• BMB Reports
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• 제41권8호
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• pp.560-567
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• 2008

The importance of lipids in cell signaling and tissue physiology is demonstrated by the many CNS pathologies involving deregulated lipid metabolism. One such critical metabolic event is the activation of phospholipase $A_2$ ($PLA_2$), which results in the hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids and the release of free fatty acids, including arachidonic acid, a precursor for essential cell-signaling eicosanoids. Reactive oxygen species (ROS, a product of arachidonic acid metabolism) react with cellular lipids to generate lipid peroxides, which are degraded to reactive aldehydes (oxidized phospholipid, 4-hydroxynonenal, and acrolein) that bind covalently to proteins, thereby altering their function and inducing cellular damage. Dissecting the contribution of $PLA_2$ to lipid peroxidation in CNS injury and disorders is a challenging proposition due to the multiple forms of $PLA_2$, the diverse sources of ROS, and the lack of specific $PLA_2$ inhibitors. In this review, we summarize the role of $PLA_2$ in CNS pathologies, including stroke, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Multiple sclerosis-Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and Wallerian degeneration.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제64권3호
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• pp.103-110
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• 2021

Inflammatory or immune-mediated demyelinating central nervous system (CNS) syndromes include a broad spectrum of clinical phenotype and different overlapping diseases. Antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG-Ab) have been found in some cases of these demyelinating diseases, particularly in children. MOG-Ab is associated with a wider clinical phenotype not limited to neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, with most patients presenting with optic neuritis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) or ADEM-like encephalitis with brain demyelinating lesions, and/or myelitis. Using specific cell-based assays, MOG-Ab is becoming a potential biomarker of inflammatory demyelinating disorders of the CNS. A humoral immune reaction against MOG was recently found in monophasic diseases and recurrent/multiphasic clinical progression, particularly in pediatric patients. This review summarizes the data regarding MOG-Ab as an impending biological marker for discriminating between these diverse demyelinating CNS diseases and discusses recent developments, clinical applications, and findings regarding the immunopathogenesis of MOG-Ab-associated disorders.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.8-29
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• 2013

Ginseng is one of the most widely used herbal medicines in human. Central nervous system (CNS) diseases are most widely investigated diseases among all others in respect to the ginseng's therapeutic effects. These include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cerebral ischemia, depression, and many other neurological disorders including neurodevelopmental disorders. Not only the various types of diseases but also the diverse array of target pathways or molecules ginseng exerts its effect on. These range, for example, from neuroprotection to the regulation of synaptic plasticity and from regulation of neuroinflammatory processes to the regulation of neurotransmitter release, too many to mention. In general, ginseng and even a single compound of ginsenoside produce its effects on multiple sites of action, which make it an ideal candidate to develop multi-target drugs. This is most important in CNS diseases where multiple of etiological and pathological targets working together to regulate the final pathophysiology of diseases. In this review, we tried to provide comprehensive information on the pharmacological and therapeutic effects of ginseng and ginsenosides on neurodegenerative and other neurological diseases. Side by side comparison of the therapeutic effects in various neurological disorders may widen our understanding of the therapeutic potential of ginseng in CNS diseases and the possibility to develop not only symptomatic drugs but also disease modifying reagents based on ginseng.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.5-11
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• 2017

The use of alcohol is associated with the development and worsening of sleep disorder. Alcohol is generally known to have a sedative effect, but it has an arousal or sedative effect depending on the timing and drinking dose and directly affects REM sleep physiology. Alcohol acts on the central nervous system (CNS) to interfere with the sleep-wake cycle and to affect sleep-related hormone secretion. In addition, the ingestion of alcohol pre-sleep is associated with deterioration and development of sleep related breathing disorders (SBD). The increase in resistance of the upper respiratory tract and the decrease in sensitivity of the CNS respiratory center and the respiratory muscles are major mechanisms of alcohol-induced SBD, and result in snoring or apnea in healthy men or aggravating apnea in patients with OSA. Sleep-related restless leg syndrome and circadian rhythm disorders are common in alcohol use disorder patients. This review provides an assessment of scientific studies that investigated on the impact of alcohol ingestion on nocturnal sleep physiology and sleep disorders.

