• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.268-280
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• 2009

Oncheon basin which are located in Busan is divided into 43 basin on the basis of main pipe, constructed with Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). Occurrence situation for Outflow and pollutant loads by long-term continuous rainfall is examined for treatment district and river analysis point of Oncheon basin and a reduction vs effectiveness table for effective CSOs managements is made for each of treatment districts according to each of managements. In case that treatment equipment is located at the discharge point of CSO, treatment efficiency is analysed. It is supposed that treatment equipment have an efficiency on the basis of a concentration and runoff discharge over a critical flow is discharged with it untreated and treating runoff discharge with treatment equipment at each of runoff discharge points and treating it gathered at sewage treatment plant (STP) through trunk sewer is compared for a relative treatment efficiency.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.295-302
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• 2012

The coagulation of combined sewer overflows ($CSO_{s}$) was investigated by jar-testing with several commercial coagulants. $CSO_{s}$ sample showed different characteristics of coagulation from secondary wastewater with three common coagulants, aluminum sulfate, ferric chloride and polyaluminum chloride (PACl). Jar-tests showed that relatively wide range of optimal SS and T-P removal yielded with alum and ferric chloride compared with cationic polymers, though efficient SS and T-P removal can be achieved with all three coagulants. The decrease of pH was caused by the increase in dosage of aluminum sulfate, ferric chloride and PACl as coagulants. The pH was changed from 7.0 to 4.7 with the dosages of ferric chloride 25 mL/L. Aluminum sulfate revealed pH of 5.0 and PACl was highest pH of 5.4 after dosing of coagulants. The optimal pH to treat $CSO_{s}$ with aluminum sulfate were 6-6.5; with PACl 6-7, and with ferric chloride higher than 7.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.543-550
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• 2007

In this study, combined sewer overflows (CSOs) from five independent rainfall events in rural city area were collected and investigated. First flush effect in sewage pumping station located near the WWTP was retarded 30 to 60 minutes from booster pumping station. The ratios between SS, COD and TP concentrations prior to rainfall and peak concentrations during the period of rainfall were highly increased but nitrogen was relatively constant, which indicates that it is not associated with particles washed off from the surface of watershed. Mass balance results show that 30% of CSO was generated from booster pump station and 66.5% of CSO was from the whole runoff area. In the area of newly constructed sewer system, CSO problem was related with pump and sewer capacities, but in other old sewer system equipped area, it was due to the collection efficiency. Finally, Log-Log pollutant rating equations were suggested.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제6권3호통권12호
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• pp.25-32
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• 1990

In this study, the cis to trans isomerization of unsaturated fatty acids were investigated about Soybean oil (SBO), Corn germ oil (CGO), Cottonseed oil (CSO), Margarine (MG), Shortening (ST) incubated at $40{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ for 35 days and heated at $185{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. The contents and kinds of trans fatty acids in each sample were determined by GLC after seperating by HPLC. The results were obtained as follows; 1. When samples were incubated at $40{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ for 35 days, the contents of total trans fatty acids were increased from $0.5{\sim}12.3%$ to $0.8{\sim}20.5%$. The kinds of trans fatty acids found were $t-C_{18:1},\;t,c-C_{18:2},\;t,t-C_{18:2},\;t,c,c-C_{18:3}$ in $SBO,\;t-C_{18:1},\;t,c-C_{18:2}$ in $CGO,\;t-C_{16:1},\;t-C_{18:1},\;t,c-C_{18:2},\;t,t-C_{18:2}$ in CSO. Processed oil such as MG and ST showed more complicated composition of trans fatty acids than SBO, CGO and CSO. $t-C_{18:1},\;t,c-C_{18:2},\;t,t-C_{18:2},\;t,c,t-C_{18:3},\;t-C_{20:1}$ were detected in ST. 2. In the case of heating at $185{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours, the contents of total trans fatty acid were $1.6{\sim}37%$. 2% in all samples. Heating made more remarkable isomerization than incubation $(40{\pm}2^{\circ}C)$. Specially, $c,c,t-C_{18:3}$ in $SBO,\;t,t,t-C_{18:3}$ in $MG,\;t,c,t-C_{18:3},\;t,t,t-C_{18:3}$ in ST were detected. 3. The total contents of trans fatty acids of processed oil were higher than vegetable oils. During incubation, trans fatty acids increased in the order of MG>ST>CGO>SBO>CSO, and during heat treatment, MG>ST>SBO>CGO>CSO.

• 한국방재안전학회논문집
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.45-52
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• 2018

본 연구는 2017년 8월 17일 청계천에서 발생한 시민고립사고의 원인을 규명하고, 고밀도 기상관측망의 관측자료를 이용하여 안전한 도시하천 관리 방안을 제시한 연구이다. SK 텔레콤 기지국에 설치된 고밀도 기상관측망인 SK techx와 상대적으로 공간적 밀도가 낮은 기상청 AWS의 사고 당일 강우자료를 도시유출모형에 적용하여 당시 상황을 모의하였다. 사고원인 중 하나로 가정한 CSO 관로 내 체수현상을 구현하여 수치모의한 결과, 기상청 AWS에서 계측된 강우량은 사고를 발생시키지 않았다. 하지만 실제 현상과 더 유사한 고밀도 기상관측망인 SK techx의 강우자료를 적용했을 때는 당일 발생한 사고와 유사한 결과가 나타났다. 이는 낮은 공간 밀도인 기상청 AWS는 청계천에서 일어나는 실제현상을 예측할 수 없고, 안전한 하천관리르 위해 고밀도 기상관측소가 필요하다는 것을 의미한다. 또한 CSO 관로 내 체수 유무를 독립변수로 수치 모의한 결과 비우당교의 CSO 관로 내 체수가 사고의 직접적인 원인으로 분석되었다.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2001년도 학술발표회 논문집(I)
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• pp.321-326
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• 2001

