• 핵의학기술
• /
• 제23권1호
• /
• pp.35-39
• /
• 2019

[목적] B형 간염바이러스(hepatitis B virus, HBV)감염은 전세계적으로 중요한 공중 보건 문제이며 만성간염, 간 경변, 간암의 주요 원인으로 알려져 있으며, 이러한 질환의 진단 및 치료에 B형 간염바이러스의 혈청학적 검사는 필수적이다. 항 바이러스 치료중인 B형 간염 환자를 대상으로 면역방사계수 측정법(IRMA; Immunoradiometric assay)과 화학발광 미세입자 면역분석법(CMIA; Chemiluminescent Micropartical Immunoassay)을 이용하여 HBe-Ag 검사를 시행하였고, 실시간 중합효소 연쇄반응(RT-PCR; Realtime-Polymerase Chain Reaction)법을 이용하여 혈청 내 HBV DNA 검출율 을 비교 분석 하였다. [대상 및 방법] 항 바이러스 치료가 시행중인 B형 간염 환자 270명을 대상으로 HBeAg 혈청 검사와 HBV DNA 정량 검사를 실시하였다. HBeAg 혈청 검사는 검출 원리가 다른 두 가지 혈청학적 검사법(IRMA, CMIA)을 적용 하였고, 혈청 내 HBV DNA는 Abbott m2000 System을 사용하여 실시간 중합효소 연쇄반응(RT-PCR; Realtime-Polymerase Chain Reaction)법으로 정량 측정 하였다. [결과] HBeAg 검출율은 면역방사계수법(IRMA)의 경우 24.1% (65/205), 화학발광 미세입자 면역 분석법(CMIA)에서는 82.2% (222/48)의 결과를 보였다. 혈청학적 검사방법(IRMA, CMIA)에 따른 HBeAg 검사결과의 일치율은 33% (89/270)이다. 실시간 중합효소 연쇄반응(RT-PCR)을 이용한 혈청 내 HBV DNA의 검출율은 29.3% (79/191)를 보였고, 혈청 내 HBV-DNA 농도는 $16IU/mL{\times}1.0{\times}10^9IU/mL$ 이며 검출한계는 <15IU/mL 이다. 면역방사계수법(IRMA)으로 HBeAg 검출결과가 양성일때 55.4%, 그리고 음성일때 20.9%의 HBV DNA 검출율과 $1.1{\times}10^8IU/mL$, $5.7{\times}10^5IU/mL$의 혈청내 HBV DNA농도를 나타냈다. 이에 반해 화학발광 미세입자 면역 분석법(CMIA)의 경우 HBeAg 검출결과가 양성일때 HBV DNA 검출율은 28.4%, 음성일때 33.3%의 결과를 나타냈으며 혈청 내 HBV DNA농도는 $6.0{\times}10^7IU/mL$, $2.4{\times}10^5IU/mL$ 이었다. 면역방사계수법과 화학발광 미세입자 면역 분석법에서 동일하게 HBeAg 검출 결과가 양성인 경우 HBV DNA 검출율은 62.3%의 결과를 보였으며, 혈청 내 HBV DNA 농도는 $1.1{\times}10^8IU/mL$ 이다. [결론] 혈청학적 검사법에 따른 HeAg 검출율은 많은 차이를 보였다. 이러한 차이는 검사kit에 사용된 Ab의 특성과 epitope, HBV의 genotype등 여러 가지 원인으로 생각된다. 혈청학적 검사 결과로 분류 된 그룹별 HBV DNA의 검출율과 농도를 비교한 결과, Group II(IRMA 양성, CMIA 양성, N=53)에서 높은 검출율과 농도를 확인할 수 있었다.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
• /
• 제7권10호
• /
• pp.827-836
• /
• 2001

The PID controller has been widely applied to the most control systems because of its simple structure and east designing. One of the important points to design the PID control system is to tune the approximate control parameters for the given target system. To find the PID parameters using Ziegler Nichols(ZN) method needs a lot of experience and experiments to ensure the optimal performance. In this paper, CMIA(Cell Mediated Immune Algorithm) controller is proposed to drive the autonomous guided vehicle (AGV) more effectively. The proposed controller is based on specific immune responses of the biological immune system which is the cell mediated immunity. To verify the performance of the proposed CMIA controller, some experiments for the control of steering and speed of that AGV are performed. The tracking error of the AGV is mainly investigated for this purpose. As a result, the capability of realization and reliableness are proved by comparing the response characteristics of the proposed CMIA controllers with those of the conventional PID and NNPID(Neural Network PID) controller.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한전기학회 2000년도 하계학술대회 논문집 D
• /
• pp.2572-2574
• /
• 2000

In this paper, cell-mediated immune algorithm(CMIA) controller was proposed and applied for the autonomous guided vehicle(AGV) driving. It was based on specific immune response of the biological immune system which is the cell-mediated immunity. To verify the performance of the designed CMIA controller, some experiments were performed for the control of steering and speed of AGV. And then the displacement and speed tracking error of the AGV was mainly investigated. As results, the capability of realization and reliableness were proved by comparing the response characteristics of the classical controller with the proposed CMIA controller.

