• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.2
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• pp.221-228
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• 1994

Respitation and growth rates of leaves, branches, stems and roots of 2 to 11-yr-old red pine trees(Pinus densiflora) were examined and applied to Thornley's growth equation, $$R=(\frac{1-Yg}{Yg})\frac{dW}{dt}+mW$$. The conversion efficiency of substrates(Yg), maintenance respiration coefficients(m), relative growth rates(${\mu}$) were estimated. The efficiency of conversion of substrates (Yg) was 0.3637g/g dw/yr and the maintenance respiration coefficient(m0 was 0.094g/g dw/yr. The relative growth rate(${\mu}$) was remarkably reduced with age from 0.90(2-year-old) to 0.33:11 year-old). The Ratio of gross respiration(R) per gross photosynthesis(Pg), R/Pg showed the range of 0.6~0.7 and annually 64% of Pg was spent for constructive respiration. The 3.4% of dry weight of whole tree was spent for maintenance respiration.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.351-357
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• 1987

A laboratory experiment was conducted to find out the effect of organic fertilizer as Bio-com$^{(R)}$ on the changes of pH and Eh values, gas evolution, ammonification and nitrification, and microbial population with farmer's compost and refused mushroom compost in submerged paddy condition. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Application of compost and refused mushroom compost was increased the pH values than that of NPK alone. Organic fertilizer of Bio-com$^{(R)}$ showed the same results of the farmer's compost or refused mushroom compost. 2. Population of soil microbes as bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi was increased by application of compost, refused mushroom compost and Bio-com$^{(R)}$. Moreover, the results were pronounced more with the addition of NPK. 3. The application of Bio-com$^{(R)}$ was effected to the increase of the amount of $NO_3-N$ and the rate of nitrification than NPK, farmer's compost or refused mushroom compost. 4. The amounts of evolved gases as $CH_4$, $CO_2$, and $N_2O$ were not much differed with application of kinds of compost and NPK, but little increasing tendency was observed in application of NPK than that of NPK+kinds of compost.

• Clean Technology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.266-272
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• 2011

Anchovy oil was extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide ($SCO_2$) and organic solvents. Extraction was carried out at temperature range from 40 to $60^{\circ}C$, and pressure range from 15 to 25 MPa. The flow rate of $CO_2$ (22 $gmin^{-1}$) was constant entire the extraction period of 1.5 h. The fatty acid composition of anchovy oil was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). The main fatty acids of anchovy oil were myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, palmitoleic acid, EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid). In addition, the oil obtained by $SCO_2$ extraction contained a higher percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids especially EPA and DHA comparing to the organic solvent extracted oil. The oxidative stability of oils extracted from Anchovy by $SCO_2$ extraction was compared to those extracted by organic solvents. Results showed that the storage periods of oils obtained by $SCO_2$ extraction were longer than those of organic solvents extraction.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.231-238
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• 2008

Quality attributes of fresh-cut sesame leaf (Perilla frutescens var. japonica) as affected by hydrocooling and packing were investigated in terms of weight loss, respiration, vitamin C content, total chlorophyll content, microbial load and sensory properties during storage at 4 and $10^{\circ}C$. Fresh sesame leaf was trimmed and washed with cold water (1, $5^{\circ}C$) as well as tap water ($13^{\circ}C$) for 30 sec 3 times and then packaged in PP (polypropylene) film bag and PETE (polyethylene terephthalate) tray, and stored for 9 days at 4 and $10^{\circ}C$. Weight loss was decreased by washing and packing. Respiration rate was increased slowly over the storage at $4^{\circ}C$. Vitamin C content and total chlorophyll contents of sesame leaf packaged within PETE tray decreased gradually during storage. Hydrocooling and packing within PETE tray treatments resulted in approximately $1{\sim}2\;log\;CFU/g$ reduction of microbial load.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.404-412
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• 2015

