• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.353-359
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• 2012

The identification of effective root zone would clarify dynamics of plant available water and soil water balance. Using the relationship between soil properties and electrical resistivity (ER) the purpose of this research is to identify soil zone affected by a plant root activity using electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) technique. Four plastic containers were prepared for two different soil textures (clay and sandy loam) and one container for each texture was selected for planting four corn seedlings (Zea mays L.) and the others were prepared for the blank. For ERT monitoring, we prepared 0.8 m plastic sticks with 17 electrodes installed with 5 cm space. The Ministing (AGI Inc., Texas) instrument for electrical resistivity measurement and semi-auto converter of electrode arrangement were set up for dipole-dipole array. During 2 months of the corns growing, ERT monitoring was made 3 to 4 days after the irrigation practice. Despite of the same amount water supplied into soils, two textures showed very different apparent resistivity values due to different clay content. The apparent electrical resistivity is consistently lower in clay loam comparing to sandy loam soil implying that plant root does not significantly alter the overall trend of resistivity. When plant root system, however, is active both soils with plants showed 2-7 times higher electrical resistivity and higher coefficient variation than soils without plant, implying the effect of root system on the resistivity, in which may caused by. This result suggests plant root activities regulating the soil water dynamics mainly control the variation of electrical resistivity over soil textural difference. Therefore the identification of water uptake zone would highly be correlated to plant root activities, thus ERT will be feasible approach to identify spatial characteristics of a plant root activity.

• 한국자기공명학회논문지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.19-28
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• 2000

Authors evaluated alterations of observable metabolite ratios between the cerebral lesion and the contralateral region related to the clinical symptomatic side in levodopa-treated Parkinson's disease (PD) and investigated correlation between age in patients with PD and metabolite ratios of the lesion. Patients with levodopa-treated PD (n = 54) and age-matched normal controls (n = 15) underwent magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) examinations using a stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) pulse sequence that provided 2$\times$2$\times$2 cm3 volume of interest in the selected regions of substantia nigra (SN) and putamed-globus pallidus (PG). To evaluate dependence of metabolite ratios on age, we divided into two groups (i.e., younger and older age). We quantitatively measured N-acetylaspartate (NAA), creatine (Cr), choline-containing compounds (Cho), inositols (Ins), and the sum of glutamate (Glx) and GABA levels and obtained proton metabolite ratios relative to Cr using a Marquart algorithm. Compared with the contralateral region, a significant neuronal laterality of the NAA/Cr ratio in the lesion of SN related to the clinical symptomatic side was established (P = 0.01), but was not established in the lesion of PG (P = 0.24). Also, Cho/Cr ratio tended toward significance in the lesion of SN (P = 0.07) and was statistically significant in the lesion of PG(P = 0.01). Compared with that in the younger age group, NAA/Cr ratio in the older age was decreased in the lesion of SN (P = 0.02), while NAA/Cr ratio was not statistically significant in the lesion of PG ( P = 0.21). Significant metabolic alterations of NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr ratios might be closely related with functional changes of neuropathological process in SN and PG of levodopa treated PD and could be a valuable finding for evaluation of the PD. A trend of NAA/Cr reduction, being statistically significant in older patients, could be indicative of more pronounced neuronal damage in the SN of the progressive PD.

• 한국해양학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.59-66
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• 1991

동해 심해분지 시추퇴적물 (수심, 1850 m 에서 수평(H), 수직(V) 방향에 대한 음 속(V/SUB p/)과 감쇠계수 (q/SUB p/)가 실내분석방법으로 측정되었다. 채취된 시추퇴 적물이 길이는 약 250 m 이었으며, 측정 음원은 중심주파수 500 m 의 초음파 변환기 (ultrasonic p-wave transducer)가 사용되었다. 1,480~1,500 m/sec 정도의 변화를 보 이는 V/SUB p/의 비동방성 (A/SUB p/)은 $\pm$1.0% 이내로써, 수평 또는 수직 그 어느 쪽 이 빠르다고 판단하기는 어렵다. 이는 시료의 대부분이 균질 (homogeneous) 한 니질퇴 적상이며, 심한 생물교란 (bioturbation)과 함께 높은 공극율(85% 이상)에 따른 다량 의 해수 함유에 기인하는 것으로 판단된다. Q/SUB p/의 분포범위는 5~10 정도이며 전 반적으로 퇴적물 하부로 내려갈수록 감소하는 경향은 탄산염 (CaC0$_3$)과 유기물 함량 의 증가와 함께 silt가 증가하고 clay가 감소하는 퇴적물 입도 (texture)의 변화로 해 석된다. 그러나 화산재(volcanic ash)가 나타나는 최하부층에서는 14.9 의 높은 Q/SUB PH/값도 보이고 있다. V/SUB PH/와 Q/SUB PH/의 역상관관계는 퇴적물 물성변화 뿐만 아니라 높은 함수율로 인한 해수특성(높은 Q/SUB p/, 낮은 V/SUB p/)의 영향도 크게 작용하고 있음을 시사한다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.149-152
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• 1975

