• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.50-50
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• 2022

Recently, the use of mulching film has increased in soybean cultivation. Polyethylene (PE) films and biodegradable films (BF) have the advantages of improving soil moisture retention, geothermal maintenance, and CO2 maintenance as well providing weed control. Furthermore, BFs are a material that can compensate for the shortcomings of PE because it has the ability to decompose naturally by soil microorganisms, sunlight, and geothermal heat. Many researches have been carrying out studies regarding the development of BFs for these very reasons. This study was conducted better understand which films are optimal for soybean cultivation after evaluations of soybean growth and film characteristics of various BFs. BFs Farmsbio (Farm Hannong), Heulgro Film (Sejin Bio), Vonto Film (Eco-Hansung), two unnamed biodegradable films (Seojin Bio and Taesung), and a PE film were used in this study. For the control plots, no mulching was used. Experimental fields were fertilized according to conventional cultivation methods, tilled, and then covered with either BFs or PE films. After 1 week, soybean (cv. Daechan) seeds were seeded. Germination rate and plant height were measured at weekly intervals after seeding. In addition, pH, EC, and decomposition and light transmittance levels of films were measured during the experimental period. Daily average temperatures and relative humidity in soils was measured during the experimental period. There was no significant difference in germination rates and plant height in both crops grown with BFs and PE films, but crops grown in the control plot had significantly lower germination rates and growth. Soil pH was not significantly different regardless of treatments (BF, PE, and non-mulching) at 14, 28, and 42 days after seeding. In general, the EC contents in the control plots was lower than in crops grown using BFs and PE films. With the exception of some BFs, light transmittance and decomposition levels of films did not, in general, increase up to 70 days after soybean seeding. Since this study is ongoing, we are continually investigating these parameters. The average daily moisture in soil was higher in crops grown with BFs and PE films than in the control plot. However, the daily average soil temperature was not consistent regardless of treatments. Therefore, the BFs used in this study can be used without negative impacts on soybean growth.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.431-436
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• 2023

As the industry develops, the amount of heavy metals flowing into the ecosystem is increasing. Heavy metals are difficult to decompose and remain in the ecosystem for a long time and cause toxicity, which is removed by physicochemical methods such as adsorption, filtration, and chemical precipitation during water treatment. In this study, Alginate bead was selected as a chelating resin for adsorbing and removing heavy metals, and the Jellyfish Extract at Immunity reaction (JEI) were mixed to evaluate the adsorption efficiency of heavy metals accordingly. beads mixed with JEI showed high adsorption efficiency in lead (79-99%) and copper (64-70%) according to the characteristics of Alginate, and low adsorption efficiency in cadmium (25-37%) and zinc (5-6%). Although heavy metal adsorption did not increase in proportion to the content of JEI, 50% and 100% JEI beads showed significant increases. As a result of applying the reaction rate equation, it was found that it was more suitable for the pseudo-secondary reaction equation than the pseudo-first reaction equation.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.1764-1776
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• 2021

