• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Environment and Ecology Conference
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• 2010.10a
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• pp.127-130
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• 2010

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.151-157
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• 2013

The ion exchange resins were synthesized from 1-aza-18-crown-6 macrocyclic ligand attached to styrene (2th petroleum in 4th class hazardous material) divinylbenzene (DVB) copolymer with crosslinks of 1%, 6%, and 15% by substitution reaction. These synthetic resins were confirmed by chlorine content, elementary analysis, surface area, and IR-spectrum. The object of this study was to seperate the metal ion absorbed in reinforcement water fire extinguishing agent. As the results of the effects of pH, equilibrium arrival time, and crosslink of synthetic resin on metal ion adsorption for resin adsorbent, the metal ions were showed high adsorption at pH 3 or over and adsorption equilibrium of metal ions was about 2 hours. In addition, adsorption selectivity for the resin in water was the order of Al (III) > Ni (II) > Sm (III) ions, adsorbability of the metal ions was in the crosslinks order of 1%, 6%, and 15%.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.469-478
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• 2019

Purpose: In this studies we examine the facilities damage characteristics caused by forest fire. Therefore, we surveyed damaged facilities from forest fire which was occurred on Goseong-Gun on march 28 in 2019.(damaged areas was 40ha) The types of facilities uses were house, public facility, warehouse and so on. 17 facilities were destroyed. The purpose of this study was to for establishing a disaster safety village in rural areas where damage from a similar type of disaster occurs repeatedly by conducting the consciousness survey targeting at experts and disaster safety officials in a local government. Method: We surveyed meteorological factors(temperature, wind speed, wind direction, humidity) per a minute for analyzing weather condition on Goseong-Gun when forest fire was occurred, spread and extinguished. And we surveyed forest fire risk factors(a slope degree, a slope direction, a geographical feature, a distance between forest and facility, main species, the existence of crown fire ignition, the direction of facility, the main material of building) around 10 damaged facilities. Finally, we analyzed damage pattern of facilities using meteorological factor and forest fire reisk fator Result: The weather condition of Kanseonng AWS (No.517) was high temperature, arid and strong wind, when the forest fire was occurred and spread. An average wind speed was 4.1m/s and the maximum wind speed was 11.6m/s. The main direction of wind was W(225~315°). Damaged facilities were located on the steep slope area and on the mountaintop. The forest density around facilities was high and main species was korean red pine. The crown fire was occurred in the forest around damaged facilities. The average distance was 13.5m from forest to facilities. When the main matarial of building was made by fire resistance materials (for example, rainforced concrete), the damage was slightly. on the other hand, when by flammable material (for example, a Sandwich Panel), the facilities were totally destroyed Conclusion: The results of this research which were the thinning around house, making a safety distance, the improvement of main material of building and etc, will be helpful for establishing a counter measure for a forest fire prevention of facilities in wild land urban interface

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.38-46
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• 2013

Permanent water supply and water sprinkling systems are essential to protect major forests and facilities from forest fire. Back in 2005, Naksan Temple, a valuable cultural asset of Korea, was burned down in a forest fire that took place in Yangyang. This started a series of movements including installing water supply facilities and managing forests near important cultural assets. As for the existing facilities, however, they were installed without any standard guidelines for management and installation according to each constructor's specifications, which were based on the National Fire Safety Code 109. Unfortunately, this is not effective in protecting facilities from forest fires such as they have a small protection area, limited simultaneous sprinkling, and a difficult the movement of fire hose. Against this background, the study examines the condition of water supply facilities currently in use, identifies their deficiencies, and suggests how to improve the criteria for water supply service to effectively prevent forest fire. Specifically, three systems were proposed: Water Sprinkler Tower System for preventing spread of crown fires, and Forest Fire Hydrant System and Portable Water Spray System to be effective for suppressing surface fires. In addition, the standards on the performance and components of water pumps are also suggested.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.343-349
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• 2010

In Korea, man-caused forest fires are known originate primarily in coniferous forests. We have hypothesized that the vulnerability of Pinus densiflora forests is principally a consequence of the ignition characteristics of the species. To assess this hypothesis, we conducted two combustion experiments using fallen leaves with a reference species, Quercus variabilis. In the first experiments, in which a cigarette was employed as a primary heat source for the initiation of a forest fire, the Pinus leaves caught fire significantly faster (1'1" at Pinus, 1'31" at Quercus, P < 0.001), and ignition proceeded normally. Quercus leaves, on the other hand, caught fire but did not ignite successfully. In the second set of experiments utilizing different moisture contents and fuel loads, the maximum flame temperature of the Pinus leaves was significantly higher ($421^{\circ}C$ at Pinus, $361^{\circ}C$ at Quercus, P < 0.001) and the combustion persisted for longer than in the Quercus leaves (8'8" at Pinus, 3'38" at Quercus, P < 0.001). The moisture contents of the leaves appeared to be a more important factor in the maximum temperature achieved, whereas the most important factor in burning time was the amount of fuel. Overall, these results support the assumption that Pinus leaves can be ignited even by low-heat sources such as cigarettes. Additionally, once ignited, Pinus leaves burn at a relatively high flame temperature and burn for a prolonged period, thus raising the possibility of frequent fire occurrences and spread into crown fires in forests of P. densiflora.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.111-119
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• 2011

