• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.39 no.1
• /
• pp.175-181
• /
• 2019

The hydrostatic pressure, thrust, and wall reflection by a step were studied as the flow resistance due to the discontinuous topography by using the Hwang's scheme in calculating fluxes with an approximate Riemann solver. Compared with the broad-crested weir experiments, the result simulated by using the thrust was the best among them. Hwang's scheme with the thrust by a step was applied to the side weir experiment. The results of simulation agreed well with those of the experiment. Compared to the existing depth-integrated model, the accuracy was slightly lowered, but the running time was reduced to about 20 %.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.26 no.6B
• /
• pp.633-639
• /
• 2006

The validity of the existing formulas for the estimation of reflection coefficient of waves due to perforated wall is investigated using the result of hydraulic experiments conducted with perforated walls of various thickness. The result shows that, when the wall is thick, the energy loss coefficient is reduced to 62% of the value evaluated using the existing formula for sharp-crested orifice. The result also shows that the length of inertia resistance increases linearly as the thickness of the wall increases. The width of chamber to achieve the minimum reflection of waves decreases as the length of inertia resistance increases. Thus, the result found in the present study can be usful for the design of perforated wall.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.245-251
• /
• 2015

Alternative hosts increase the difficulty of disease management in crops because these alternate hosts provide additional sources of primary inoculum or refuges for diversity in the pathogen gene pool. Agropyron cristatum (crested wheatgrass), Bromus inermis (smooth bromegrass), Pascopyrum smithii (western wheatgrass), Stipa viridula (green needlegrass), and Thinopyrum intermedium (intermediate wheatgrass), commonly identified in range, prairie, verge, and soil reclamation habitats, serve as additional hosts for Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, the cause of tan spot in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). A. cristatum (five lines), B. inermis (seven lines), P. smithii (four lines), S. viridula (two lines), and T. intermedium (six lines) were tested for their reactions to 30 representative P. tritici-repentis isolates from races 1-5. Plants were grown until the two-three-leaf stage in a greenhouse, inoculated individually with the 30 isolates, held at high humidity for 24 h, and rated after 7 days. All lines developed lesion types 1-2 (resistant) based on a 1-5 rating scale. Also, leaves from an additional plant set were infiltrated with two host selective toxins, Ptr ToxA as a pure preparation and Ptr ToxB as a dilute crude culture filtrate. All lines were insensitive to the toxins. Results indicate that these grass hosts have a limited or nonsignificant role in tan spot epidemiology on wheat in the northern Great Plains. Additionally, the resistant reactions demonstrated by the grass species in this research indicate the presence of resistance genes that can be valuable to wheat breeding programs for improving wheat resistance to P. tritici-repentis.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
• /
• v.29 no.6
• /
• pp.326-334
• /
• 2017

We obtain height of waves overtopping on a porous breakwater using both the one-layer and two-layer Boussinesq equations. The one-layer Boussinesq equations of Lee et al. (2014) are used and the two-layer Boussinesq equations are derived following Cruz et al. (1997). For solitary waves overtopping on a porous breakwater, we find through numerical experiments that the height of waves overtopping on a low-crested breakwater (obtained by the Navier-Stokes equations) are smaller than the height of waves passing through a high-crest breakwater (obtained by the one-layer Boussinesq equations) and larger than the height of waves passing through a submerged breakwater (obtained by the two-layer Boussinesq equations). As the wave nonlinearity becomes smaller or the porous breakwater width becomes narrower, the heights of transmitting waves obtained by the one-layer and two-layer Boussinesq equations become closer to the height of overtopping waves obtained by the Navier-Stokes equations.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.321-328
• /
• 2006

In the present study extensisve numerical experiments are conducted using the CFD code, FLUENT, to investigate the energy dissipation due to perforated walls for various wall-thickness and flow conditions. A new empirical formula for energy loss coefficient considering the effect of the thickness of perforated wall is obtained based on the results of computational experiments. It is found that the energy loss coefficient decreases as the wall-thickness increases and the maximum coefficient reduction reaches upto 40% of the value calculated using the conventional formulas for the sharp-crested orifice. To check the validity of the new formula the reflection coefficient of waves due to perforated wall is evaluated and compared with the results of existing theories and hydraulic experiments. The result shows that the new formula is superior to the conventional ones.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• v.52 no.5
• /
• pp.513-520
• /
• 2014