The slurry composting and bio-filtration (SCB) liquid manure has some obvious advantages including a good source of N, P and K, local availability, effective microorganism and the ability to improve soil properties. This study was conducted to evaluate the influence on the changes of soil chemical properties and yield of red pepper by fertigation cultivation with SCB application for 2 years. Red pepper was transplanted in early May in 2013 and 2014. The treatment with three replication was composed of 4 types as control (N 1.0), SCB 0.5N, SCB 1.0N, and SCB 2.0N standards of recommended nitrogen fertilizer ($19kg\;N\;10a^{-1}$). The fertigation cultivation which was installed the surface drip irrigation system was splitted 10 times as $2.5Mg\;10a^{-1}$ nutritional solution included with chemical fertilizer and SCB every 10 days during the cultivation. The height and width of pepper plant were 7.0% and 5.8% higher in SCB 2.0N treatment than that in control. The yield of red pepper increased with the increasing of SCB application rates from SCB 0.5N to 2.0N. The yield of SCB 1.0N was much better 10% in average than that of control, and there was significant differences among all treatments. pH of control soil after final harvest decreased to 6.1, however pH of SCB treated soils increased from 6.7 to 7.1 depending on SCB application rates. The Exch.-K contents of SCB treated soils were increased 13.7 to 56.9% after final harvest compared with control by $0.51cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$. Accordingly, these results showed that SCB 1.0N application rate as a recommended nitrogen level based on soil testing can be used as an alternative nitrogen management as well as plant nutrition for red pepper cultivation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.898-904
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• 2021

This experimental study aims to investigate the use of a wet electrostatic precipitator as a post-treatment device to satisfy the strict emission regulations for sulfur oxides and particulate matter (PM). The inlet/outlet of a wet electrostatic precipitator was installed in a funnel using a marine four-stroke diesel engine (STX-MAN B&W) consuming marine heavy fuel oil (HFO) with a sulfur content of about 2.1%. Measurements were then obtained at the outlet of the wet electrostatic precipitator; an optical measuring instrument (OPA-102), and the weight concentration measurement method (Method 5 Isokinetic Train) were used for the PM measurements and the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR; DX-4000) approach was used for the sulfur oxide measurements. The experimenst were conducted by varying the engine load from 50%, to 75% and 100%; it was noted that the PM reduction efficiency was a high at about 94 to 98% under all load conditions. Additionally, during the process of lowering the exhaust gas temperature in the quenching zone of the wet electrostatic precipitator, the sulfur dioxide (SO₂) values reduced because of the cleaning water, and the reduction rate was confirmed to be 55% to 81% depending on the engine load.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.208-216
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• 2021

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This study aimed to investigate the status of renal function in patients with COVID-19. The study surveyed a total of 649 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 at a hospital located in southern Gyeonggi Province, South Korea over a one month period in January 2021. The parameters analyzed were blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, sodium, potassium, chloride, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The BUN and creatinine of the COVID-19 patients were found to be higher than the normal reference range, specially in males, and in the elderly (60s and 80s or older). The serum electrolyte levels of the patients were observed to be within the reference intervals. Of the subjects, males over 80 years of age had a Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) of 60 mL/min/1.73 m² or less. Recent research suggests that some severe cases of COVID-19 are showing signs of kidney damage, even in those with no prior underlying kidney disease. Thus, assessment of kidney function using multiple indicators could help diagnose abnormal renal function in patients with COVID-19.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.215-224
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• 2009

Objectives : Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by typically distributed eczematous skin lesion with pruritus, lichenification and dry skin. In this study, we performed to assess the therapeutic effects of co-treatment of Chenilyeomgamibang (CGB) and Chenggihaedok-san (CHS, C&C) on the TNCB(trinitrochlorobenzene)-induced atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice, characterized by the onset of atopic dermatitis along with an increase the number of inflammatory cells and dysregulation of Th2 cytokines. Methods : Defined amount of CGB was sprayed on mice skin and CHS was simultaneously orally administrated to TNCB treated NC/Nga mice for 5 weeks. The immune cell types were caracterized by flow cytometry using each specific antibody. The amount of Th2 cytokines in serum and splenocytes culture supernatant were measured by ELISA. Results : Administration of C&C significantly reduced clinical dermatitis severity including pruritus, edema, eczematous and erythema. Histological findings indicated that the thickening of epidermis/dermis and dermal infiltration of inflammatory cells were dramatically reduced. Flow cytometry analysis showed that infiltrated immune cell numbers of CCR3+, B220+/IgE+, Gr-1+/CD11b+, and CD117+ were significantly reduced in C&C-treated dorsal skin lesion. Furthermore, T cell composition rate in PBMC was also dramatically decreased by the treatment. C&C greatly down-regulated production of Th2 cytokines including IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 in the serum. The down- regulatory effects of C&C on these Th2 cytokines production were also detected in CD3/ CD28 activated splenocytes. Conclusions : These results indicated that C&C is a plausible therapeutic agent for treatment of atopic dermatitis through regulating the Th2 skewed immune system.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.69-78
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• 2024

