• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.79-85
• /
• 1997

Cage layer waste and sudex grass were ensiled in the proportions of 0:100, 30:70, 40:60 and 50:50 wet basis, respectively. The influence of ensiling cage layer waste on Salmonellae, Shigella, Proteus, and total number of colony forming units (CFU) was investigated. The nutritive value of the silages was evaluated in a digestion trial. The experiment was conducted with 24 wethers allotted to four silages. Initial samples of cage layer waste showed $0.11{\times}10^6$ CFU and salmonellae, Shigella and Proteus were present. Ensiling was effective in complete elimination of all the pathogens. Dry matter, crude protein and ash contents were increased linearly (p < .01) with the increase of cage layer waste in the silages ($358g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ to $484g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$; $76.3g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ to $183.2g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ and $38.5g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ to $169.4g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$; DM basis, respectively). Water solubles carbohydrate values for silages were 38.3, 22.5, 20.1 and $20.0g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ DM basis, respectively. Ensiling decreased the pH values for all the silages and the decrease was higher for sudex grass ensiled alone than grass ensiled with cage layer waste. Lactic acid concentration in silages increased linearly (p < .01) with the increase of cage layer waste. The apparent digestibilities of DM, OM and CP for the animals fed sudex grass silage alone were 496.0, 516.1, $496.7g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ DM basis respectively. However, digestibilities of all the components were higher (p < 0.01) for the animals fed silages containing cage layer waste. Among waste containing diets, the digestibilities of all the components showed quadratic affect (p < 0.01), increased for silages containing 30 and 40% cage layer waste and decreased when the level of waste increased from 40 to 50%. The results indicated that cage layer waste can be used upto 40% in ruminant diet as a source of N without any adverse effect on the health of animals. Ensiling appeared to be feasible and effective method for eliminating the pathogen present in cage layer waste.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.10 no.6
• /
• pp.643-651
• /
• 1997

This experiment was conducted to determine apparent ileal and fecal digestibilities of protein sources for young pigs (15.6 kg BW) which were fitted with simple ileal T-cannulas. Experimental diets included one of the followings as a sole protein source: spray-dried plasma protein (SDPP), spray-dried blood meal (SDBM), soybean meal (SBM), isolated soy protein (ISP), dried skim milk (DSM), and fish meal (FM). The digestibilities of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE) and crude protein (CP) in DSM-based diet were the highest (p < 0.05), and those of SDBM and SBM diets were the lowest at the terminal ileum. The average ileal digestibilities of essential amino acids (AAs) were 88.3, 84.7, 84.6, 83.4, 83.0 and 77.7% for pigs fed the DSM, ISP, SDBM, SBM, SDPP and FM diets, respectively. There were no significant differences in overall apparent ileal AAs digestibilities in DSM and ISP diets. Digestibilities of essential AAs in DSM, however, were significantly higher than those of ISP (p < 0.05). Among the essential AAs, the digestibility of arginine was higher except for SDBM or DSM, than other AAs. The ileal digestibilities of lysine, methionine and threonine were higher (p < 0.05) in pigs fed SDBM or DSM diet than in those fed SBM diet. Digestibilities for SDPP or ISP diet in these AAs were similar except for threonine which was higher (p < 0.05) for SDPP diet. The apparent ileal digestibilities of lysine and methionine ranged from 79.6 (FM) to 92.5 (DSM) and 75.4 (SDPP) to 88.7 (DSM), respectively. The apparent fecal digestibilities of average essential AAs were 90.4, 89.1, 86.0, 84.4, 84.2 and 80.8% in pigs fed the DSM, ISP, SDBM, SDPP, SBM and FM diets, respectively. The fecal digestibilities of essential AAs were higher (p < 0.05) in pigs fed the DSM and ISP. Lysine digestibility in pigs fed the DSM or ISP diet was higher (p < 0.05) than that of pigs fed SBM diet. Apparent essential AAs digestibility was the highest (p < 0.05) in pigs fed DSM diet, and was the lowest (p < 0.05) in pigs fed FM diet. Digestiibilities of essential AAs and nonessential AAs were higher when measured over the total digestive tract than at the end of the small intestine except for several AAs in SDPP, SDBM and SBM diets. In conclusion, whether it is fecal or ileal, the digestibilities of proximate nutrients and AAs in pigs fed DSM and ISP diet were the highest, and those of pigs fed FM was the lowest.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.13 no.9
• /
• pp.1255-1262
• /
• 2000