• 핵의학기술
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.112-114
• /
• 2015

Purpose Vitamin D to Anti- Rickets both steroid compounds showing activity, By acting on bone tissue secretary and the key to maintain serum Ca homeostasis. The blood level of vitamin D is the largest in D3 that the concentration of the metabolite is reflected in the holding state of vitamin D in vivo. Sunlight to change the 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin and through the skin to D3, In the liver in combination with the D2 and D3 D4 changes. The Radioimmunoassay(RIA) method is measuring the D 3, the sensitivity can be measured also difficult trace substance to measure the normal test because it is very sensitive, but recently, a check is possible, for the Total D3 in Chemimicroparticle immunoassay(CMIA) or Chemiluminescent immunoassay(CLIA) measuring using microparticle RIA and CMIA(Architect i2000SR) / use the CLIA(DXI-800) method to compare and evaluate the correlation between the tests in the same test items. Materials and Methods Commissioned from January 2014 to March 2015 patients were enrolled in a total of 273 people. 29 out of 273 people conducted by RIA were compared with CMIA, 244 patients were compared with CLIA. Using reagents and equipment were used RIA(Diasource), CMIA(Architect i2000SR, Abbott Diagnostics) / CLIA( Unicel DXi-800, Beckman coulter). Results Correlation of the RIA and CLIA was a R2 = 0.1844 (y = 0.7303x + 3.9005), and the correlation of RIA CMIA is R2 = 0.2762 (y = 0.8862x + 4.56) respectively. (According to statistics, during the same period RIA is Deficiency 4.31%, Insufficiency 90.53%, Sufficiency 5.16%, was Excess 0%, CLIA / CMIA is Deficiency 17.02%, Insufficiency 75.91%, Sufficiency 7.03%, indicating the distribution of 0.03 % Excess) Conclusion Serum vitamin D and parathyroid hormone that show an inverse relationship, the level above which are not parathyroid hormone and vitamin D reduced the increase. The density is different for each study, at most 20 is reported to be the maximum between 30 ng / ml. In Korea it requires a proposed standard of vitamin D deficiency, reference to the WHO lack the case more than 10ng/ml, 20ng/ml and defined by the lack of, if not more than, the IOM, but looking at 12ng/ml or less to the normal to lack, at least 20ng/ml, the reference do not match the deficit under 20ng/ml, 21-29ng/ml relative lack between, was also defined as a sufficient condition for more than 30ng/ml. Although not statistically is between RIA and CLIA two ways to vitamin D levels change according to season match, when seasonally seen in summer as commonly known (April to September), winter (October to March) relative to the increase measured than it was found. Finally, the study on the correlation between the two methods have been expected to result in a consistent and apply the same view high reference value on the graph is difficult. However, there may be differences between the test equipment and methods, and could be especially the case of RIA method using an organic solvent is difficult to compare different methods and correlated view similar trend in vitamin D deficiency and quarterly aspect ratio.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
• /
• 제10권12호
• /
• pp.1137-1147
• /
• 2004

In this paper, we proposed two types of adaptive control mechanism which is named HIA(Humoral Immune Algorithm) PID and CMIA(Cell-Mediated Immune Algorithm) controller based on biological immune system under engineering point of view. The HIA PID which has real time control scheme is focused on the humoral immunity and the latter which has the self-tuning mechanism is focused on the T-cell regulated immune response. To verify the performance of the proposed controller, some experiments for the control of AGV which is used for the port automation to carry container without human are performed. The experimental results for the control of steering and speed of an AGV system illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme. Moreover, in that results, proposed controllers have better performance than other conventional PID controller and intelligent control method which is the NN(neural network) PID controller.