Recently, the use of CCTV to prevent crowd accidents has been promoted, but research is needed to compensate for the spatial limitations of CCTV. In this study, pedestrian density was measured using drone footage, and based on a review of existing literature, a threshold of 6.7 people/m² was selected as the cutoff risk level for crowd accidents. In addition, we conducted a preliminary study to determine drone parameters and found that the pedestrian recognition rate was high at a drone altitude of 20 meters and an angle of 60°. Based on a previous study, we selected a target area with a high concentration of pedestrians and measured pedestrian density, which was found to be 0.27~0.30 per m². The study shows it is possible to measure risk levels by determining pedestrian densities in target areas using drone images. We believe drone surveillance will be utilized for crowd safety management in the near future.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.18-23
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• 2016

Objective: Newborn screening leads to improved treatment and disease outcomes, but false-positive newborn screening results may impact include parental stress and anxiety, perception of child as unhealthy, parent-child relationship dysfunction, and increased infant hospitalizations. The purpose of this study was to investigate of the false positive rates and the causative factors of false positive results in Tandem Mass Spectrometry (TMS) in single center. Methods: Records were reviewed for all 18,872 subjects who were born in Cheill General Hospital, during January 1st, 2012 to December 31st, 2014. 17,292 neonates (91.62%) were tested for tandem mass screening almost in 2-5th day of life. Newborn babies whose first results were abnormal had been tested repeatedly by same methods in 7-14 day. If the results were abnormal again, further evaluation was performed. TMS analysis included data for the 43 disorders screened for using TMS broken down into three categories: fatty acid oxidation disorders, organic acidurias, and aminoacidopathies. The impact of several factors on increased false positive rates was analyzed using a multivariate analysis: time from birth to sample collection, birth weight, birth height, BMI, gender, gestational age, delivery type. Results: Males of the subjects were 8942 (51.7%), female 8350 (48.3%), the mean gestational age was $38.6{\pm}1.7$ weeks, the average birth weight $3,155.6{\pm}502.4g$, the average birth height $49.1{\pm}2.9cm$, and the average BMI $13.0{\pm}3.8(kg/m^2)$. Vaginal delivery cases were 9713 (56.2%), caesarean section 7,579 (43.8%). The average date of the inspection was $2.8{\pm}1.1$ days. 224 cases were identified as TMS positive. All the subjects were false positive (222/17,292, 1.30%) except 2 cases (1 male; benign phenylketonuria and 1 female; Short chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency). The false positive rates were 0.61% in fatty acid oxidation disorders, 0.25% in organic acidurias, and 0.45% in aminoacidopathies. In our study, the date of inspection got late, the false positive rates got higher. Because almost the cases of late test date were in treatment in neonatal intensive care unit so their test date was affected by their medical conditions. False positive rate was higher in extreme immaturity${\leq}27$ weeks than newborns of gestational age >27 weeks [OR=6.957 (CI=1.273-38.008), p<0.025] and extremely low birth weight<1,000 g than newborns of birthweight ${\geq}1,000g$ [OR=5.616 (CI=1.134-27.820), p<0.035]. Conclusion: False positive rate of TMS was 1.30% in Cheil General Hospital. Lower gestational age and birth weight impacted on increased false positive rates. Better understanding of factors that influence the reporting of screening tests, and the ability to modify these important factors, may improve the screening process and reduce the need for retesting. of screening tests, and the ability to modify these important factors, may improve the screening process and reduce the need for retesting.