In spite of great advances in surgical treatment during past several decades, surgery of the trachea failed to develop correspondingly, partly because of relative rarity of the tracheal lesions and partly because of difficulties in surgical technique and anesthesia. Surgical diseases of the trachea are largely obstructions due to neoplasm or cicatrical stenosis and tracheal malacia. The present treatment of respiratory failure, using cuffed endotracheal and tracheostomy tubes, has produced, apparently with increasing frequency, tracheal stenosis, tracheomalized tracheal erosion. Surgery is presently the only reasonable way to treat stenotic lesions of the tracheobronchial tree. In the case of tumors, the current trend has been that of radical excision. Primary end-to--end reconstruction of the trachea has been generally recognized as the ideal method of repair following resection. However, for decades it was believed that a maximum of four tracheal rings only might be excised and primary healing achieved with safety. A great variety of procedures, developed by numerous investigations and directed at tracheal substitution, have almost invariably met with discouraging results. A meticulous study done by Grillo and associates on autopsy specimens has shown that an average 6.4cm of mediastinal trachea can be safely resected by full mobilization of the right lung and transplantation of the left main bronchus into the bronchus intermedius. Recently, we experienced a case of successful resection of a tumor of the tracheal carina and primary tracheo-left main bronchial anastomosis at the Department of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, the National Medical Center in Seoul. The patient, a 29-year-old man, was admitted to the hospital with complaints of dyspnea and cough. On admission, chest film showed hydropneumothorax on the right. After closed thoracostomy, hydropneumothorax disappeared, but hazy densities, developed in the right middle and lower lung fields, resisted to treatment. Bronchoscopy uncovered irregular tumor covering the carina and the right main bronchus, and biopsy indicated well differentiated squamous Cell carcinoma. Operation was performed on July 2, 1975. A right postero-lateral thoracotomy was used. Excision involved the lower trachea, the carina, the left main bronchus and the right lung. This was followed by direct anastomosis between the trachea and the left main bronchus. Bronchography was done on 17th postoperative day revealed good result of operation without stricture at the site ofanastomosis. About one month after the operation symptoms and signs of bronchial irritation with dyspnea developed, and these responded to respiratory care. On 82nd postoperative day, sudden dyspnea developed at night and the patient expired several hours later. Autopsy was not done and the cause of death was uncertain.

• 한국건설관리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건설관리학회 2002년도 학술대회지
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• pp.300-305
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• 2002

건설프로젝트를 수행해 나감에 있어 과실과 무책임으로 인한 크고 작은 사고 및 손실은 건설참여자간에 다양한 유형의 분쟁을 야기하게 되는데, 상호간의 계약적 관계의 유무에 따라 계약당사자간의 분쟁과 비계약적 참여간의 분쟁으로 구분된다. 전통적으로 과실과 무책임에 따른 손실추궁은 상호간에 계약관계가 존재하는 것을 전제로 하였기 때문에 건설분쟁을 해결하기 위한 그동안의 접근방법도 주로 계약관계를 갖고 있는 당사자간의 분쟁에 관심이 맞추어져 왔다. 그러나 최근 제조업책임법의 사례 등에서 볼 수 있듯이 국내외적으로 비계약적 참여자간에도 과실이 증명될 경우 그에 따른 책임을 추궁하는 경향을 보이고 있다. 본 연구는 국내 건설 프로젝트에서 발생하는 직접적인 계약관계가 없는 비계약자간의 분쟁판례를 유형별로 분석하고, 설문조사를 통해 이러한 제3자적 관계에 의한 건설분쟁이 턴키제도 및 건설사업관리(CM)제도 등 건설발주방식 및 환경분쟁 등에 어떤 영향을 미치는 지를 고찰하여 건설참여 전문가 개개인의 전문가적 책임과 계약관계가 없는 제3자에 대한 책임의 중요성을 재인식함으로써 건설산업 참여자들의 분쟁위험을 최소화하고 건설산업의 신뢰도를 재고시키는 여건조성을 위한 기초적 연구자료로써 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.201-208
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• 1994