• Interdisciplinary Bio Central
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.9.1-9.5
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• 2010

Many neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, are devastating disorders that affect millions of people worldwide. However, the number of therapeutic options remains severely limited with only symptomatic management therapies available. With the better understanding of the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, discovery efforts for disease-modifying drugs have increased dramatically in recent years. However, the process of translating basic science discovery into novel therapies is still lagging behind for various reasons. The task of finding new effective drugs targeting central nervous system (CNS) has unique challenges due to blood-brain barrier (BBB). Furthermore, the relatively slow progress of neurodegenerative disorders create another level of difficulty, as clinical trials must be carried out for an extended period of time. This review is intended to provide molecular and cell biologists with working knowledge and resources on CNS drug discovery and development.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.58-63
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• 2005

목 적：중추신경계 질환의 병발 여부에 따라 렘수면 행동 장애 환자들을 두 군으로 나눈 후, 인구학적 특성, 임상양상, 수면 변인들을 비교하여 차이점과 특성을 관찰하고자 하였다. 방법：서울대학교병원에서 야간수면다원검사를 통해 렘수면 행동장애로 확진받은 81명을 대상으로 하였다. 의무기록과 수면다원검사 소견을 후향적으로 조사하였고 필요한 경우 전화문진을 통해 자료를 보완하였다. 중추신경계 질환력과 뇌 자기공명검사 소견을 근거로 전체 대상을 중추신경계 질환을 동반한 병발성 렘수면 행동장애군과 그렇지 않은 특발성 렘수면 행동장애군으로 이분하였다. 그 후 두 군 사이의 인구학적 특성, 임상양상, 수면 변인을 비교분석하였다. 결 과：전체 대상군 81명 중 남자는 64명, 여자는 17명이었다. 그리고 전체 대상중에 21명(25.9%)에서 중추신경계 질환이 동반되어 병발성 렘수면 행동장애군으로, 나머지 60명(74.1%)에서 그렇지 않아 특발성 렘수면 행동장애군으로 분류하였다. 동반된 중추신경계 질환은 파킨슨병(11명), 올리브뇌교소뇌위축(olivopontocerebellar atrophy)(3명), 다발신경계위축증(multiple system atrophy)(2명), 파킨슨병을 동반하지 않은 치매(2명), 뇌경색(1명), 뇌교부종(1명), 뇌종양(1명)이었다. 전체 대상에서 수면장애가 병발된 경우는 74.1%로서 주기성 사지운동증과 폐쇄성무호흡증이었다. 주기성 사지운동증(사지운동 지수>5)과 폐쇄성 수면무호흡증(호흡장애지수>5)의 유병율이 병발성 렘수면 행동장애군에서 유의하게 높았다(각각 p<0.001, p=0.0042, Fisher 검증). 심한 정도를 나타내는 주기성 사지운동지수와 호흡장애지수도 병발성 렘수면 행동장애군에서 유의하게 높았다(각각 p<0.001, p=0.017, 독립 t-test). 수면변인 중 서파수면분율과 수면효율은 병발성 렘수면 행동장애군에서 유의하게 낮았다(각각 p<0.001, p=0.017, 독립 t-test). 고 찰：렘수면 행동장애 환자의 25%에서 중추신경계 질환이 동반되어 있음을 확인하였다. 중추신경계 질환이 동반된 렘수면 행동장애에서는 주기성 사지운동증과 폐쇄성 수면 무호흡증 같은 다른 수면장애가 더 흔하게 병발하였고 그 정도 역시 더 심하게 나타났다. 수면구조에서도 특발성 렘수면 행동장애에 비해 서파수면과 수면효율이 모두 더 감소하는 소견을 보였다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.149-157
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• 2008

Dopamine is a major neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) that regulates neuroendocrine functions, locomotor activity, cognition and emotion. The dopamine system has been extensively studied because dysfunction of this system is linked to various pathological conditions including Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, Tourette's syndrome, and drug addiction. Accordingly, intense efforts to delineate the full complement of signaling pathways mediated by individual receptor subtypes have been pursued. Dopamine D1-like receptors are of particular interest because they are the most abundant dopamine receptors in CNS. Recent work suggests that dopamine signaling could be regulated via dopamine receptor interacting proteins (DRIPs). Unraveling these DRIPs involved in the dopamine system may provide a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying CNS disorders related to dopamine system dysfunction and may help identify novel therapeutic targets.