• 한국콘텐츠학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘텐츠학회 2010년도 춘계 종합학술대회 논문집
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• pp.644-646
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• 2010

최근 비점오염원 제어를 위해 오염총량제(Total Maximum Daily Loads, TMDL)가 도입되었으며, 이것은 도시유역에서의 대표적 비점오염원인 합류식 하수관거 월류수(Combined Sewer Overflows, CSOs)의 발생에 대한 분석이 선행되어야 한다. CSOs를 산정하기 위한 방법으로는 두 가지가 있다. 첫째, 확률강우량 분석에 의한 유출량 모의 방법으로, 이것은 표준강우사상에 의한 연간 CSOs 산정에 국한되는 한계를 가지고 있다. 둘째, 관측 강우 자료를 이용한 장기유출모의(LOS) 방법으로, 이 방법은 장기간의 강우 자료를 이용할 경우 최근의 강우 변화 양상을 반영하기 어려우며, 반면 단기간의 강우 자료를 이용할 경우 결과에 대한 신뢰도를 보장할 수 없다. 본 연구에서는 연간 CSOs 발생량 및 오염부하량을 산정하기 위하여 강우발생모형과 Long-term Outflow Simulation 모형을 이용하였다. 본 연구를 통한 CSOs의 산정은 앞서 언급된 기존 방법들의 문제점을 해결하고자 개발되었으며, 향후 도시화에 따른 유출 변화 및 유역 물순환 변화에 대한 연구에 활용될 수 있다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.885-892
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• 2011

In this study, LCA(Life Cycle Assessment) on 'Saemangum CSO Project' was carried out to evaluate environmental impact which occurred during the construction and operation periods and the potential environmental impact reduction was analyzed by comparing production and reduction level of pollution loads. LCA was conducted out according to the procedure of ISO14040 which suggested Goal and Scope Definition, Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, Life Cycle Impact Assessment and Interpretation. In the Goal and Scope Definition, the functional unit was 1 m3 of CSO, the system boundary was construction and operation phases, and the operation period was 20 years. For the data collection and inventory analysis, input energies and materials from civil, architecture, mechanical and electric fields are collected from design sheet but the landscape architecture field is excepted. LCIA(Life Cycle Impact Assessment) was performed following the procedure of Eco-Labelling Type III under 6 categories which were resource depletion, eutrophication, global warming, ozone-layer destruction, and photochemical oxide formation. In the result of LCA, 83.4% of environmental impact occurred in the construction phase and 16.6% in the operation phase. Especially 78% of environmental impact occurred in civil works. The Global warming category showed the highest contribution level in the environmental impact categories. For the analysis on potential environmental impact reduction, the reduction and increased of environmental impact which occurred on construction and operation phases were compared. In the case of considering only the operation phase, the result of the comparison showed that 78% of environmental impact is reduced. On the other hand, when considering both the construction and operation phases, 50% of environmental impact is increase. Therefore, this study showed that eco-friendly material and construction method should be used for reduction of environmental impact during life cycle, and it is strongly necessary to develop technology and skills to reduce environmental impact such as renewable energies.

• 신재생에너지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2022

This study aimed to determine the optimal conditions for fabricating pitch pine (PCP) and Mongolian oak (MOK) pellets using chestnut-shell tea waste (CSW) and castor oil (CSO) as additives. For pellets fabricated using a pilot-scale flat-die pellet mill, all moisture content (MC) was in line with A1 wood pellet standards for residential and small-scale commercial uses designated by the National Institute of Forest Science at the Republic of Korea (NIFOS), regardless of fabricating conditions; the durability of PCP pellets prepared using PCP particles with 10% MC, and CSW addition also satisfied these criteria. The moisture tolerance of PCP pellets improved with combination of 2 wt% CSW and 2-6 wt% CSO. Overall, use of 20 mesh CSW as an additive, PCP with 10% MC, and MOK with 12% MC was found to be optimal. Moreover, using CSO as an additive, high-quality PCP and MOK pellets can be fabricated by adjusting the particles to 12% MC. However, the durability of PCP and MOK pellets prepared using these conditions did not meet the wood pellet standards for residential and small-scale commercial use. Therefore, further research is needed to improve the durability of these pellets.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제27권12호
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• pp.1340-1346
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• 2005

소수계 물관리 진단시스템, CREEK-1을 이용하여 합류식 하수관거 월류수 발생시 청계천에서 나타나는 수질변화에 관한 모델 연구를 수행하였다. CREEK-1은 지리정보시스템, 데이터베이스, 경관생태모델(FRAGSTATS), 유역모델(SWMM), 수질모델(WASP5), 그리고 컴퓨터 그래픽으로 구성되어있다. 본 연구에서는 강우시 청계천의 수질변화를 시뮬레이션하기 위해 유역모델과 수질모델이 주로 사용되었다. 유역모델에서 청계천 전체 유역이 18개의 소유역으로, 수질모델에서 대상 하천 구간은 11개의 구획으로 나누어져 모델이 구성되었다. 유역모델은 강우시 현장에서 관측된 BOD, 총질소, 총인 그리고 유량 자료로 타당성이 검토되었으며, 그 결과 모든 항목에서 모델 예측같은 관측값과 비교적 적절한 일치를 보였다. 연구 결과는 하천의 수질이 강우량과 강우 시작 후 경과 시간에 따라 변화가 일어나고 있음을 보여주었다. 강우 초기에는 유역의 초기 세척수와 CSO에서 차지하는 하수 비율이 높기 때문에 수질이 크게 악화되었으나 유출 수량이 증가함에 따라 희석효과에 의해 수질이 개선되는 것으로 나타났다.