밭토양(土壤) 심층(深層)에 용탈집적(溶脫集積)되어 있는 Nitrate를 작물(作物)이 이용(利用)할때 이의 흡수(吸收)를 저해(沮害)하는 토양성분(土壤成分)을 찾고자 검은연두(緣豆), 해바라기, 수수등 3가지 작물(作物)을 공시(供試)하여 이들 작물(作物)의 시용실소(施用室素)의 회수율(回收率)과 다른 토양성분(土壤成分)들의 관계를 구명(究明)하였다. 3가지 작물(作物)의 건물중(乾物重)과 질소규수량(窒素叫收量)은 토양(土壤)의 질소함량(窒素含量)이 높은 토양(土壤)에서 많았다. 염소흡수량(鹽素吸收量)은 해바리기와 수수에서는 염소농도(鹽素濃度)가 낮고 질소함량(窒素含量)이 높은 토양(土壤)에서, 검은연두(緣豆)에서는 질소함량(窒素含量)이 높은 토양(土壤)과 염소농도(鹽素濃度)가 높은 토양(土壤)에서 높았다. 3가지 작물의 시비질소(施肥窒素) 흡수비율(吸收比率)과 검은녹두(綠豆)의 고정질소(固定窒素) 비율(比率)은 질산태질소(窒酸態窒素) 함량(含量)이 가장 높은 토양(土壤)에서 낮았으며 토양질소(土壤窒素) 흡수비율(吸收比率)은 반대(反對)의 경향(傾向)을 보였다. 각종(各種) 양(陽)이온들의 흡수량(吸收量)이 증가(增加)할수록 3가지 작물(作物)의 시용질소(施用窒素) 회수율(回收率)이 증가(增加)하는 경향(傾向)이었다. 해바라기와 수수에서는 염소흡수량(鹽素吸收量)이 많아짐에 따라 시용질소회수율(施用窒素回收率)도 증가(增加)하였으나 검은녹두(綠豆)에서는 감소(減少)하는 경향(傾向)이었다. 검은연두(緣豆)의 시용질소(施用窒素) 회수율(回收率)은 토양(土壤)중 염소농도(鹽素濃度)가 높을수록 고도(高度)의 유의성(有意性)있는 감소(減少)를 보였다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.338-344
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• 1999

Floating debris was recorded from a training ship, $\sharp$1 Kwanaksan, of Pukyong National University with about 10 knots speed at July 15th and 20th of 1997. The sampled area is the middle of southern sea of Korea, divided into 44 unit segments on survey routes. Debris fabrication materials were categorized with 6 items using the following; man-made or natural wood items, paper and cardboard, nylon netting and rope, styrofoam, plastics, floating metal and glass containers. All identified items within a 100 $\pm$ 2 m wide band were recorded but ignored if beyond this boundary. The results of distribution and transport of floating debris in the area are as follows: 1. The quantities of debris during the survey were distributed from $1.6\~369.7\;items/km^2$. The most obvious trend is the widespread distribution of all debris. The highest densities of all debris were discovered in the coastal waters of Namhae and Yokji island, and of about 50 km off from the southward of Yokji and about 74 km off from the eastward of Komun island. Especially many of small styrofoams within $\phi$20 cm were observed in these segments. 2. Styrofoams and plastics were composed of $83.5\%$ among all debris, next woods items, $9.8\%$. 3. The quantities, distribution shapes and composition of debris were varied as the observed duration and the natures of each items. 4. These phenomena are concluded that firstly they depend on the river discharges included debris due to precipitation falls, secondly inflow or dumping debris are drifting to the off-shore by Kuroshio currents present at their adjacent sea, But on the basis of the observed data it is difficult that source position, quantities and inflow items of debris are identified, and also the transport processes is pursue. further more surveys are continuously being investigated, and from this it is hoped that a much wider coverage can be achieved, perhaps on all sites of the Coast of Korea and contributed to the stationary area, finding of sources, removal method of debris and resistants of marine productivity.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.197-207
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• 1996

