• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2023

This study investigated acoustic (VOT) and articulatory characteristics of Korean velar stops in monosyllabic CV structures to examine how the three-way distinction is realized in the laryngeal and supralaryngeal domains and how the distinction is manifested in male versus female speakers' speech production. EMA data were collected from 22 speakers. In line with previous studies, male speakers preserved the three-way differentiation of velar stops (/k^*/</k/</k^h/) in terms of VOT while female speakers showed only a two-way distinction (/k^*/</k/=/k^h/). As for the kinematic characteristics, a clear three-way distinction was found only in male speakers' peak velocity measure in the C-to-V opening movement (/k^h/</k/</k^*/). For the other kinematic measures (i.e., articulatory closure duration, deceleration duration of the opening movement and the entire opening movement duration), male speakers showed only a two-way distinction between fortis and the other two stops. Female speakers did not show a three-way contrast in any kinematic measure. They showed a two-way distinction between lenis and the other two stops in C-to-V deceleration duration (/k^*/=/k^h/</k/), and a two-way distinction between fortis and lenis stops in the opening movement duration. An overall comparison of VOT and articulatory analyses revealed that the lenis-aspirated kinematic distinction is diminishing, driven by female speakers, in line with the loss of the lenis-aspirated distinction in VOT that could influence supralaryngeal articulation.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.203-213
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• 2008

Purpose: This study is to evaluate the efficacy of non pharmacotherapy on dysmenorrhea. Methods: Survey was done through web site and directly searched dysmenorrhea -related articles in journals of Korean medicine Gynecology, published during 1996-2008. Results: 1. All articles reported non pharmacotherapies were significant efficacy in the decrease of dysmenorrhea. 2. The distribution of therapy was acupunture treatment 14 articles and the other treatments 6 articles. 3. The frequency of acupoint was Sanyinjiao(三陰交, SP6) 10 articles, Guanyuan(關元, CV4) 5 articles, Qihai(氣海, CV6) 4 articles and mainly used meridians were Immaek(任脈), Liver Meridian of Foot Gworeum(足厥陰肝經), Spleen Meridian of Foot Taeum(足太陰脾經). 4. The distribution of period for treatment were the most predominant as 7(35%) articles from one day before menstruation to the second day of menstruation. 5. The distribution of duration for treatment were the most predominant as 7(35%) articles in one day. 6. VAS was mainly used in the evaluation of dysmenorrhea and MDQ, MMSL, MVRS were used in premenstrual syndrome. Conclusion: In this study, non pharmacotherapies were effective on dysmenorrhea.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1986

Intra- and inter-specific protoplast fusion of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Virginia 115) and pea (Pisum sativum cv. Sparkle) were carried out in highly inhomogeneous alternating electric fields. Under the electric field of alternating current (AC, sine wave), 600 V/cm and 800 kHz for tobacco protoplast, and 600 V/cm and 700 kHz for pea protoplasts, the protoplasts were aggregated in pearl chains. Intra-specific protoplast fusions were most effectively induced within the aggregates of tobacco and pea, respectively, by the additional application of a single high field pulse of direct current (DC, square wave) at 1 kV/cm for 50 $mutextrm{s}$. Inter-specific fusions between protoplasts of the two plants were most effectively induced in the electric field of 600 V/cm and 700 kHz, and square wave pulse at 1 kV/cm for 50 $mutextrm{s}$. The duration of the pulse over the electrical breakdown voltages was simulated from 1 to 100 $mutextrm{s}$ in both tobacco and pea protoplast. The yield of the electrofusion products was significantly high (above 60%), compared with that (20%) of the standard fusion method by polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4,000, and the viability of electrofused protoplasts was above 70%, but that of PEG-fused protoplasts 8~16%, when determined by Evan's blue staining method.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.277-281
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• 2000

