• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.36 no.6_1
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• pp.1291-1302
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• 2020

To verify the field-effectiveness of Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS), a terrestrial LiDAR was deployed to examine the damage properties of woods in forest fire area, then the data was compared with the results surveyed by a forestry expert. Four sample plots (30 m × 50 m, 0.15 ha) were set from the foot to the top of the mountain, and DBH, height, clear length, burned height, and crown length were investigated. Next, TLS collected information on damage characteristics found in the sample plots. This information was then compared with that amassed by the expert. The expert and the TLS survey results showed 30.8 cm and 29.9 cm for DBH, 15.8 m and 17.5 m for tree height, 8.4 m and 8.4 m for clear length, 4.0 m, 3.5 m for burned height, and 7.4 cm and 9.1 cm for crown length. With the exceptions of height and clear length, no notable discrepancy was observed between two methods. H/D ratio, CL/H ratio, and BH/CL ratio, all of which contribute to stability and decay rate of the stand, from the two methods were also compared. The human survey rated each ratio (H/D, CL/H, BH/CL in order) 51.3%, 47.1%, and 53.6%, while the TLS presented the results of 58.8%, 52.0%, and 38.7%.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.68 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 1985

The second year's results of surface fire effects on forest vegetation and soil properties and fire tolerance of various tree species were investigated in Mt. Gwanak, Kyunggi-do, successively after the study of the first year's effect in the same place. Soil moisture contents, organic matters, and most of soil nutrients including exchangeable bases had increased just after fire and went down to become somewhat constant. Available phosphorous at fired area decreased until it became similar to that at unfired area, while pH of subsoil was continuously increasing from just after fire till after 1 year. For Lespedeza and Weigela species, fire tolerance of tree crown was the lowest but reproductive capacity was the highest. And both of them were high for Rhododendron species. More exact classification into Increasers, Decreasers, Invaders and Neutral species was possible in the second year's study. According to comparison of similarities, it was found that the vegetational structure at fired area is slowly restoring to original state as time goes.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.35 no.6_2
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• pp.1083-1093
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to detect the burned area change by direct burning of tree canopies and post-fire mortality of trees via analyzing satellite imageries from the Korea multi-purpose satellite-2 and -3 (KOMPSAT-2 and -3) for two large-fires over the Goseong-Sokcho and Gangneung-Donghae regions in April 2019. For each case, the burned area was compared between two dates: the day when the fire occurred and 15-18 days after it. As the results, within these two dates, there was no substantial difference in burned area of sites whose severities were marked as "Extreme", but sites with "High" and "Low" severities showed significant differences in burned area between the two dates. These differences were resulted from the lagged post-fire browning of canopies which was detected by images from in-situ observation,satellite, and the unmanned aerial vehicle. The post-fire browning started after 3-4 days and became apparent after 10-15 days. This study offers information about the timing to quantify the burned area by large fire and about the mechanism of post-fire mortality. Also, the findings can support policy makers in planning the restoration of the damaged areas.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.1-9
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the burning impacts of the surface and crown fire occured in yongsan-ri meongsok-myun of chinju-city, Gyeongnam. Environmental influences like surface runoff and soil erosion changes were investigated by comparisons analysis between burned and unburned area about some initial effects after fire. The results obtained from this study were as followed; 1. The average amount of surface runoff in burned area was more 1.7 times than in unburned area. But it was gradually tend to decrease in burned area as times passed. 2. Factors significantly correlated to amount of surface runoff in burned area shown in order to unit rainfall, accumulated rainfall and sand content, as 0.9466 of multiple correlation coefficient, where as the factors in unburned area were unit rainfall, soil erosion, bulk density and soil hardness, as 0.9738 of multiple correlation coefficient. 3. The average amount of soil erosion in burned area was more 11.2 times than in unburned area. But it was gradually tend to decrease in burned area as times passed. 4. Factors significantly correlated to amount of soil erosion in burned area were surface runoff and unit rainfall, as 0.6305 of multiple correlation coefficient. The factors in unburned area shown in order to surface runoff, sand content, bulk density and unit rainfall, as 0.7879 of multiple correlation coefficient.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.35-44
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• 2022