Objective: This study aimed to validate a deep learning-based fully automatic calcium scoring (coronary artery calcium [CAC]_auto) system using previously published cardiac computed tomography (CT) cohort data with the manually segmented coronary calcium scoring (CAC_hand) system as the reference standard. Materials and Methods: We developed the CAC_auto system using 100 co-registered, non-enhanced and contrast-enhanced CT scans. For the validation of the CAC_auto system, three previously published CT cohorts (n = 2985) were chosen to represent different clinical scenarios (i.e., 2647 asymptomatic, 220 symptomatic, 118 valve disease) and four CT models. The performance of the CAC_auto system in detecting coronary calcium was determined. The reliability of the system in measuring the Agatston score as compared with CAC_hand was also evaluated per vessel and per patient using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and Bland-Altman analysis. The agreement between CAC_auto and CAC_hand based on the cardiovascular risk stratification categories (Agatston score: 0, 1-10, 11-100, 101-400, > 400) was evaluated. Results: In 2985 patients, 6218 coronary calcium lesions were identified using CAC_hand. The per-lesion sensitivity and false-positive rate of the CAC_auto system in detecting coronary calcium were 93.3% (5800 of 6218) and 0.11 false-positive lesions per patient, respectively. The CAC_auto system, in measuring the Agatston score, yielded ICCs of 0.99 for all the vessels (left main 0.91, left anterior descending 0.99, left circumflex 0.96, right coronary 0.99). The limits of agreement between CAC_auto and CAC_hand were 1.6 ± 52.2. The linearly weighted kappa value for the Agatston score categorization was 0.94. The main causes of false-positive results were image noise (29.1%, 97/333 lesions), aortic wall calcification (25.5%, 85/333 lesions), and pericardial calcification (24.3%, 81/333 lesions). Conclusion: The atlas-based CAC_auto empowered by deep learning provided accurate calcium score measurement as compared with manual method and risk category classification, which could potentially streamline CAC imaging workflows.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.1079-1085
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• 2003

Modified atmosphere packaging was applied to oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) to study the effect of storage temperatures and packaging materialso. Whole mushrooms (200g) were package with polyethylene film $(PE,\;60{\mu}m\;thickness)$, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), or ceramic film (containing 5% zeolite) and stored at 0, 5, 10 and $20^{\circ}C$. Weight loss, color, firmness, gas composition $(O_2,\;CO_2)$ inside the film package and ethanol content in the tissue of MA packaged mushrooms were examined. Mushroom that were packed unwrapped in a conventional hardboard box (2 kg) lost marketability at a very early stage of storage due to weight loss, shrinkage, browning, and spore formation. During storage, film packaging prevented or retarded the deterioration of the mushrooms in the aspects of appearance, texture, and discoloration. Firmness slightly decreased with storage time. Total color difference was much higher in the control than in the film-packaged mushroom and rapidly increased at the early of storage. Correlation analysis showed a high correlation between total color difference and b values. These results were characterized by the reduced respiration rate resulting from elevated carbon dioxide and reduced oxygen levels in the package. At all storage temperatures, ethanol content in the tissue increased slightly at the early part of storage and rose considerably towards the end of the storage period. Ethanol content in the oyster mushrooms was higher in the stipe than in pileus tissues. The shelf life of the oyster mushrooms was about $8{\sim}11$ days at $0^{\circ}C$, about $4{\sim}6$ day at $5^{\circ}C$, about $2{\sim}3$ days at $10^{\circ}C$, and about $1{\sim}2$ days at $20^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.337-345
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• 1995

To evaluate the pathogenicity and immunogenicity of Eimeria tenella to the chicken treated with dexamethasone(DEX) and testosterone propionate (TES), we administered 0.1ml/chicken of dexamethasone and 40mg/chicken of testosterone propionate at 1-, 2-, and 7-days old, respectively. We also immunized with ND oil-emulsion vaccine at 2 weeks old. After that, we immunized and challenged with 100 and $1{\times}10^5$ oocysts/chicken of E tenella at 2 and 4 weeks old, respectively. And then we investigated the HI titers for ND virus, survival rate, body weight gain, lesion score and the weight of the bursa of Fabricius and thymus. The titers for ND virus in the groups treated with TES were higher than those in the groups treated with DEX and CON during 3 to 6 weeks. After challenge, the survival rate of testosterone propionate treated-challenged(TES-CHA) and TES-immunized and challenged(TES-V&C) groups were 61.5 and 83.3% and those of the other groups were all 100%. At 1 week after challenge, the lesion scores of TES-CHA group(4.0) was the highest of all experimental groups. Those of DEX and controlchallenged( CON-CHA) groups were 2.8, and those of all V&C groups were 2.4. During 1 and 2 weeks after immunization, the body weight gains of TES groups were severe low(61.6-82.2g and 189.6-260.4g). During 1 and 2 weeks after challenge, the body weight gains of all CHA groups were lower than those of not challenged groups. But, those of all V AC groups were not different from those of not immunized groups. At 4- and 6-weeks old, the weight of the bursa of Fabricius and thymus in the chicken of all TES groups were lower than those of all control (CON) and DEX groups. Therefore, testosterone propionate acted as immunosuppressive drug. Also, it was thought that the chicken affected a little humoral immunity to E tenella.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.61-66
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• 1989

