• 통상정보연구
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.171-194
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• 2005

The CMI Rules for Electronic Bills of Lading were drafted by the Comite Maritime International(CMI) and related specifically to EDI transfers of negotiable bills of lading. The CMI Rules are contractual in nature and the application of the CMI Rules is strictly voluntary. The method adopted in the CMI Rules to enable negotiation of the rights to cargo in a controlled method is based on the introduction of the ‘Private Key’. The Bolero service will be governed by a multilateral contract called the Bolero Rule Book which specifies the rights and responsibilities of Bolero and its users. The Title Registry and Bolero Bill of Lading provide a fully functional equivalent to the paper bill of lading. The Bolero Bill of Lading can be created, transferred, amended, and surrendered by way of designating to order party, blank endorsement, refusal by the transferee etc. In Japan, through TEDI Project, the RSP Model is introduced as e-trade solution like Bolero's Solution. The RSP Model Solution will be furnished through TC(Trade Chain) Server and RSP(Repository Service Provider) Server. The purpose of this paper is to analyze comparatively the CMI Rules and Bolero Bill of Lading and RSP Model of TEDI and to find the implications in this case study for quick introduction of electronic Bill of Lading.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.118-133
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• 1987

본고는 TDX 전전자교환기 개발에 따른 시스팀 형상관리를 효율적이고 체계적으로 수행하기 위한 자동화 도구, $CMI^2S$(Interactive Information System for TDX Configuration Managements)의 개발에 관한 연구결과이다. $CMI^2S$는 menu-driven 방식을 기본으로 하는 네가지 도구 (CCT/RDT/SPRT/DSMT)들로 구성되어 있으며, 주요 개발환경중의 하나인 데이터베이스 시스팀은 VAX-l1/750 컴퓨터 시스팀의 Troll/USE Relational DBMS 이다. 그리고 $CMI^2S$의 주목적은 형상관리 활동인 형상인식, 형상통제, 형상상태 기록의 수행을 자동화하여 TDX 시스팀의 integrity를 향상시키는데 있다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제54권
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• pp.235-260
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• 2012

The CMI Rules for Electronic Bills of Lading were based on sound principles that are now reflected in the provisions of the Rotterdam Rules, which provide for the use of electronic equivalents to bills of lading. Services involving bills of lading which exist in electronic form for at least part of their lives, and which use encryption to guarantee integrity and security of these electronic records, are already being offered by a number of carriers, among them APL. The relative success of APL's system demonstrates that the use of a system which embodies the basic ideas and processes underlying the CMI Rules could easily become a practical reality in the near future. The basic principles in the CMI Rules and the Rotterdam Rules adopt a minimum requirements approach and does not flesh out the details of procedures for the use of electronic bills. This is an improvement, as it allows adaptability to future technological developments. Successful electronic bill of lading systems can only be developed in response to customer demand, and carriers are in the best position to gauge this and design systems to cater for it. APL has demonstrated this by creating a system which is tailor-made to its customers' requirements. The CMI Rules were correct in their assumption that electronic bill of lading services should be provided by carriers. They also seem to have anticipated that the switch to the electronic medium would not be sudden and complete, but would require a gradual phasing out of paper documents over a long period of time.

• 센서학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.432-440
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• 2023

This study introduces an efficient readout circuit designed for two-electrode electrocardiogram (ECG) recording, characterized by its low-noise and low-power consumption attributes. Unlike its three-electrode counterpart, the two-electrode ECG is susceptible to common-mode interference (CMI), causing signal distortion. To counter this, the proposed circuit integrates a common-mode charge pump (CMCP) with a window comparator, allowing for a CMI tolerance of up to 20 V_PP. The CMCP design prevents the activation of electrostatic discharge (ESD) diodes and becomes operational only when CMI surpasses the predetermined range set by the window comparator. This ensures power efficiency and minimizes intermodulation distortion (IMD) arising from switching noise. To maintain ECG signal accuracy, the circuit employs a chopper-stabilized instrumentation amplifier (IA) for low-noise attributes, and to achieve high input impedance, it incorporates a floating high-pass filter (HPF) and a current-feedback instrumentation amplifier (CFIA). This comprehensive design integrates various components, including a QRS peak detector and serial peripheral interface (SPI), into a single 0.18-㎛ CMOS chip occupying 0.54 mm². Experimental evaluations showed a 0.59 µV_RMS noise level within a 1-100 Hz bandwidth and a power draw of 23.83 µW at 1.8 V.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제54권5호
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• pp.405-410
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• 2013

