 1. The minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) of poly-P to P. endodontalis appeared to be 0.04~0.05%. 2. Poly-P added to the P. endodontalis culture during the exponential phase of P. endodontalis was as much effective as poly-P added at the begining of the culture, suggesting that the antibacterial effect of poly-P is not much dependent on the initial inoculum size of P. endodontalis. 3. Poly-P are bactericidal to P. endodontalis, demonstrating the decrease of the viable cell counts. 4. Intracellular nucleotide release from the P. endodontalis, was not increased in the presence of poly-P and was not reversed by the addition of divalent cations like $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2-}$. 5. Under the TEM, it was observed that fine electro-dense materials were prominent in the poly-P grown P. endodontalis, appearing locally in the cell, and the materials were more abundant and more dispersed in the cell as the incubation time with poly-P increased. In addition, highly electron dense granules accumulated in many poly-P grown cells, most of which were atypical in their shape. 6. Binding of 32P-labeled poly-P to P. endodontalis appeared to be 32.8 and 45.5 and 53.4% at 30 minutes, 1 hours and 2 hours, respectively. 7. In the presence of poly-P. the synthesis of proteins with apparent molecular masses of 25, 27, 35, 45 was lost or drastically decreased whereas expression of a protein with an apparent molecular mass of 75 was elevated. 8. Proteolytic activity of P. endodontalis was decreased by poly-P. The overall results suggest that use of poly-P may affect the growth of P. endodontalis, and the anti-bacterial activity of poly-P seems largely bactericidal. Changes in shape, protein expression, and proteolytic activity of P. endodontalis by poly-P may be directly and indirectly attributed to the antibacterial effect of poly-P. Further studies will be needed to confirm the effect of poly-P.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 1999

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of intracytoplasmic injection of $Ca^{2＋}$ and human sperm extract on the parthenogenetic activation of mouse oocytes. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The mouse oocytes were injected with 10 pl of PBS medium containing 0, 1.7 and 5 mM calcium concentrations, respectively. Activation rate of the oocytes with formation of pronuc1ei and extrusion of the second polar bodies was 14.5, 9.8 and 14.9% at the above calcium concentrations, respectively. There were no significant differences in the activation rates among the calcium concentrations. 2. The mouse oocytes were injected with 10 pl of non-heated human sperm extract, and cultured for 12~15 h in the PBS media with the 0, 1.7 and 5 mM calcium concentrations, respectively. Activation rate(51.8%) of the oocytes at the 1.7 mM calcium concentration was significantly higher than those at the 0 and 5 mM calcium concentrations. 3. The mouse oocytes were injected with 10 pl of heated human sperm extract, and cultured for 12~15 h in the PBS media with the 0, 1. 7 and 5 mM calcium concentrations, respectively. No significant differences were found in the activation rates (11.8~17.0%) among the calcium concentrations. 4. The mouse oocytes were injected with 10 pl of PBS medium, non-heated sperm extract and heated sperm extract, and cultured for 12~15 h in the PBS media with 1.7 mM calcium concentrations, respectively. Activation rate (54.5%) of the oocytes injected with the non-heated sperm extract was highest. There were significant differences in the activation rates among the above injection materials (P＜0.05). 5. The mouse oocytes were injected with 10 pl of 1 and 6 days old non-heated sperm extracts, and cultured for 12＜15 h in the PBS media with 1.7 mM calcium concentrations, respectively. Activation rate(60.0%) of the oocytes injected with 1 days old sperm extract was significantly higher than that (11.1%) injected with 6 days old sperm extract. The results obtained in this study suggest that non-heated human sperm extract may contain sperm-associated oocyte-activating factor such as oscillin.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.783-792
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• 2002

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementary level of extruded poultry manure, corn and tapioca mixture (EPM) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and body composition in korean native goats. Total 15 heads of Korean native goats (10 kg B.W.) were randomly assigned into five treatment groups (EPM 10, 20, 30, 40% and control.) and feeding trial was done for six weeks with ad libitum. Protein level of the extrudate with poultry manure was directly proportional to corn supplements rate. NFE and Ca content in EPM also were functional of the tapioca supplements levels. Daily body weight gain was significantly (p<0.05) reduced in EPM 40% group, but no significant differences were observed in other groups. Concentrate feed intake was high in EPM 10 to 30% groups, compared to the control. Feed conversion ratio also was relatively higher in EPM groups than in the control. As EPM level increased, dry matter digestibility was proportionally decreased, but that of crude protein was enhanced. Dressed carcass percentage was significantly (p<0.05) reduced with the increase of EPM level, showing control 49.7, EPM 10% 49.8, EPM 20% 48.3, EPM 30% 47.9 and EPM 40% 45.2, respectively.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.10-17
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• 2001