Plants were exposed to different sub-optimal growth temperature regimes for hardening or sprayed with abscisic acid (ABA) before being placed at $10^{\circ}C$ for three days. Comparisons were made with non-treated plants for plant survival, photosynthetic activities and fatty acids composition of phospholipids. The level of endogenous ABA of the hardened seedlings was compared with that in control and ABA sprayed-seedlings. The results of the above experiment were summarized as follows: 1. Compared to non-treated plants, the hardening and ABA treatment resulted in higher plant survival rate and better seedling growth following earlier transplanting. The low temperature hardening which gradually increased the duration of the low temperature treatment at 2-day intervals was more effective than the controled temperature hardening which gradually decreased the temperature from $25^{\circ}C$ to $20^{\circ}C$ and $15^{\circ}C$. 2. The photosynthetic activities of rice leaves after 3-day exposure to $10^{\circ}C$ were higher in hardened and ABA sprayed seedlings than in non-treated plants. The root activities after low temperature treatment were also higher in hardened and ABA sprayed seedlings than in control. 3. Fatty acids of phospholipids in rice plants such as stearic acid and oleic acid were decreased and the highly unsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid and lenolenic acid were increased by hardening or ABA treatments. It is assumed that the increase of cold tolerance in these plants was due to the higher ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids. Respectively, the ratio was 1.86, 1.97 and 1.80 in plants given controled temperature hardening, the low temperature hardening and ABA treatments. While in control plants, it was 1.17. 4. ABA content in rice seedling given the low temperature hardening treatment was 67.2 ng/g F.W which was approximately twice that of non-treated control, which was 33.9 ng/f F. W., in contrast, the ABA content of the ABA treated seedlings was 91.7 ng/g F. W.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.619-627
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• 2008

The objective of this study was to compare the microleakage of five adhesive systems in the enamel and dentin of permanent teeth. Class V cavity preparations with occlusal margins in enamel and gingival margins in dentin were prepared on both buccal and lingual surfaces of 25 extracted human molar teeth. The tested adhesives were: Adper Scotchbond Multi-purpose Plus Adhesive (SM), Adper Single bond 2 (SB), Clearfil SE Bond (SE), Adper Prompt L-Pop (PL) and G-Bond (GB). The results were as follows: 1. At the enamel margins, PL showed the highest leakage value(0.85), and others showed values of SB(0.55), GB(0.50), SM(0.35) and SE(0.25) in decreasing order. There were statistically significant differences in PL vs. SM and PL vs. SE(p<0.05). 2. At the dentin margins, GB showed the highest leakage value(2.10), and others showed values of SE(1.45), PL(1.40), SB(1.05), SM(0.70) in decreasing order. There were statistically significant differences in GB vs. SB and GB vs. SM(p<0.05). 3. Dentin margins showed high dye penetration rate than enamel margins in all material tested groups and there were statistically significant differences for SE, PL and GB.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.193-197
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• 2014

Transgenic crops that produce insecticidal toxins have a great potential for controlling target pest insects, but there is a growing concern about unintended influences on non-target species. In the present study, the preferences and performance of non-target green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), on transgenic cabbages (Brassica oleracea) that produce Bt toxin (Cry1Ac1) and untransformed control plants were investigated as a part of risk assessment. In a free-choice situation, the number of nymphs larviposited by 10 winged adults over 3 days was $21.9{\pm}1.8$ and $22.5{\pm}2.2$ on transgenic and the control plants, respectively, indicating that the aphids did not discriminate between the two types of plants. In a performance assay, the development time (D) and intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of wingless aphids reared on transgenic and control plants were also similar (D, $5.8{\pm}0.2$ and $5.9{\pm}0.1$ (days) and rm, $0.7{\pm}0.1$ and $0.8{\pm}0.1$, for transgenic and control plants, respectively). These results suggest that M. persicae is not significantly affected by transgenic Bt cabbage.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.462-472
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• 2001