Although Changgyeong-gung was devastgated by Japanease invasion in 1592, it was restored during the reign of Gwanghaegun, had remembered of early Joseon danasty's architecturural order. It was destroyed several times by fire after that but was rebuilt immedieately. There are Donggol-do and Donggol-dohyeong, so we can fine the change of architectures in Changgyeong-gung. Jibbokheon(集福軒) and Yeongchunheon(迎春軒) are marked in another location and architectures in Donggon-do and Donggon-dohyeong. The reason has been known that it was rebuilt after the fire in 1830. As a result of reviewing the record of birth of crown prince Sado and movement of coffin of King Jeong-jo in funeral ceremony, it was confirmed that notation of Jibbokheon and Yeongchunhyeon was misprinted. In particular, Yeongchunheon confirmed the possibility that the existing building was built by extending it while applying the asymmetrical building with four-purlins structure method during the reign of King Jeongjo, and that it was reconstructed by moving Yeonyeonghap when it was destroyed by fire 1830. And although now Jibbokheon and Yeongchunhyeon(延英閤) are connected, nothern part of Jibbokheon did not burn in the fire, so it was judged that original architectural plan were maintained until now. The current building north of Jibbokheon was built before 1695 (21st year of King Sukjong), which was first identified in the Gunggeolji(宮闕志), and there is a possibility that it may have been a part of Janggyeongmun(長慶門) inner corridor built before 1633. The present building north of Jibbokheon has great architectural significance in that it maintains the structural method of the early Joseon Dynasty which was often applied to buildings with a small scale of inner palace.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.325-334
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• 2006

Understanding the airflow characteristics within the canopy structure installed between closely adjacent tunnels either for light adaptation or for protection from snow hazards is required for the normal ventilation as well as safety system design. Grade, horizontal alignment, cross-sectional area and shape are known to substantially influence the fire smoke behavior and their influences raise great concern for the safety design. This paper aims at studying the effects of tunnel geometrical characteristics and canopy installation on the ventilation and fire propagation through CFD analysis. In the case of 145m long canopy, 50% opening ratio is preferred with respect to the airflow pattern and ventilation efficiency. When a 20MW fire occurs in a 1.8km-long tunnel and four 1250mm reversible jet fans are instantly turned on, smoke concentration at 40m downstream of the fire decrease 13% for the upgrade tunnel with 2% gradient and increases 20% for -2% gradient, compared to the standard horizontal tunnel. Backlayering is observed within 45m-long segment toward the entrance in 2% down-graded tunnel. In a rectangular tunnel, there is no significant difference of smoke concentration as well as velocity profile from the standard crown tunnel. Three-laned tunnel shows lower level of both profiles and backlayering is detected up to 50m upstream of the fire, while the risky situation rapidly disappears thereafter.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.222-228
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• 2012

This study was conducted to determine the natural succession process after forest fire by comparing height, relative growth rates in height (RGH), and tree density of pine seedlings with different fire severity. In the area damaged by surface fire, tree density was highest during the first 5 years after fire. However, in the area damaged by crown fire, tree density rapidly increased during first 5 years after fire. Pine seedlings were found only on the place with ridges, barren soil, and the aspect of north. Annual height growth of pine seedlings was decreased with time in all study sites. The empty space in pine stands gradually decreased by the invasion of Quercus species. The forest fire altered the pine forest into oak forest rapidly. In contrast, pine seedlings invaded steadily on the oak forest in the rocky area or the area with ridges.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.46-54
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• 2021