한국 다랭이 선망어선의 유목군 조업 비율은 최근 까지 점차 감소 추세에 있으며 $1990\~1995$년간의 유목군 어획 비율은 전체 어획량의 $34.6\%$로 선망어업 초기와 비교해 볼 때 상당히 낮았다. 어획 어종의 조성에서는 유목군 및 부상군 조업에서 다같이 가다랭이가 가장 많이 어획되었고 그 다음 황다랭이 그리고 소량의 눈다랭이가 어획되었다. 황다랭이의 어획 비율은 부상군 조업이 유목군 조업보다 높았다. 승선 조사 시의 유목군 조업의 어획 어종의 조성은 가다랭이 $60\%$, 황다랭이 $38\%$, 눈다랭이 $2\%$로 조업 실적 자료보다 가다랭이는 낮았고 황다랭이는 높았다. 유목군 조업에서 혼획된 종은 모두 11종이었으며 그중 상어류가 전 투망 시에 어획되었고 yellowtail kingfish가 마리수로는 가장 많이 어획되었다. 황다랭이의 체장 조성을 비교하였을 때 소형 황다랭이는 주로 유목 주변에 분포하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제20권8호
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• pp.943-951
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• 2011

We investigated the effects of temperature changes on the oxygen consumption rhythm in Japanese eels, Anguilla japonica, using an automatic intermittent flow respirometer (AIFR). The endogenous rhythm of the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in the eels (n = 18; 44-74 cm, 145-690 g), freshly collected by bag net from estuaries, was nearly synchronous with the tidal pattern of the estuarine collection site. The magnitude of mean OCR (mOCR) of eels showed variable range of 82.2 - 116.5 ml $O_2\;kg^{-1}ww \;h^{-1}$ under constant conditions. In case of increasing temperature from 25 to $38^{\circ}C$, the OCR of eels exhibited a gradually increasing trend with a rhythmic pattern until $36^{\circ}C$. Above $36^{\circ}C$ the rhythms of the OCR dampened and the OCR decreased rapidly at around $36-37^{\circ}C$. The OCR of the eels exhibited the maximum value at $38^{\circ}C$, and then it sharply decreased. The results suggested that the critical thermal maximum (CTM) regarding the endogenous rhythms of the eels was at around $36-37^{\circ}C$ when water temperature increased at $0.5^{\circ}C$/14 h following the acclimation at $25^{\circ}C$. In case of decreasing temperature ($0.5^{\circ}C$/14 h) from 25 to $0^{\circ}C$, the OCR of the eels displayed a abrupt decrease up to $23^{\circ}C$, and between at 23 and $20^{\circ}C$, there was an agitation which showed a slight increase in the OCR with a duration of 1-2 days. Below $9^{\circ}C$, the OCR rhythm of the eels showed a constant state regardless of temperature decreasing. These results suggest that the Japanese eel has an upper incipient lethal temperature at $36^{\circ}C$, with a lower thermal limit at $9^{\circ}C$. The biochemical aspects of the eels influenced by water temperature need to be further studied.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.90-95
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• 2007

전라남도 여수시 가막만에 방류한 감성돔, Acanthopagrus schlegli 치어의 초기 먹이섭취 및 먹이조성 그리고 체성분 변화에 대해 1개월간 추적연구를 수행하였다. 방류 감성돔은 방류 후 1일째부터 먹이섭취가 이루어졌으며, 포식율은 조사기간 동안 80% 이상을 보였다. 먹이조성은 방류 후 15일째까지 낚시미끼와 가두리에서의 사료 유출물 등 인공먹이를 주로 섭취하였으나, 그 후 20일 이후부터 자연먹이로의 전환이 이루어졌다. 방류 후 5일 그리고 10일째의 A 정점(SA) 방류 감성돔의 전어체 조지방 함량이 방류전, B 정점(SB) 그리고 양식어(CUL)보다 낮은 값을 보였으며, 방류 30일째의 전어체의 n-3 HUFA 조성 및 필수아미노산 함량은 방류어에서 약간 높은 경향을 보였다. 본 연구 결과, 가막만에 방류된 감성돔은 빠른 먹이섭취가 이루어졌으며, 초기 먹이섭취 및 먹이조성은 어체성분 변화에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.