Background : The determinants of intubation and the response to therapy in COPD patients with hypercapnic respiratory failure were retrospectively reviewed. Methods : This study involved a review of 132 episodes of hypercapnic respiratory failure($PaCO_2\;{\geq}\;50\;mmHg$ and $pH\;{\leq}\;7.35$). The time frame for resolution or the time to intubation of patients who were admitted between 1996 and 1999 was analyzed. Results : Out of 132 hypercapnic episodes, 49(37%) required intubation. A comparison was made with the 83 cases that responded to treatment. Patients requiring intubation had a greater severity of illness, which included a higher APACHE II (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II) score ($20{\pm}5$ vs $14{\pm}4$ ; p<0.01), a higher WBC, a higher serum BUN, and greater acidosis (pH, $7.23{\pm}0.11$ vs $7.32{\pm}0.04$ ; p<0.01). Those with the most severe acidosis(pH<7.20) had the highest intubation rate(87%) and shortest time to intubation($2{\pm}3\;h$). Conversely, those with an initial pH 7.31 to 7.35 were less likely to be intubated(20%), and had a longer time to intubation($97{\pm}121\;h$). The patients with a pH 7.21 to 7.25($4.1{\pm}2.9$ day) required longer period of time to respond to medical treatment than patients with a pH of 7.31 to 7.35($2.2{\pm}3.1$ day). Of those patients requiring intubation, half(55%) were intubated within 8 h of admission, and most (75%) within 24 h. Of those patients responding to treatment medical therapy, half(52%) recovered within 24 h and most (78%) recovered within 48 h. Conclusion: Respiratory acidosis at the initial presentation is associated with an increased likelihood of intubation. This should assist in deciding help with the decision whether to treat patients medically, institute noninvasive ventilation, or proceed to intubation.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.147-155
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• 2016

This study presented a measure for turning by-products, released from land farming sites, into resources. The measure involved adding food by-products such as rice bran and nonfat soybean to the sludge, released from the eel farming sites, inoculating the lactic acid bacteria, Aspergillus oryzae, and Bacillus subtilis by step, fermenting them, and measuring the changed ingredients of the fermented fodder. The water content of the fermented fodder by the step of preparation was the first-step fermented product (14.6%) using the lactic acid bacteria, and the second and third-stage fermented product (33.0% and 34.0% respectively) using Aspergillus oryzae and Bacillus subtilis. The pH level was found to be 5.38 in the first-step fermented product due to the secretion of lactic acid caused by the lactic acid bacteria, and the pH level of the second and third-stage fermented products was 5.66 and 7.26, respectively, showing that the pH level increased. The phytic acid content was 0.126g/100g in the first-step fermented product, 0.004g/100g in the second-stage fermented product, and 0.093g/100g in the third-stage fermented product. The measurement of nitrogen content revealed that the amino nitrogen content was high with 1226.37mg% in the second-stage fermented product, and a little lower with 710.18mg% in the third-stage fermented product. The ammonium nitrogen content increased from 0.988mg/kg in the first-stage fermented product to 1.502mg/kg in the third-stage fermented product. Total nitrogen content increased to 2.78% in the first-stage fermented product, 4.08% in the second-stage fermented product, and 4.85% in the third-stage fermented product. As fermentation continued with the three microbes, the phytic acid decreased, and the protein decomposition rate increased. Also, due to the 3 step fermentation, the low-molecule nitrogen ingredient content increased, suggesting that the fodder was developed to offer high digestion and absorption.