• 대한치과보존학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한치과보존학회 2001년도 추계학술대회(제116회) 및 13회 Workshop 제3회 한ㆍ일 치과보존학회 공동학술대회 초록집
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• pp.576.2-576
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of dentinal sclerosis and tubular orientation on Class V restoration bonded with three dentin bonding agents using confocal laser scanning microscope(CLSM). Class V cavities were prepared from freshly extracted caries-free human teeth. thirty of these cavities were divided into two groups based upon the status of class V cavities: Group 1, cervical abrasive lesions without preparation; Group 2, artificially-prepared wedge-shaped cavities.(omitted)

• 지질공학
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.165-178
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• 2015

Physical and chemical weathering degrades rock, affecting its structural properties and thus the stability of stone buildings or other structures. Confocal laser scan microscopy (CLSM) is used here to observe temporal changes in the surface roughness of rock samples under simulated accelerated weathering. Samples were pressurized to 50, 55, or 70 MPa using a pressure frame, and subjected to freeze/thaw cycling controlled by a thermostat. The temperature was cycled from -20℃ to 40℃ and back. After each 20 cycles, CLSM was used to assess the change in surface roughness, and roughness factors were calculated to quantify the progression of the surface condition over time. Variations in cross-section line-roughness parameters and surface-roughness parameters were analyzed for specific parts of the sample surfaces at 5× and 50× magnification. The result reveals that the highest and lowest values of the roughness factors are changed according to elapsed time. Freezing/thawing at high pressure caused larger changes in the roughness factor than at low pressure.

• 지질공학
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.405-419
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• 2002

새롭게 개발된 레이저 콘포컬 현미경을 이용해 암석 불연속면의 거칠기를 측정하였다. 레이저의 파장은 488 nm이며, 현미경은 두 개의 galvano-meter scanner mirror를 이용한 광 편광법에 의해 제어된다. 레이저 반사를 통한 자동 초점기능은 관찰대상을 빠르고 정확하게 측정할 수 있다. 이 현미경은 기존의 다른 콘포컬 현미경에 비해 광축방향의 해상도를 크게 개선하였고, 특수 제작한 현미경 스테이지를 이용해 최대 $10{\;}{\times}{\;}10{\;}cm$ 까지 크기의 시료를 측정할 수 있다. 측정간격은 x와 y 방향으로 $2.5{\;}\mu\textrm{m}$씩이며, z방향의 최대 측정해상도는 $10{\;}\mu\textrm{m}$로서, 다른 방범에 비해 훨씬 정확하다. 조립질과 세립질의 입도가 다른 화강암을 대상으로 인장시험(Brazilian test)를 통해 인공절리를 생성시켰고, 생성된 좌우의 절리면에 각각 3개씩의 측선을 설정하였다. 각 측선을 따라 측정한 높이는 1차원은 물론 거칠기의 세밀한 양상을 보여주는 2차원과 3차원의 디지털 이미지로 표현된다. 조립질 화강암의 1차원 단면은 세립질보다 불연속면의 기복이 더 심함을 잘 보여준다. 거칠기를 정량적으로 특성화하고 거칠기를 구성하는 성분 중 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 성분을 파악하기 위해 고속퓨리에 변환 (FFT)를 이용한 스펙트럼 분석을 실시하였다. 스펙트럼 분석결과 저주파 성분이 큰 시효의 경우 거칠기의 기복변화가 심하고 긴 파장을 나타내는 경향이 있음을 구명하였다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2003

