• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.276-282
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• 1998

Retinoids regulate a wide variety of biological processes such as cellular proliferation and differentiation in many cell types. They have also shown to stimulate replication of several viruses including human cytomegalovirus (CMV). Retinoid signalling pathway involves two distinct subfamilies of nuclear receptors, retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs) that bind to specific retinoic acid response elements (RAREs) in the promoter regions of retinoid-target genes. Here, we characterized RAREs in the regulatory regions of the CMV and of the hepatitis B vi.us (HBV). The viral RAREs, i.e., CMV-RARE and HBV-RARE, are composed of two consensus RARE half-sites (A/GGGTCA) arranged as a direct repeat separated by 5-bp and 1-bp, respectively. The RAREs were activated by both RAR/RXR heterodimers and RXR homodimers in transient transfection experiments. We also found that COUP-TF$\alpha$ (chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor u) and COUP-TF$\beta$ repressed the retinoid response of the viral elements. Further we demonstrated that previously known retinoid antagonist, SRI 1330, repressed retinoid-induced transactivation of the CMV-RARE. These results implicate Vitamin A, it's nuclear receptors and COUP-TFs as important regulators of the CMV and HBV pathogenesis and the SRl1330 as potential negative modulator of such retinoid-dependent processes.

• 이베로아메리카
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.1-54
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• 2021

1996년 12월 29일 과테말라 정부와 게릴라 단체인 "과테말라민족혁명연합"(Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional Guatemala: URNG) 지도자가 "과테말라평화협정"에 서명함으로써, 36년간(1960-1996) 과테말라에서 지속되었던 내전이 종식되었다. 36년 내전 동안에 사망자나 실종자는 20만 명에 이르렀고, 40만 명의 과테말라 인이 내전으로 인해서 과테말라를 떠났다. 1954년 6월 미국의 도움으로 과테말라에서 아르마스(Carlos Castillo Armas, 1954-1957)가 쿠데타를 일으켜서 당시의 아르벤즈(Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán, 1950-1954) 정부를 전복시켰다. 이후 아르마스는 과테말라의 대통령이 되었다. 1957년 아르마스는 암살되었고 1958년부터 보수 세력 출신인 이디고라스(Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes, 1958-1963)가 대통령에 당선되면서 36년 동안의 내전이 시작되었다. 이디고라스는 미국기업의 이익을 위한 미국의 꼭두각시 대통령으로 평가되었다. 과테말라의 36년간 내전은 이디고라스 정부에서 시작되었지만, 보다 근본적으로 보자면 1954년 쿠데타가 36년간 내전의 원인이라 볼 수 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 과테말라에서 1954년에 발생한 쿠데타의 배경과 특징을 살펴보는 것이다.

• Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.47-56
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• 2011

After the 2006 coup $d^{\prime}{\acute{e}}tat$, there were many unusual incidents in Thailand, some of which involved considerable bloodshed, which originated from clashes between those in power and dissenters. This article examines how political institutions in Thailand are structured, and the author argues that, in order to effectively assess the state of Thai politics after the coup, an analysis of the structures of political legitimacy in the country is essential. The author will be exploring the way in which political legitimacy is generally determined by the established power holders, especially the monarchy and its allies. The ideologies and beliefs of recent dissenters will also be examined in detail.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.706-718
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• 2014

Ideology which symbolizes the belief system about the order of human society represents itself in a concrete form through dress which reflects material and conceptual world. In the early 1960s Korea, where a civil revolution and a military coup took place, good examples of dress representing ideology could be found. This study investigates the dress representing ideology of the period, and examines its manifestation and aspect of transition. Literature survey and case study were conducted. The following results were obtained: First, dress representing ideology was symbolically verifying its differences and was changing with the course of time. There were the flow going down from the government, and the flow going up from the movement of the civilian. Through this process, design elements of ideological dress were combined in a dialectic way to form a new representational dress such as Jaegunbok. Second, costly and luxurious clothes meant a tool to rule over people, and the opposition was uniform meaning equality. In 1960 Korea, black waves of school uniforms appeared to lead the social change. A year later, the military government seized power in a 5.16 coup and it enforced uniform upon every people to achieve equal austerity and modernized spirit. Lastly, cotton, which was originated from Gandhi's movement in India, was symbolizing nationalism till the early 1960s in Korea meaning the funding own development with own resources.