This study was designed to provide basic data applicable to fire investigation through consideration of combustion products and propose vulnerability of combustibles through analysis of $CO_2$ emission. In order to achieve these research objectives, characteristics of combustion products such as smoke release rate of each part(raw leaves, branches and barks), $CO_2$ emission and ash production were considered targeting on 6 oak species(Quercus variabilis Blume, Quercus aliena Blume, Quercus serrata, Quercus mongolica Fisch, Quercus dentata Sapling and Quercus acutissima) using cone calorimeter and smoke density tester. As a result, it was found that raw leaves release smoke more relatively than branches and barks, when they burn, and that Quercus variabilis Blume has the highest smoke density. Also, Quercus acutissima released CO and $CO_2$ which are respectively, 6.67 times and 1.43 times more than Quercus variabilis Blume with low $CO_2$ emission. In addition, branches released CO and $CO_2$ more relatively. There was a big difference in ash production among raw leaves(3.1 g), branches(10.5 g) and barks(16.43 g). It was identified that Quercus serrata produces ashes which are nearly 9.95 times more than Quercus variabilis Blume. It demonstrates that Quercus serrata contains relatively higher minerals and that Quercus variabilis Blume can leave lots of traces like stain and carbonization, as it releases smoke a lot and it's difficult to predict visibility, when a forest fire breaks out in its community area. It is also considered that smoke particles containing oil in the air leave strain on the surface of a tree, and that CO and $CO_2$ emission increases, when crown fire to burn branches breaks out.

• Journal of computational fluids engineering
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.11-20
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• 2012

In this paper, the authors test various open codes and commercial codes based on CFD technology on the wind field around the complex terrain, which is a very important transport physics in the event of forrest fire. To study the physical mechanism inside the transition from surface fire to crown fire, the wake flow behind a parallel array of trees is studied numerically to show the flow separation in the turbulent boundary layer. Two sites near to Kunsan National University are chosen for the measurement of real wind field, and obtained data are compared with those from various computational codes such as Wind-Ninja, NIST-FDS, ANSYS-CFX, and ANSYS-FlUENT, etc. Through this research, feasibility and accuracy of the present CFD codes are investigated quantitatively, compared with the measured data with AWS.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.160-165
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• 2002

The heavy-duty LPG-fueled single cylinder engine was designed and developed as a fundamental equipment for analyzing combustion processes and emission performances. The cylinder head and the piston crown were modified to fire the LPG in the engine. The flywheel was also fabricated to minimize the vibration of the single cylinder engine. The size of bore and stroke of the tested engine are 130 mm and 140 mm, respectively. Compression ratios were varied 8 to 9 with different piston crown shapes. The developed single cylinder engine operates at 1,000 rpm for this work. The major conclusions of this work are; (1) the power of the developed engine was peaked at the condition of equivalence ratio 1.0 at three different compression ratios; (2) the power is slightly increased with the increase of compression ratio; (3) the optimum ignition timing is retarded with the increase of compression ratio ranged 2 to 10 crank angle.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.517-524
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• 2022

Every year, millions of waste tires are discarded across the world. Storage of waste tires presents many problems such as fire threats, epidemics, and non-economic factors. Furthermore, the disintegration process of waste tires is not economical or practical due to its time-consuming, and disposal requirements. In this study, half-section waste tires (HSWTs) were integrated with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes under different relative density conditions. The main aim of the study was to reduce the deformation values of embedded HDPE pipes in sandy soil and to evaluate the soil-pipe interaction. In comprehensive laboratory tests, half-section waste tires were integrated in two different ways: in the middle of the pipeline and along the pipeline. Accordingly, it was concluded that the effectiveness of waste tires reduces the deformation and bending moment values in the critical regions of pipes. As a result of reinforcement in the mid-point of the pipe defined as the most critical region, 52% and 36% less deformation was observed in the crown and springlines of the pipe, respectively. In addition, the bending moment values for the same critical section were determined to be 40% less in the crown and 28% less in the springline regions of the pipe.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.1-7
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• 2013

The wildland fire intensity and scale are getting bigger owing to climate change in the world. In the case of domestic, the forest is distributed over approximately 63.7 % of country and the main facilities like a industrial facility or gas facility abuts onto it. Therefore there is potential that the wildland fire is developed to a large-scale disaster. In this study, the effect distances of the radiant heat flux from the crown fire are analysed according to the change of wind velocity. The safety criteria concerning the radiant heat flux to influence on the surrounding were researched to analyse the effect distances. The criteria of radiant heat flux were chosen $5kW/m^2$, $12.5kW/m^2$, $37.5kW/m^2$. WFDS, which is an extension of NIST's Fire Dynamics Simulator, was used to consequence analysis of the forest fire. In order to apply the analysis conditions, it is researched the forest conditions that is generally distributed in domestic region. As the result, the maximum effect distances by radiant heat were showed at the horizontal and vertical direction. When the wind velocity varied from 0 to 10 m/s, the maximum effect distance increased as the wind velocity increases. Interesting point is that the maximum effect distance were shown at the wind velocity of 8 m/s. The maximum effect distance was decreased according as the fuel moisture of trees increase. This study can contribute to analyse quantitative risk about the damage effect of the surrounding facilities caused by wildland fire.