This study compared and analyzed the effects of forest tending works on the vertical distribution of wildfire fuel loads on Pinus densiflora stands in Gyeongbuk province. The study sites were located in Youngju and Bonghwa in Pinus densiflora stands. A total of 10 sample trees were collected for the development of the crown fuel vertical distribution model. The 6th NFI (National Forest Inventory) selected a sample point that only extracted from managed and unmanaged stands of Pinus densiflora in the Gyeongbuk province. The fitness index (F.I.) of the two models developed was 0.984 to 0.989, with the estimated parameter showing statistical significance (P<0.05). A s a results, the vertical distribution of wildfire fuel loads range of unmanaged stands was from 1m to 11m with the largest distribution at point 5m at the tree height. On the other hand, the vertical distribution of wildfire fuel loads range of the managed stands was from 1m to 15m with the largest distribution at the point of 8m at the tree height. The canopy bulk density was 0.16kg/㎥ for the managed stands and 0.25kg/㎥ for the unmanaged stands, unmanaged stands were about 1.6 times more than managed stands. This result is expected to be available for simulation through the implementation of the 3D model as crown fuel was analyzed in three dimensions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.49-60
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• 2014

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of forest fire on natural distribution and regeneration of Pinus densiflora Sieb. & Zucc. in Goseong, Gangwon province, Korea. After 13 years of the last forest fire in 2000, five investigation plots ($10m{\times}10m$) in each of rocky land and ridge, the well-known location as a favorite site for natural distribution of P. densiflora, were set to investigate stand characteristic and soil environment including physico-chemical properties and moisture contents of soil. Also, five investigation plots in slope area were set and investigated as well. The concentration of organic matter, total nitrogen, and exchangeable nutrients ($K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$) were highest in the slope while the soil in the rocky land showed the lowest concentration of organic matter, total nitrogen, available $P_2O_5$, and exchangeable nutrients ($K^+$, $Na^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$). The soil in the slope only showed higher concentration of total nitrogen, $K^+$ and $Ca^{2+}$ than the unburned area in Goseong. Mean soil moisture contents in the rocky land (5.77%) were lowest while the slope (15.78%) and the ridge (15.27%) showed almost three times as much than the rocky land. P. densiflora was dominant in the rocky land and Quercus spp. were dominant in the ridge and slope. The average proportion of P. densiflora was highest in rocky land (58.4%, 14.6 trees per plot) followed by the ridge (25.2%, 7.8 trees per plot) and the slope (11.3%, 3.4 trees per plot) while the average height of P. densiflora was highest in slope (277cm) followed by the ridge and the rocky land. The height and crown width of Quercus spp. were higher than P. densiflora in the every plot. The results suggest that P. densiflora may be able to naturally regenerate and survive in the rocky land after the fire while P. densiflora in the ridge and the slope are suppressed by Quercus spp.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.109-117
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• 1985

This report is a part of the investigations of the secondary vegetation successions carried out and the analysis of soil properties in the burned areas of forest. The fires-crown fire and surface fire-were occurred at April, 1978 and February, 1984. The investigations were carrited out from August 10. 1983 to September 25, 1984. The burned areas studied are located in southern slope of Mt. Ssalibagu (above sea-level, 590m), So-myon, Sungju-gun, Chollanam-do, Korea. The results are as follows: The floristic compositions of the burned area at the 5th year after the fires were 85 families, 250 genera, 321 species and 53 varieties. Among them, 85 families, 127 genera, 129 species and 30 varieties were found in the currently burned area. In all the sampling sites (10*10cm), 31 and 57 species were found in the currently burned and in the 5th years after the fires, respectively. Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens, Quercus serrata and Festuca ovina were dominant species in the both areas. Biological spectra in both the burned areas showed $H-D_1-R_5-e$ type. Degree of the succession(DS) was 412-884 in the 5th years passed burned area and it was high level. Species diversity index(H) was 0.59~1.13 and evennes index(e) was 0.43~0.79, these indexes between both areas were different considerably. Indexes of similarity between both areas were different, too, but that between $B_1$ and $B_6$ was the highest (CCj=0.5). Probably this phenomenon is due to the great numbers of the pine trees appeared simulataneously. Content of the organic matter, N, P, K and Ca of soil in the burned area at the 5th years after the fires was lower than that of soil in the currently burned area.