Purpose: We measured anti-H. pylori IgG in Korean elementary school children living in Shinchon area of Seoul, Korea to evaluate the influence of environmental living standards on H. pylori infection. Methods: IgG antibodies to H. pylori were measured in plasma using a commercial ELISA kit (GAP IgG Helicobacter pylori, Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc., Hercules, CA, USA). Information on environmental status such as place of birth, parental income, type of housing, number of persons in the household, parents' occupation, family history of peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer was obtained. Statistical analysis was done by Chi-square and logistic regression test using SPSS $7.0^{TM}$ for Windows. Results: Study subjects consisted of 571 children, and the age distribution ranged from 6.0 to 13.6 years with a mean of $9.6{\pm}1.8$ years. Male-to-female ratio was 1.1:1. The seropositive rates of H. pylori infection ranged from 10.4% in children aged 6 years to 30.9% in 12 year-old group, overall 16.8%. The prevalence of H. pylori infection progressively increased with age, but there was no significant difference in seropositive rates among children in different age groups (p=0.06). Seropositive rates of anti-H. pylori IgG on the basis of gender, place of birth, parental income, type of housing, parents' occupation, family history of peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer showed no statistically significant difference. Interestingly, however, seropositive rate of anti-H. pylori IgG showed statistical significance in relation to number of persons in the household (p=0.003; Odds ratio 1.50 by logistic regression test). Conclusion: These results suggest that number of persons in the household is the most important factor among environmental living standards, and that risk of H. pylori infection increases by increment of 1.5 times as the number of persons in the household increases by one.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.115-122
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• 2002

In this study, the effects of alfalfa hay included in different ratios of 60%(A), 50%(B), 40%(C) and 30%(D) for the diets of young weaned Korean native goats were investigated on feed intake, digestibilities of nutrients, nitrogen retention, average daily gain and feed efficiency. Crude protein contents of experimental diets were 18% in all treatments. The contents of ADF, NDF and crude ash were higher in A as 26.1, 37.0 and 9.0% compared to the lowest values in D of 20.3, 30.4 and 6.6%. However the contents of non-structural carbohydrates was in the opposite tendency. Daily feed intake (DM) was highest in A (414.4g) and B (417.7g) and significantly (p<0.05) lower in D(362.6g). Dry matter intake per metabolic basal weight (DM g/kg of $BW^{0.75}$ ) were highest in A(73.9g) and lowest in D(64.0g). Average daily gain and feed efficiencies were in the range of 33.3~48.7g and 8.1~13.4% respectively with no statistical differences, however with the increasing trends according to higher percent of roughage in the diets. Digestibilities of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ADF, NBF, crude ash (CA) and non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) were in the tendency of becoming higher according to higher ratios of concentrate but becoming lower according to higher ratio of alfalfa hay in the diets fed to Korean native goats. Nitrogen retention was lowest in A (1.8g, 15.5%) and highest in D (2.7g, 25.7%). In overall, inclusion of 30~40% alfalfa hay as a roughage in the diets of weaned Korean native goats was superior to the higher rates of inclusion of alfalfa hay in aspects of average daily gain and feed efficiency. The fixed 18% of crude protein content in the diets was efficient for the growth of weaned goats.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.307-316
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• 2010

Complex terrain refers to irregular surface properties of the earth that influence gradients in climate, lateral transfer of materials, landscape distribution in soils properties, habitat selection of organisms, and via human preferences, the patterning in development of land use. Complex terrain of mountainous areas represents ca. 20% of the Earth's terrestrial surface; and such regions provide fresh water to at least half of humankind. Most major river systems originate in such terrain, and their resources are often associated with socio-economic competition and political disputes. The goals of the TERRECO-IRTG focus on building a bridge between ecosystem understanding in complex terrain and spatial assessments of ecosystem performance with respect to derived ecosystem services. More specifically, a coordinated assessment framework will be developed from landscape to regional scale applications to quantify trade-offs and will be applied to determine how shifts in climate and land use in complex terrain influence naturally derived ecosystem services. Within the scope of TERRECO, the abiotic and biotic studies of water yield and quality, production and biodiversity, soil processing of materials and trace gas emissions in complex terrain are merged. There is a need to quantitatively understand 1) the ecosystem services derived in regions of complex terrain, 2) the process regulation occurred to maintain those services, and 3) the sensitivities defining thresholds critical in stability of these systems. The TERRECO-IRTG is dedicated to joint study of ecosystems in complex terrain from landscape to regional scales. Our objectives are to reveal the spatial patterns in driving variables of essential ecosystem processes involved in ecosystem services of complex terrain region and hence, to evaluate the resulting ecosystem services, and further to provide new tools for understanding and managing such areas.