• 대한세포병리학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.65-73
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• 2000

Cytologlc evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) is an effective mean for diagnosing many disorders involving the central nervous systems(CNS). One of the most important reasons for cytologic examination of CSF is to detect metastatic or primary neoplasms of the CNS. We did a retrospective study of 1,438 CSF specimens obtained between 1992 and 1996. A total of 1,205 adult and 233 pediatric CSF specimens from 947 patients were accessed at the Department of Pathology of Seoul National University Hospital and Children's Hospital, respectively. Among 1,438 CSF cytology specimens, 169 cases(11.8%, 77 patients) including 135 adult cases(59 patients) and 34 pediatric cases(18 patients) were positive for malignant cells. Diagnoses included 50 metastatic carcinomas(adult, 60; pediatric, 0); 46 malignant lymphomas(adult, 44; pediatric, 2); 21 leukemias(adult, 20; pediatric, 1); 4 retinoblastomas(adult, 0; pediatric 4); 2 rhabdomyosarcomas(adult, 0; pediatric, 2); 1 multiple myeloma(adult, 1; pediatric, 0), and 35 primary CNS neoplasms(adult, 10; pediatric, 25). The most commonly identified metastatic carcinomas in adults were adenocarcinoma. Their primary sites were the lung, gastrointestinal tract, and breast in order of frequency. The most common primary CNS neoplasm in children was medulloblastoma.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제25권9호
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• pp.807-823
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• 2024

Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is a category of immune-mediated disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) affecting children and adults. It is characterized by the subacute onset of altered mentation, neurocognitive issues, refractory seizures/drug-resistant epilepsy, movement disorders, and/or autonomic dysfunction. AE is mediated by autoantibodies targeting specific surface components or intracytoplasmic antigens in the CNS, leading to functional or structural alterations. Multiple triggers that induce autoimmunity have been described, which are mainly parainfectious and paraneoplastic. The imaging features of AE often overlap with each other and with other common causes of encephalitis/encephalopathy (infections and toxic-metabolic etiologies). Limbic encephalitis is the most common imaging finding shared by most of these entities. Cortical, basal ganglia, diencephalon, and brainstem involvement may also be present. Cerebellar involvement is rare and is often a part of paraneoplastic degeneration. Owing to an improved understanding of AE, their incidence and detection have increased. Hence, in an appropriate setting, a high degree of suspicion is crucial when reporting clinical MRIs to ensure prompt treatment and better patient outcomes. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiology of AE and common etiologies encountered in clinical practice.

• 감성과학
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.179-186
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• 2004

중추신경계는 일단 손상이 되면 손상된 세포의 재생, 손상된 수초의 회복, 신경계의 정상적인 연결 등의 제한성 때문에 그 회복이 매우 힘들다. 이러한 중추신경계의 중요한 손상으로는 다발성 경화증, 뇌졸중, 척수손상, 외상, 축삭의 탈수초화 등이 있다. 이전 연구들은 많은 발생빈도를 보이고 있는 척수손상에서 실질적인 척수의 기능적인 회복을 위해 손상된 척수신경의 재생과 축삭의 재수초화가 중요한 요인이라고 전하고 있다. 최근에는 이러한 척수손상에 대한 치료적 접근으로서 세포이식 기술이 하나의 해결책을 열어주고 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 척수손상의 특성을 살펴보고, 척수손상에 의한 기능장애에 대해 세포이식이 기능의 회복을 증진시킬 수 있다는 증거를 논의하고자 한다.