Objective : The objective of this study was to investigate changes in the posterior cranial fossa in patients with symptomatic Chiari malformation type I (CMI) compared to a control group. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed clinical and radiological data from 12 symptomatic patients with CMI and 24 healthy control subjects. The structures of the brain and skull base were investigated using magnetic resonance imaging. Results : The length of the clivus had significantly decreased in the CMI group than in the control group (p=0.000). The angle between the clivus and the McRae line (p<0.024), as the angle between the supraocciput and the McRae line (p<0.021), and the angle between the tentorium and a line connecting the internal occipital protuberance to the opisthion (p<0.009) were significantly larger in the CMI group than in the control group. The mean vertical length of the cerebellar hemisphere (p<0.003) and the mean length of the coronal and sagittal superoinferior aspects of the cerebellum (p<0.05) were longer in the CMI group than in the control group, while the mean length of the axial anteroposterior aspect of the cerebellum (p<0.001) was significantly shorter in the CMI group relative to control subjects. Conclusion : We elucidate the transformation of the posterior cranial fossa into the narrow funnel shape. The sufficient cephalocaudal extension of the craniectomy of the posterior cranial fossa has more decompression effect than other type extension of the craniectomy in CMI patients.

• 치과방사선
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.205-213
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• 1998

This study was designed to reveal the correlationship between the internal derangement state of TMJ and clinical characteristics including pain and mandibular dysfunction. One hundred and twenty five subjects with TMJ signs and symptoms were chosen for two years. The level of pain and madibular dysfunction were evaluated by Visual Analog Scale(VAS) and Craniomandibular Index(CMI). The diagnostic categories of TMJ internal derangement were determined by arthrography and they included normal disc position, anterior disc displacement with reduction(ADDR), rotational disc displacement with reduction (RDDR), anterior disc displacement without reduction(ADDNR), and rotational disc displacement without reduction(RDDNR). Also disc perforation was used as a criteria to divide the diagnostic subgroups. The obtained results were as follows; 1. The patient distribution of each group was 5 in normal disc position(4％), 40 in ADDR(32％), 30 in RDDR(24％), 34 in ADDNR(27％), and 16 in RDDNR(13％). 2. Perforation was observed in 8％ of ADDR, 10％ of RDDR, 32％ of ADDNR, and 19％ of RDDNR. 3. CMI of non-reduction group was higher than that of reduction or normal group(p<0.05), but V AS showed no significant difference.4. CMI of perforation group was higher than that of non-perforation group in reduction group (p<0.05). 5. There were no significant differences of CMI and VAS between anterior disc displacement group and rotational disc displacement group in both reduction and non-reduction group. 6. CMI of RDDNR group was higher than that of RDDR group(p<0.05). 7. There were no significant difference of CMI and VAS between bilateral involvement group and unilateral involvement group(p<0.05).

• 한국농촌생활과학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.135-144
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• 1994

경기도에 거주하는 60세 이상의 농촌 여성노인 133명을 대상으로 건강상태, 영양소 섭취실태 및 식습관을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 조사대상자의 연령은 60~69세가 41.4%, 70~79세가 48.1%였고 가족수는 3명 이상이 76.0%, 2명인 경우가 20.9%, 노인 혼자 살고 있는 경우는 13.2%를 차지하였다. 학력 정도는 무학이 72.4%, 국졸 26.8%로 학력수준이 매우 낮음을 보였다. 2. CMI를 이용한 건강상태 조사결과 총45점 만점 중 평균 $29.1\pm6.8$점이었으며, 11~25점이 30.1%, 26~33점이 40.6%, 33~44점이 29.3%였다. CMI 각 항목에 대한 호소율은 관절 및 골격근에 대한 증상이 68.8%로 가장 높았고 그 다음은 피로감, 정신적 불만, 이비인후계, 신경계의 순이었다. 가족원수, 교육수준 및 영농참여에 따른 CMI값은 큰 차이가 없었고, 연령의 경우 65세 미만에서는 CMI값이 낮은 경우가 44.0%로 가장 많았으며, 65~79는 중간상태가 가장 많은 반면 80세 이상에서는 CMI값이 높게 나타났다. 소득수준이 높거나 낮은 경우에 중간인 경우보다 CMI가 낮았으며 조사대상자가 스스로 느끼는 계층의식과의 관계에서는 잘 살고 있다고 생각하는 경우가 못산다고 생각하는 경우보다 약간 높은 CMI값을 보였다. 3. 조사대상자의 평균 영양소 섭취량은 thiamin과 ascorbic acid를 제외하고는 모두 권장량에 미달되었다. 에너지는 권장량의 84.1%, 단백질은 67.0%, riboflavin은 90.1%를 섭취하고 있었으며, vitamin A는 권장량의 49.1%로 제일 낮은 섭취를 보였고, 그 다음으로 칼슘은 권장량의 55.1%를 섭취하였다. 영양소 섭취량과 일반적 특성과의 관계에서는 독신인 경우에 에너지, 단백질, ascorbic acid의 섭취량이 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다. CMI값을 low, middle, high의 3 group으로 나누어 영양소 섭취량과의 관계를 살펴본 결과 칼슘을 제외한 다른 영양소들에서 low group과 다른 두 group사이에 유의적인 차이 (p＜0.05)를 보였으며, riboflavin은 low group과 middle group 사이에서만 유의적인 차이가 나타났다. 또한 대상자의 CMI값과 영양소 섭취량과의 상관관계는 칼슘을 제외한 모든 영양소에서 p＜0.001로 높게 나타났다. 4. 식습관 조사결과 식사의 규칙성은 응답자의 84.8%가 항상 규칙적으로 식사하는 것으로 나타났으며 결식을 하는 경우의 해당 끼니는 점심 52.4%, 아침 28.6%, 저녁 19.0%의 순이었고 결식을 하는 이유로는 식욕이 없어서가 40.9%로 가장 많았다. 음주율은 28.8%로 주로 막걸리, 소주 위주였으며 흡연정도는 19.2%였다. 음식의 짠맛에 대한 기호도는 싱겁게 먹거나(43.4%), 약간 싱겁게 먹는 것(25.6%)으로 나타났으며 생선과 육류에 대한 선호도는 육류보다 생선을 약간 더 많이 섭취하고 있는 것으로 나타났으나 두 가지 모두를 섭취하지 않는 사람도 23.5%나 차지하여 단백질 식품의 질적인 문제를 가지고 있는 것으로 사료되었다. 영양제 복용은 대상자의 38.3%가 실시하고 있었다. 이상의 결과에서와 같이 농촌여성노인이 가지고 있는 건강문제 중 관절 및 골격근 문제가 가장 심각하며, 영양소 섭취량 중 retinol, calcium, protein의 섭취가 현저히 부족하였다. 일반적인 특성과 식습관은 건강상태에 유의적인 영향을 미치지 않은 반면 CMI 값과 영양소 섭취량과의 상관관계가 유의적으로 높았으며, 특히 독신 여성노인에 있어서 영양소 섭취량이 건강상태에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 복잡한 문제를 안고 있는 농촌여성 노인의 건강상태 및 영양소 섭취량을 증가시키기 위한 방안 마련이 시급하다고 본다.