• 핵의학기술
• /
• 제15권1호
• /
• pp.101-105
• /
• 2011

목적 : Estradiol은 월경주기와 배란유도에 중요한 검사로 현재 전국의 핵의학 검사실에서 일반환자와 불임환자를 대상으로 검사가 시행되고 있으며 폐경은 진단하는데 난포자극호르몬(FSH)와 황체형성호르몬(LH)와 함께 중요한 검사이다. 전국 병원 중 핵의학 검체검사 외부정도관리에 참여하고 있는 기관은 70개 중에서 해당 검사를 측정하는 병원이 37개이며 이중 20개의 병원 즉 54%가 A사의 kit를 사용하고 있다. 이 중 A사 Kit의 검사 결과가 다른 kit와 다르게 높게 보고되어 이 현상에 대한 문제점을 파악하며, 더불어 폐경여성의 호르몬 치료에서 각 호르몬제를 복용했을 때, 이에 대한 영향을 알아보고자 한다. 실험재료 및 방법 : 2010년 4월부터 8월까지 본원에 의뢰된 Estradiol 검체 중 검사 결과가 약 100 pg/ml 이상인 75개의 검체를 대상으로 방사면역측정법(RIA) 검사인 A사 B사 C사 D사의 Kit와 화학발광측정법(CMIA)으로 검사를 하여 결과를 비교 하였다. 결과 : 각각의 제조회사의 Kit로 측정된 결과 갑의 평균값을 이용하여 구한 상관계수($R^2$)는 A사가 0.8906 B사가 0.9547 C사가 0.9527이고 D사의 상관계수도 0.873으로 좋은 상관관계를 보였으나 A사의 결과가 고농도일 때 B사 C사 D사 EIA 검사결과가 저 농도로 측정이 된 검체가 2건이 발견되었다. 결론 : 75개의 검체의 A사, B사, C사, D사와 CMIA법의 검사결과가 대부분 비슷한 경향으로 나왔으나 2건의 검체에서 아주 다른 결과가 보고 되었다. A사의 경우 700 pg/ml 이상의 높은 경우로 보고된 반면에 나머지 검사 결과에서는 10 pg/ml을 전후로 보고가 되었다. 두 검체의 공통점은 환자가 50대 이후의 폐경환자로 추정되고 암을 진단 받고 치료 중이며 FSH의 수치가 50 mIU/ml이상인 것으로 확인되었다. 정확한 원인은 규명하지 못했으나 환자가 폐경기의 나이이면서 난포자극호르몬의 수치가 폐경기의 평균치 일 때 Estradiol의 수치가 높다면 다시 한번 검사를 해보아야 될 것으로 사료된다. 추후 1차연구를 바탕으로 WHO 표준물질을 이용하여 키트별 회수율을 측정하여 정확도를 평가할 예정이다.

• 한국융합학회논문지
• /
• 제11권1호
• /
• pp.77-82
• /
• 2020

B형 간염 예방접종 전후 연령별 B형 간염 표면항체 양성률을 분석하기 위하여 제주지역 종합병원 검사의학과에 B형 간염 표면항체 검사가 의뢰된 13,855명의 혈청 검체를 대상으로 CMIA법으로 조사하였다. HBs Ab 양성률은 5,176건으로 37.36%이었으며, 성별에 따른 양성률은 여자가 40.13%로 남자의 34.77%보다 높게 나타났다. HBs Ab 측정 평균값이 가장 높은 연령군은 40대(399.86 mIU/mL)이었으며, 가장 낮은 연령군은 90대(211.50 mIU/mL)로 나타났다. HBs Ab 양성률이 가장 높은 연령군은 30대이며, 10대의 양성률이 가장 낮은 분포를 보인 것은 주목할 만하다. 10대~20대의 B형 간염 표면항체 양성률이 현저히 감소하는 경향을 보였으며, 특히 15, 18, 19세가 통계적으로 유의하였다. 이에 예방접종의 역가의 측정을 고려하고 추가접종 시기를 명확히 해야 한다고 사료된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제13권12호
• /
• pp.6391-6395
• /
• 2012

Background: Ovarian cancer is ranked as the fifth most common cause of cancer death in women. In Malaysia, it is the fourth most common cancer in females. CA125 has been the tumor marker of choice in ovarian cancer but its diagnostic specificity in early stages is only 50%. Hence, there is a critical need to identify an alternative tumor marker that is capable of detecting detect ovarian cancer at an early stage. HE4 is a new tumor marker proposed for the early diagnosis of ovarian cancer and disease recurrence. Currently, none of the normal ranges of HE4 quoted in the literature are based on data for a multiethnic Asian population. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine reference intervals for HE4 in an Asian population presenting in University Malaya Medical Centre, a tertiary reference hospital. Materials and Methods: 300 healthy women were recruited comprising 150 premenopausal and 150 postmenopausal women, aged from 20-76 years. All women were subjected to a pelvic ultrasonograph and were confirmed to be free from ovarian pathology on recruitment. Serum HE4 levels were determined by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA, Abbott Architect). The reference intervals were determined following CLSI guidelines (C28-A2) using a non-parametric method. Results: The upper limits of the $95^{th}$ percentile reference interval (90%CI) for all the women collectively were 64.6 pmol/L, and 58.4 pmol/L for premenopausal) and 69.0 pmol/L for postmenopausal. The concentration of HE4 was noted to increase with age especially in women who were more than 50 years old. We also noted that our proposed reference limit was lower compared to the level given by manufacturer Abbott Architect HE4 kit insert (58.4 vs 70 pmol/L for premenopausal group and 69.0 vs 140 pmol/L in the postmenopausal group). The study also showed a significant difference in HE4 concentrations between ethnic groups (Malays and Indians). The levels of HE4 in Indians appeared higher than in Malays (p<0.05), while no significant differences were noted between the Malays and Chinese ethnic groups. Conclusions: More data are needed to establish a reference interval that will better represent the multiethnic Malaysian population. Probably a larger sampling size of equal representation of the Malay, Chinese, Indians as well as the other native ethnic communities will give us a greater confidence on whether genetics plays a role in reference interval determination.