Three echinostome species, i.e., Patagifer bilobus, Petasiger neocomense, and Saakotrema metatestis, are newly recorded in the trematode fauna of the Republic of Korea. They were recovered from 3 species of migratory birds (Platalea minor, Podiceps cristatus, and Egretta garzetta), which were donated by the Wildlife Center of Chungbuk (WCC) and the Conservation Genome Resource Bank for Korean Wildlife (CGRB). Only 1 P. bilobus specimen was recovered from the intestine of a black-faced spoonbill (P. minor), and characterized by the bilobed head crown with a deep dorsal incision and 54 collar spines. Twenty P. neocomense were recovered from the intestine of a great crested grebe (P. cristatus), and they had a well-developed head crown with 19 spines and 2 testes obliquely located at the posterior middle of the body. Total 70 S. metatestis were collected from the bursa of Fabricius of 1 little egret (E. garzetta). It is characterized by stout tegumental spines covered in the entire leaf-shaped body, posterior extension of the uterus, presence of the uroproct and a well-developed head crown with 12 pairs of collar spines on each side. By the present study, these 3 echinostome species are newly added to the trematode fauna in Korea.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2005.05b
• /
• pp.970-975
• /
• 2005

측면웨어(side weir)는 본류의 수위가 한계수위 이상으로 상승할 경우 본류로부터 저류지나 분수로(distributary channel)로 흐름을 전환하기 위하여 사용하는 수공구조물이다. 최근 들어 치수와 관련된 계획에서 본류의 홍수량 중 일부를 저류지나 홍수 우회수로로 전환시키는 시설에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 측면웨어가 하천에 설치되는 경우, 측면웨어 부근 표층부의 흐름은 측면웨어의 영향을 크게 받으며, 수의바닥이나 측면웨어에서 떨어진 지점의 흐름은 측면웨어의 영향을 작게 받는 등 측면웨어 주변부는 3차원적인 흐름특성을 보인다. 또한 측면웨어를 월류하는 흐름이 일반 웨어와 같이 웨어 마루부에 대하여 직각방향으로 흐르지 않고 본류의 유속에 따라 비스듬하게 흐르게 된다. 이러한 흐름특성으로 인해 측면웨어를 통과하는 유량은 본류의 하폭, 본류의 흐름특성, 측면웨어의 길이 및 설치위치 등에 따라 각기 다르게 산정되는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 기존 측면웨에에 관한 연구를 정리하고 상용 프로그램인 FLOW-3D를 이용하여 측면웨어가 설치된 경우의 흐름을 해석하였다. 해석결과는 기존 실험연구에 바탕을 둔 이론식과 비교하였다. 계산격자는 구조물 부근의 흐름이 급변하는 곳은 격자크기를 작게, 흐름의 변화가 완만한 곳은 격자크기를 크게 하였다. 경계조건으로 상류는 유량, 하류는 수위경계를 입력하였다. 본 수치모의결과와 이론식을 이용하여 산정한 월류량을 비교한 결과 약 $10-30\% 내외의 오차가 발생하는 것으로 나타났다. 본류의 흐름은 웨어의 길이가 짧을수록 상$\cdot$하류단의 수위차가 작아지며 유속의 경우 웨어길이가 길고, 높이가 낮을수록 빨라진다. 측면웨어 주변부 흐름의 경우, 웨어의 길이가 짧을수록 방류강도가 강하고 횡방향의 수면변위가 급하게 형성되고 있음을 알 수 있다 또한, 웨어의 길이가 상대적으로 길어질 경우에는 3차원적 흐름특성에 의하여 유속의 분포가 다양하여 이론식과 결과의 오차가 점점 더 커짐을 알 수 있다. 본 연구는 사각형수로에 측면웨어가 설치된 경우, 월류량과 수리학적 거동을 해석할 때 수치모형실험이 수리모형실험과 더불어 유용한 해석도구로 이용될 수 있음을 보인 깃으로 이후 관련 구조물의 설계와 해석 시 참고자료로 이용 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.154-162
• /
• 2011

A reliability analysis model is developed for evaluating the crest freeboard of vertical breakwaters based on the concepts of maximum overtopping volume of individual wave. A reliability function is formulated by defining the margin of admissible overtopping volume and maximum overtopping volume that is depend on the number of overtopping waves, dimensionless crest freeboard, and mean overtopping discharge. In addition, Level III MCS technique is straightforwardly suggested by which the related empirical parameters to reliability function can be considered to be random variables with the wide range of different uncertainties. It can be possible to calculate the probabilities of failure according to the relative crest freeboard with the variations of the incident wave directions, the structural types of vertical breakwaters, and admissible overtopping volumes in conditions of the long and short crested-waves.

• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2011.02a
• /
• pp.99-99
• /
• 2011

하천에서 위어 하류단의 세굴은 매우 중요한 현상이며 위어 형상에 따른 수리학적 흐름특성이 세굴거리 및 세굴심에도 영향을 미치므로, 적절한 하상보호공 설계를 위해 다양한 위어 하류단의 세굴 규모 및 세굴 형상을 산정하는 연구가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 사다리꼴 래버린스 위어를 적용하여 일반적인 직선형 위어와 비교하였으며, 3차원 수치모의를 통해 하류단의 세굴 규모를 분석하였다. 현재 세굴 방지를 위하여 설치되는 위어 하류부 물받이 및 하상보호공의 설계 기준은 월류흐름에 의해 발생되는 하류부 세굴영향에 대한 고려가 미흡하며, 대부분 설계자료가 광정위어 및 예연 위어 형태만을 고려하고 있어 위어의 형상변화에 따른 고려 또한 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 하류부 세굴방지공의 안전하고 경제적인 설계를 위하여 위어의 형상 변화에 따른 위어 하류부 세굴 특성 분석에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 본 연구에서 적용한 래버린스(labyrinth) 위어는 수로 내에 설치된 횡방향 직선형 위어의 단면 형상을 변경하여 월류길이를 증가시킨 긴 마루(long crested) 위어 형태의 일종이다. 일반적으로 래버린스 위어는 월류량 증대, 수질개선 및 수심유지 효과가 필요한 수공구조물에 이용되어 하천에 적용될 경우, 관련 수공구조물의 수심 확보 측면에서 기여할 수 있는 구조물로 잘 알려져 있다. 수로폭과 유입유량을 알고 있을 경우 기존 연구자들에 의해 제시한 공식에 의해 직선형 위어의 하류단의 세굴거리와 세굴심을 산정할 수 있으며, 본 연구에서 제시한 세굴거리 비와 세굴심 비를 통해 래버린스 위어의 세굴거리 및 세굴심을 예측할 수 있었다. 분석결과 래버린스 위어의 하류단의 세굴거리는 직선형 위어에 비해 감소하고 세굴심은 증가하였으며, 총 마루길이 당 유입유량과 유입유량 조건에 따른 세굴거리 비 및 세굴심 비 변화를 통해 통수능 및 래버린스 위어의 마루길이 변화에 따른 세굴 영향범위를 조절할 수 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 추후 다양한 유량조건과 확폭비를 고려한 연구를 수행한다면 래버린스 위어의 마루길이에 따라 하상보호공 설계시 중요한 인자인 세굴거리와 세굴심을 조절할 수 있으며, 위어 형상에 따른 하류단 세굴 규모를 산정과 더불어 확장된 하상보호공 설계자료로 이용할 수 있을 것이다.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
• /
• v.25 no.5
• /
• pp.713-719
• /
• 2009

A natural wetland in the Nakdong River basin which effectively removes non-point source pollutants was investigated for 2 years to understand wetland topography, vegetation types, and water quality characteristics. The water depth of the natural wetland was in the range of 0.5~1.9 m which is suitable for the growth of non-emergent hydrophytes. The wetland has a high length to width ratio (3.3:1) and a relatively large wetland to watershed area ratio (0.057). A broad-crested weir at the outlet increases the retention time of the wetland whose hydrology is mainly dependent on storm events. The concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the growing season and the winter season showed anoxic and oxic conditions, respectively. Diurnal variations of DO and pH in the growing season were also observed due to weather change and submerged plants. COD and TP concentrations were low in the winter season due to low inflow rate and increased retention time. Increased TP concentrations in the spring season were caused by degradation of dead wetland plants. Nitrogen in the wetland was mostly in organic nitrogen form (>75%). During the growing season, ammonium concentration was high but nitrate nitrogen concentration was low, possibly due to anoxic and low pH conditions which are adverse conditions for ammonificaiton and nitrification. The results of this study can be used as preliminary data for design, operation, monitoring and management of a constructed wetland which is designed to treat diffuse pollutants in the Nakdong river watershed.