Fifty-four Korean native and 28 foreign varieties harvested in 1998 and 1999 were examined for superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities. The SOD and POD activities of leaves extracts in Korean native and foreign rice varieties showed variation at the heading stage. The activities of SOD and POD changed with growth stage. In comparison of storage duration, the SOD and POD activities of the extract from three months stored seeds in Korean native (CV=53.3%) and foreign rice (CV=57.9%) varieties were higher than that of stored rices for a year in seed extracts although the activities among varieties did not show significant variation. Also, the averaged activity of foreign rice varieties (SOD=12.9%) was relatively higher than that of korean native rice varieties (SOD=10.7%). The test of activity at the enzymatic level related to antioxidative activity suggests that the rice varieties with higher antioxidative potentials can be developed and also may provide information with rice breeder to breed rice variety with a high antioxidative activity.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.998-1011
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• 2016

Objectives: This study measured the thickness of the abdominal wall at abdominal acupoints using ultrasonography and then investigated the correlations between the thickness of the abdominal wall and other characteristics of patients with functional dyspepsia (FD). Methods: Thirty patients with FD were enrolled in the study from September 2015 to March 2016. The thickness of the abdominal wall was measured at Shangwan (CV12), Zhongwan (CV13), and the left Liangmen (ST21). In addition, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), duration of FD, and the sternocostal angle were investigated. The severities of spleen qi deficiency and the dyspepsia symptoms were assessed by the Spleen Qi Deficiency Questionnaire (SQDQ) and the Nepean Dyspepsia Index-Korean version (NDI-K). Results: The average thickness of the abdominal wall was $24.66{\pm}6.69mm$ at Shangwan, $21.17{\pm}5.83mm$ at Zhongwan, and $21.72{\pm}5.72mm$ at Linagmen, and there were significant differences between the thickness at Shangwan and Zhongwan (p=0.046). Furthermore, there were significant differences between the thickness of the abdominal wall at Zhongwan and the sternocostal angle (r=0.396, p=0.037). Conclusions: These findings indicate the possibility of estimating the thickness of the abdominal wall by looking at the characteristics of patients with FD, including the sternocostal angle.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.110-122
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• 2005

Background: The basic concept of thermographic interpretation is the thermologic equality of both side in normal person. But both sides diseases were limited diagnostic values by thermographic interpretation, and this interpretation does not apply to the case in thermal temperature of each part of body. Nevertheless, the measurement conditions are not standardized. So, for its clinical applications are extended, we think that the measurement conditions are considered the individual variations. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to examine the optimum conditions thermal temperature of the time period and region are not effected by internal and external variables. Methods: After the subjects took off their clothes, the filming were repeatedly five times made on duration of 5minutes during 20minutes. We selected nine regions around acupoints including Yin dang[印堂, HN1], Sugu[水溝, GV26], Ch’ondol[天突, CV22], Chonjung[CV17], Chung-wan[中脘, CV12], Ch’onch'u[天樞 S25], No-gung[勞宮, P8], and calculated based on the utility of R.O.I.(Region of Integer) in our system these points temperature. We measured the optimal time period and region that has little variation of thermal temperature. Results: The results shows that the optimal time period is 20minutes after undressed, and the optimal region is the region around acupoints including Sugu[水溝, GV26]. Conclusions: we obtained the measurement conditions were considered the individual variations. And also, this study offers basic sources for that the measurement conditions would be standardized. Furthermore, based on this results, we expect that clinical applications using thermography would be extended.

• Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 2008

Azuki bean has never been commercially grown in Thailand, due in part to a lack of suitable varieties. A core collection of 114 azuki bean accessions, originally from different parts of China(northern, central, southern) representing the germplasm of Chinese land races, were evaluated in the experimental field of the Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China from June to October 2004. The same experiment was repeated at Kamphaeng Saen campus of Kasetsart University, Thailand from February to May 2005. Yield, yield components, and agronomic traits were recorded in all accessions in order to identify certain genotypes for further investigation. The statistical parameters that were used as indicators of phenotypic variation were mean, coefficient of variability(CV), correlation coefficient(r), range, mean difference, and phenotypic clustering of the accessions. The results indicated that the azuki bean varieties planted in Kamphaeng Saen were shorter, earlier in growing duration, and lower in plant height, seed yield per plant, 100-seed weight, and pods per plant as compared to when they were grown in China. This discrepancy was caused largely by the combined effect of temperature, rainfall, and day length. The traits that were rather stable in both locations were branches per plant and seeds per pod. Azuki bean varieties from northern China showed higher response to the changing environments compared with those from central and southern China. Some agronomic traits showed high correlation coefficient between the environments in Thailand and China. The CV of agronomic traits in both locations were ranked in descending order as follows: seed yield per plant, pods per plant, branches per plant, plant height, 100-seed weight, seeds per pod, and growing duration. The CV of seeds per pod and branches per plant were almost the same in both locations. Yield per plant in China correlated well(r=0.75) with pods per plant, but not with the other traits. Based on their response to both environments, the azuki bean accessions can be broadly divided into four groups, viz. northern 1, northern 2, central, and southern. This implied that there was more diversity, but probably less stability among the accessions originating from northern China.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.173-183
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• 1983