A total of 80 pigs ($5.68{\pm}0.61kg$ BW; 21 d of age) were used to evaluate the effect of fat sources in weaned pigs. Pigs were allotted into five treatments based on body weight, in a completely randomized block design. Treatments consisted of diets representing different ratio between soy oil or corn oil and tallow; 1) S100 (soy oil 100%), 2) S75 (soy oil:tallow=75:25), 3) S50 (soy oil:tallow=50:50), 4) C75 (corn oil:tallow=75:25), 5) C50 (corn oil:tallow=50:50). During d 0 to 14, pigs were fed diets containing 3,400 kcal ME, 23% crude protein, 1.65 % lysine and for the period of d 15 to 28, pigs were fed diets supplying 3,400 kcal ME, 20.5% crude protein, 1.355% lysine. For d 0 to 14, a significant differences in ADG and ADFI were observed among treatments, pigs fed animal-vegetable fat blends gained more than pigs fed the S100. As tallow addition was increased from 25% to 50% replacing soy or corn oil, ADG was improved from 6.32% to 28.38%. In phase II (d 15 to 28) period, ADG, ADFI and FCR were not significantly different among treatments. For overall period (d 0 to 28), pigs fed 50% animal:50% vegetable fat blends diets consumed more feed and grew faster than pigs fed control diet and 75% vegetable oil:25% tallow groups, but the differences was not significant among treatments. Apparent DM, CP and fat digestibility were increased with time postweaning for each treatment. There were no differences in digestibilities of total amino acid during overall period. The combination of soy oil or corn oil with tallow produced slightly higher serum triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) combination compared with the soy oil alone. In conclusion, tallow:soy (or corn) oil blends diets improved growth rate and the ratio of 50% tallow plus 50% soy (or corn) oil blends diets were favorable for growth and nutrient digestibilities of weaned pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.385-392
• /
• 2007

A glucose clamp technique was used to compare dietary starch (ST), starch plus sucrose (ST+SU) and sucrose (SU) with regard to the effect on tissue responsiveness and sensitivity to insulin in intact adult male goats. The goats were fed diets containing 1.2 times of ME and CP for maintenance requirements twice daily for 21 d. Of the energy intake, 30% was offered with ST, ST+SU or SU for the respective diets, and 70% as alfalfa hay, ground corn and ground soybean meal at the respective weight ratio of 1, 1, and 0.3 for all diets. Tissue responsiveness and sensitivity to insulin were evaluated using a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp technique with four levels of insulin infusion beyond 13 h after feeding. The concentrations of plasma metabolites and insulin were also determined at 3, 6 and 13 h after feeding to evaluate the effects of different carbohydrates on metabolic states in the body. Plasma glucose concentration was higher (p = 0.01) for SU diet than for ST and ST+SU diets. Increasing SU intake decreased (p<0.01) plasma acetate concentration across the time. At 3 h but not 6 and 13 h after feeding, high lactate (p = 0.01), and non-significant high propionate (p = 0.14) and low urea nitrogen (p = 0.19) concentrations were observed in plasma on SU compared with ST and ST+SU diets. Plasma insulin concentration was not different (p = 0.44) between ST and SU fed animals. In the glucose clamp experiment, considering the effects on the maximal glucose infusion rate (tissue responsiveness to insulin, p = 0.54) and the plasma insulin concentration at half-maximal glucose infusion rate (insulin sensitivity, p = 0.54), SU was not different from ST. It is concluded that SU may not be greatly different from ST with regard to the effect on tissue responsiveness and sensitivity to insulin in adult goats when fed twice daily as part of a high-concentrate diet. The possible greater effects of SU on plasma metabolites concentrations at 3 h than at 6 and 13 h after feeding suggest that a lack of persistency of SU effects during the postfeeding period may be associated with the poor response to SU in insulin action.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.26 no.10
• /
• pp.1446-1458
• /
• 2013