• 한국항해학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.65-97
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• 1985

According to the report prepared by Legl Committee of IMO, 1978, since the disaster of motor tanker Amoco Cadiz carrying approximate 220, 000 tons of crude oil was wrecked on the coast of France and damaged the largest oil pollution accident in shipping history, Legal Committee of IMO has studied and discussed a new Salvage Convention with assistance of CMI. CMI has prepared a new draft convention under the chairmanship of professor Erling Chr. Selvig and adopted it as a report of CMI to IMO in the 32 Internaltional Conference of CMI, Montreal, May, 1981. This paper has been written to study comparatively andinterprete the questions and/or considerations of the new draft convention by the delegates participated in the Legal Committee of IMO in particular on the private legal view of it. This Salvage Convention Draft has not yet been deliberated thoroughly to agreed the revisiion of the 1910 Convention in accordance with CMI Report 1981 until session 54, March 1985. Therefore this paper has been prepared in the light of the comments made at the Legal Committee in order to interpret the legal questions and contents of the new draft.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.348-350
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• 2009

To fit the limited volume and power consumption of the passive radio frequency transmission system of the electronic time fuze, an improved coded mark inversion (CMI) is proposed in this letter. From the performance analysis, the energy transmission efficiency of this encoding method is at least 50% higher than that of CMI and NRZ. Finally, the experiment results show that by adopting this improved CMI, the change of DC voltage through magnetic coupling is lower than 0.2 V when the accuracy of data transmission is above 99.5%.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.43-51
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• 1994

The purpose of this study is to investigate dietary pattern and health status related to food habit and degree of fatigue of evening college students. A sample of 476 evening college students in Chonbuk area were surveyed by questionaire examining their food habit, nutrient intakes, degree of fatigue and cornell Medical Index(CMI). In this study, the male and female students were classified into two groups, respectively, the first group is not having jobs and the second is having jobs. The results were summerized as follows: 1. Evaluation status of food habit score indicated that the subjects were included in Fair and Poor group generally. Food habit score of female was significantly higher than score of male. For female students, food habit score of job group was significantly higher than score of non-job group(p<0.05). 2. Average intakes of calorie and protein were 1869.1 kcal and 68.3 g in male and 1612.4 kcal and 58.3 g in female. Other nutrients, such as vitamin $B_1$(1.1 mg), vitamin $B_2$(1.2 mg) and ascorbic acid(41.0 mg) in male, iron(13.5 mg), vitamin $B_2$(1.1 mg) and ascorbic acid(46.5 mg) in female were lower than the korean RDA. 3. The means of degree of physical, mental, neurosensory and CMI scores were 3.1, 1.9, 1.5 and 4.7 in male and 4.0, 2.4, 2.4 and 7.1 in female, respectively. For female students, though significancy was found between job group and non-job group in physical, neurosensory fatigue and CMI score(p<0.05, 0.01), but there were not significant differences in these score for male students. 4. There were significant positive correlation between three types of fatigue and CMI, whereas score of food habit was negative correlation for degree of physical, mental fatigue and CMI. The intakes of protein and vitamin $B_1$ were significantly related to the mental, neurosensory fatigue and CMI.