To evaluate growing degree days(GDD) as an index of growth duration of rice plants, 30 days old seedlings of 16 japonica and 14 indica/japonica varieties were transplanted six times from May 10 at the 10-day intervals at Gyeongsan in 1982. The number of days from transplanting to heading decreased as transplanting dates delayed in all japonica varietie and 4 indica/japonica varieties but that of 10 indica/japonica varieties decreased up to June 9 or June 19 transplantings and then it levelled off or increased with further delay of transplanting. However, GDD requirement was similar among transplanting dates at appropriate base temperatures; GDD could be better than calendar day system to classify maturity of varieties especially grown in a wide range of climatic conditions. Required GDD from transplanting to heading of all indica/japonica and early japonica varieties showened a smaller coefficient of variation (CV) compared to longer season japonica varieties. Among GDD methods, an accumulation of daily Max + Min temp./2 -$l0^{\circ}C$ showed the smallest CV for the duration from transplanting to heading, but for ripening period GDD calculated with adjusted maximum temperature when it was higher than $30^{\circ}C$ showed the best results. Heading date did not affect required GDD for maturity of japonica varieties, but in indica/japonica varieties GDD decreased as heading date delayed; at late transplantings ripening period of indica/japonica varieties was less extended compared to japonica varietes due to a decrease in grain weight.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.137-147
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the syllable structures of ten Korean numeric sounds produced by ten students. Each sound was normalized by its maximum intensity value and divided into onset, vowel, and coda sections after finding abrupt or visible changes in energy values or cumulative values of lower spectral energy at each pulse point using four Praat scripts. Then, segmental durations and cumulative intensity values of each syllable were obtained to find a statistical summary of the syllable structure. Intensity values at 100 proportional time points were also collected to compare the ten sounds. Results showed as follows: Firstly, there was not much deviation from the grand average duration and intensity for the majority of the sounds except the two diphthongal sounds on which their boundary points varied among the speakers. Secondly, the onset point for the CV or CVC category sounds and the boundary between the vowel and the nasal or lateral sound were easy to identify, which may be automatically traced later. Thirdly, there seems some tradeoff among the sections maintaining the same total duration per each syllable. Further studies on syllables with various onsets or codas would be desirable to make a general statement on the Korean syllable structure.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.17-26
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• 1999

It has been claimed that Korean mid-vocalic voiceless unaspirated lax stops are phonetically realized with voicing throughout the oral closure phase. Acoustic measurements were undertaken to examine the claim with four Korean native speakers using /$V_1CV_2$/ words where the vowel ($V_1\;=\;V_2$) was /i, a, u/ and the C was voiceless unaspirated lax stops /p, t, k/. Findings: (1) During mid-vocalic stops /k/ and /p/ the vowel /u/ was accompanied generally by a significant increase in voice cessation time as percentage of the oral closure interval (PCT) than the vowel /a/, regardless of subjects, whereas in mid-vocalic alveolar stop /t/ the effects of vowels on PCT were subject-dependent, (2) The effects of vowels on PCT were significantly greater in mid-vocalic /k/ than /p/, regardless of subjects, (3) The mean PCT, averaged across six tokens, ranged from 17% to100%, giving overall mean 61% in which the standard deviation was ${\pm}30$, and (4) Overall % of the total of mid-vocalic unaspirated lax stops were produced with a substantial period of devocing and voicing lag. Considering these results, it is difficult to agree with the existing claims that Korean voiceless unaspirated lax stops are phonetically realized with voicing throughout the oral closure phase. Other phonetic variables, including the durations of pre/post-stop vowels, voice onset time, voice cessation time, and the duration of oral closure, were measured.