The study assessed the effect of dietary supplementation of leaf meal mixture (LMM) containing condensed tannins (CT) on feed intake, nutrient utilization and performance of sheep infected with Haemonchus contortus. Eighteen adult sheep of similar age and body weight ($25.03{\pm}1.52$) were included in this study and out of these, 12 sheep were infected with single dose of infective third stage larvae of H. contortus at 2,000 larvae per sheep. The experimental sheep were allocated in three different groups' i.e. negative control (NC; no infection), control (C; H. contortus infected) and treatment (T; H. contortus infected+CT at 1.5% of the DM through LMM) and the experiment was conducted for a period of 90 d. The intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and digestibility of DM, OM, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) were comparable among three animal groups. However, digestibility of crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in NC group as compared to both C and T groups. Nitrogen (N) retention (g/d or % of N intake) was significantly (p = 0.038) lower in C group as compared to T and NC groups. Daily intake (g/kg $W^{0.75}$) of digestible crude protein (DCP), digestible organic matter (DOM) and total digestible nutrient (TDN) did not differ significantly (p<0.05) in the three groups. Haemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV) were significantly (p<0.001) higher in treatment group as compared to control. The level of Hb and PCV reduced (p<0.001) after 30 days of experimental feeding. CT significantly (p<0.001) reduced serum urea in T group as compared to NC and C groups. Serum proteins differed significantly (p<0.01) among the three groups. The activity of serum enzymes AST, ALT, ALP and LDH were also statistically non significant (p<0.05) among treatments. The weight of abomasal lymph nodes (ALN) in T group was higher (p<0.05) than in C group. Treatment group had lower (p<0.05) total worms and fecal egg count compared to control group. It may be concluded that dietary supplementation of CT through LMM significantly improved the N retention, and inhibited the different developmental stages of Haemonchus contortus in experimental sheep.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.325-329
• /
• 2004

Ten male buffalo calves (aged 6-8 months, average body wt. $88.5{\pm}0.5kg$) were divided into two groups of five animals in each. All the animals were fed on urea-ammoniated wheat straw (4% urea, 50% moisture) along with concentrate mixture (50:50 on DM basis). In addition animals in group II were given sodium sulphate to see the effect of sulphur on the utilization of nitrogen added through urea-ammoniation. This feeding practice continued for a period of 120 d, during which fortnightly body weights were taken to assess their growth rate. A metabolism trial was conducted after 90 days of feeding to know the digestibility of nutrients and their balance. Results revealed no significant difference in the intake of DM and other nutrients in two groups. The digestibility of DM, OM, EE, NDF, ADF and cellulose was alike in animals fed ammoniated straw and ammoniated straw+sodium sulphate supplemented group, whereas the digestibilities of CP and hemicellulose was significantly (p<0.01) more in group I and II respectively. There was no significant difference in intake of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus in 2 groups. Similarly, the balance of these 3 nutrients was positive and statistically alike in two groups. Intake and excretion of sulphur through faeces and urine was significantly (p<0.01) more in group II than in group I. Inspite of higher excretion of sulphur through faeces and urine in group II, the sulphur balance was significantly (p<0.05) more in group II than in group I, probably due to significantly (p<0.01) higher intake of sulphur in this group. There was no significant difference in total body weight gain or average daily gain between two groups, indicating that addition of sodium sulphate did not have any positive effect on these parameters. Similarly the intake of DM, DCP and TDN were also alike in two groups. The DCP and TDN values of the two diets were 8.0, 60.4 and 6.8, 56.6% respectively. Feeding cost/unit gain was alike in both the groups.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.81-89
• /
• 2004

Tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$) and lymphotoxin-$\alpha$ (LT-$\alpha$, TNF-$\beta$) can initiate and perpetuate human diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). TNFs can be blocked by the use of soluble TNF receptors. However, since monomeric soluble receptors generally exhibit low affinity or function as agonists, the use of monomeric soluble receptors has been limited in the case of cytokines such as TNF-$\alpha$, TNF-$\alpha$, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-13, which have adapted to a multi component receptor system. For these reasons, very high-affinity inhibitors were created for the purpose of a TNFs antagonist to bind the TNFR and trigger cellular signal by using the multistep polymerase chain reaction method. First, recombinant simple TNFR-Ig fusion proteins were constructed from the cDNA sequences encoding the extracellular domain of the human p55 TNFR (CD120a) and the human p75 TNFR (CD120b), which were linked to hinge and constant regions of human $IgG_1$ heavy chain, respectively using complementary primers (CP) encoding the complementary sequences. Then, concatameric TNFR-Ig fusion proteins were constructed using recombinant PCR and a complementary primer base of recombinant simple TNFR-Ig fusion proteins. For high level expression of recombinant fusion proteins, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were used with a retroviral expression system. The transfected cells produced the simple concatameric TNFR-Ig fusion proteins capable of binding TNF and inactivating it. These soluble versions of simple concantameric TNFR-Ig fusion proteins gave rise to multiple forms such as simple dimers and concatameric homodimers. Simple TNFR-1g fusion proteins were shown to have much more reduced TNF inhibitory activity than concatameric TNFR-Ig fusion proteins. Concatameric TNFR-Ig fusion proteins showed higher affinity than simple TNFR-Ig fusion proteins in a receptor inhibitor binding assay (RIBA). Additionally, concatameric TNFR-Ig fusion proteins were shown to have a progressive effect as a TNF inhibitor compared to the simple TNFR-Ig fusion proteins and conventional TNFR-Fc in cytotoxicity assays, and showed the same results for collagen induced arthritis (CIA) in mice in vivo.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.50 no.4
• /
• pp.452-458
• /
• 2017

The nitrogen isotope value in both ammonium and nitrate ion were determined at 9 stations during both June and August 2016, in order to understand the origin of DIN at the Han river. ${\delta}^{15}N-NO_3$ and ${\delta}^{15}N-NH_4$ values in 8 stations (CP, SB, MHC, P4, SJ, SBC, P2, SC) were no significant variation. However ${\delta}^{15}N-NO_3$ and ${\delta}^{15}N-NH_4$ values in KK (Kyeongan stream) showed significant different in comparison with 8 stations, with an apparent increase of nitrogen isotope values. These results indicate that antropogenic nitrogen source influence on KK station. Also the ${\delta}^{13}C$ and ${\delta}^{15}N$ isotope ratio of phytoplankton (Diatom and Cyanobacteria) in KK (Kyeongan stream) showed heavier values, compared to other study stations. These results indicate that nitrogen isotope value in phytoplankton effects by different nitrogen source in study sites. These results suggest that the analysis of stable isotope ratios is a simple but useful tool for the identification of dissolved inorganic nitrogen origin in aquatic environments.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.247-256
• /
• 1994

This experiment was carried out to determine harvesting date and cultivar effects on growth characteristics, forage yield and quality of spring sown oats(Avena surivu L.) at the forage experimental field, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Swul National University, Suwwn from March 22 to June 20, 1993. The experiment was arranged in a split plot design with three replications. The main plots consisted of the harvesting dates such as early(24 May), mid(8 June) and late(20 June). The subplots consisted of different maturities of oat cultivm such as Speed oat, Cayuse, Foothill, Sv841034 and Magnum.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.232-244
• /
• 2000

Domestic market of mass catering establishments has been increased greatly since early 90's with the emergence of professional mass catering business and the expansion of school food service. Because of the characteristics of mass catering establishment, feeding many people at a time, there is always a high potential of foodborne outbreak which requires special sanitary management to prevent. Large-scale outbreaks occurred last few years in Korea revealed the necessity of establishing strong safety measures for the sanitary management of mass catering establishments. Currently, many catering businesses are interested in Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points(HACCP), a new sanitary management system, and are trying to implement HACCP for their food services. Korean government is also undertaking model projects for mass catering establishments. Accordingly, numerous efforts are being given to dove op HACCP plans by the academia and industry, however, there has been no report on generic HACCP model which can be used directly for mass catering establishments dealing with numerous menus. Therefore, this study suggested a methodology to develop HACCP plans for domestic mass catering establishments and a generic HACCP model which can be applied to most Korean mass catering establishments hoping to implement HACCP system.