• 영미문화
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.65-102
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• 2018

This paper focuses on "The Story of $Bras-Coup{\acute{e}}$" in George Washington Cable's The Grandissimes (1880), a story to and around which Cable claimed the larger work was built. It tells of an African candio sold into slavery who, to the dismay of his white purchasers, refuses to work, strikes his master, and runs away to lead a life of a fugitive in the swamps. He is finally captured, whipped, and maimed, but not before he casts a powerful voodoo curse at his master and his plantation. He dies a heroic death, with the last words that he goes "To--Africa." Cable once said that he "meant The Grandissimes as truly a political work as it ever has been called." It is a political work in that $Bras-Coup{\acute{e}}^{\prime}s$ personal rebellion is associated with much-feared slave revolts, especially the black revolution in San Domingue/Haiti. There is also $Honor{\acute{e}}$ f.m.c. (free man of color), one of the narrators of "The Story of $Bras-Coup{\acute{e}}$" and a stand-in for the Freedmen in the postbellum United States, who nurses his own insurrectionary flame. Through these figures Cable makes a "terrible suggestion" that a black revolution is on the horizon unless whites would not mend their ways soon.

• Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.1-16
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• 2007

• Asian Journal of Business Environment
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.67-72
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• 2015

Purpose - This aim of this study is to examine how conglomerates in Korea have evolved from the perspective of institutional economics. The growth of the economy, dominated by large conglomerates, is projected in light of the dynamic equilibrium between government and capitalists. Research design, data, and methodology - The historical formation of big business groups is examined in chronological order. For the analysis, we divide the assessment into three different eras: Japanese colonial rule, liberation up to the civil war, and the fast growing period since the military coup. Each period is viewed as a dynamic equilibrium that is shaped by economic agents. Results and Conclusion - Despite the rise of modern commerce during the colonial era, contemporary conglomerates came into being with the "enemy property" allotted by the government. Around the civil war, the government coexisted with prototype conglomerates through foreign aid. As the external aid decreased, the system could not be sustained anymore, thus the military coup took place. The reinstated strong bond between government and the conglomerates has shaped the forms of the modern conglomerates thereafter.

• 대한간호
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• 제5권1호통권21호
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• pp.10-31
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• 1966

The advance of ''nurse'', in the ture sense of the meaning, dates back to the year 1884, when a coup detat was attempted by the progressive minority against the dominant Conservatives; and when for the first time the Western wisdom of medical science bega

• Strategy21
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• 통권31호
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• pp.120-141
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• 2013

Korea, China, and Japan forms triangle structure which mixed complicatedly on the history and maritime territorial disputes. Nationalism lies on the basis of triangle structure, and it is a main factor which increase tension and conflicts among three countries. Considering dynamics of changing nationalism circumstance, Ieodo issue needs to prepare active countermeasures which considers cope with nationalism confrontations. The aim of this article is suggests preparations of active countermeasures cope with nationalism provocative actions. First, I will specify nationalism as a factor of territorial dispute, and review characters of Ieodo issue. Second, I will analyse China's nationalism to Ieodo through analysis of China's media contents and coverage trend of Ieodo issue (2006~2008). I will suggest necessity of active defense measures coup with China's nationalism, basis of these analysis. As a result, China's nationalism might be a criterion which measures of China's desire for Ieodo. Stimulating Ieodo coverage of China's state media can be a criterion which predicts China governments's for Jurisdiction of Ieodo. We need active measures coup with China's nationalism Which evolves into a much more bold and assertive.

• 동남아시아연구
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.89-126
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• 2013

The Red shirts came to attract attention of the international community during April to May in 2010 by successfully organizing explosive popular demonstrations. The momentum was the military coup on September 9, 2006. The Red color was chosen amid movements against the new constitution instituted under the military junta. In discourse struggles, the Red shirts compared their resistance against the Democratic Party government lead by Abhisit Vejjajiva to that of phrai (commoner or serfs) against ammart (aristocrats or bureaucrats) under the pre-modern reign of sakdina. The Red shirts strongly accused Prem Tinsulanonda, the chief of the Privy Council, of being a mastermind of 2006 military coup, who symbolically represents the cohesion between the palace and the military. It has constituted an unprecedented defiance towards national taboo where the trinity of Nation, Religion, and King has been consecrated. The objective of this article is to review the Red Shirts' ideology, organizations and activities in terms of the modernized phrai's struggles for expanding counter-hegemony. While Antonio Gramsci focused on why socialist revolution had failed to materialize in capitalist Western Europe, I pay attention to why political liberalism has failed to wash away pre-modernity and take root in capitalist Thailand, applying the Gramscian concept of hegemony by contrasting 'hybrid ammart' with 'modernized phrai'.