압축력의 변화에 따른 균열 간극변화 양상을 측정하고 간극변화와 수리전도도와의 관계를 파악하기 위해 이 연구에서는 다섯 단계의 수직 일축압축력을 균열면에 연속적으로 가하면서 고해상도의 공초점 레이저 스캔 현미경 (confocal laser scanning microscope; CLSM)을 이용하여 간극의 크기를 측정하고 디지털 이미지를 획득하였다. 기존의 연구들과는 달리 이 연구의 측정방법은 압력변화에 대한 동일시료 간극의 반응을 연속적으로 파악할 수 있는 점이 특징이다. 측정결과는 간극크기가 일정하지 않은 불평탄한 균열형태를 매우 잘 나타내었다. 균열 조도(roughness)로 인해 압력에 따른 간극 변화량은 일정하지 않고 부분마다 다름을 보였다. 각 압력단계에서 간극변화에 따른 투수성 변화양상을 파악하고자 실내투수시험을 병행하여 실시한 결과, 각 압력단계에서의 투수성 변화도 일정한 감소율을 나타내지 않고 간극 변화율이 크더라도 투수율은 오히려 작은 경우도 관찰되었다. 현미경을 통해 측정한 물리적 간극과 실제 유체유동 경로가 되는 수리간극의 크기 차이를 파악하기 위해 계산을 한 결과, 미미한 갈이지만 물리적 간극보다 작은 크기의 수리간극이 구해졌다. 또한, 실내투수시험 결과를 이용하여 구한 투수계수는 삼승법칙을 따르지 않는 것으로 드러났으며, 이러한 사실들은 균열 양쪽이 서로 평행하지 않고 불평탄한 양상을 가짐을 의미하는 것으로서, 현미경을 통해 직접 관찰한 간극양상과 잘 일치하는 것이다.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.61-66
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate sheet properties of Indian mallow hanji, made by different pulping methods such as alkali and sulfomethylated pulpings, and different stock compositions, various mixing ratios of bast fiber and woody core fibers. Effect of morphological properties of pulp stocks on the sheet formation and their optical properties were also evaluated using an image analyzer and confocal laser scanning microscope(CLSM). In addition, the effect of fiber distribution index(FDI), which was calculated based on the image in a z-direction of a sheet from CLSM, on the sheet properties of Indian mallow hanji was discussed. The proposed FDI had a good correlation with various properties of paper, such as apparent density, opacity, tear index, breaking length and zero-span tensile strength. Especially, sulfomethylated pulp sheets＇FDI was higher than alkali pulp sheets.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.54-59
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• 1999

This study was to quantify fiber distributions in thickness direction of kenaf handsheets as a fiber distribution index (FDI) and to analyze the relationship between FDI and the handsheet properties. The images of fiber distribution in z-direction were obtained by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM) and analyzed by image analysis technique. The proposed FDI had a good correlation with high R2 vlaues with various properties of paper, such as apparent density, scattering coefficient , burst index, tear index, tensile index, and folding endurance. The proposed FDI was shown as a good index to quantify paper properties.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.575-586
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• 2000

In this study, adaptation of compomer to saliva contaminated dentin was evaluated with scanning electron microscope(SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscope(CLSM). For the SEM study, the occulusal surfaces of thirty two molar teeth were grounded to exposure dentin surfaces. The specimen were randomly assigned to control and three experimental groups with four samples in each group. In control group, Dyract and F-2000 compomer were bonded on the specimens according to the manufactures direction. Experimental groups were subdivided into three groups. They were contaminated with saliva on dentin surfaces ; Experimental group 1 : Saliva was dried with compressed air. Experimental group 2 : Saliva was rinsed with air-water spray and dried. Experimental group 3 : After polymerization of an adhesive, they were contaminated with saliva, and then saliva was rinsed with air-water spray and dried. Dyract and F-2000 compomer were bonded on saliva-treated dentin surfaces. The interfaces between dentin and compomer were observed with SEM. For the CLSM study, Class V cavities were prepared in buccal and ligual surfacess of thirty two molars. The specimens were divided into control and experimental groups. Class V cavities in experimental group were contaminated with saliva and those surfaces in each experimental groups received the same treatments as for the SEM study. Cavities were applied Prime & Bond 2.1 and F-2000 compomer primer/adhesive that were mixed with fluorescein, and then were filled with Dyract and F-2000 compomer. Specimens were embedded in transparent acrylic resin and sectioned buccolingual1y with diamond wheel saw, and then mounted on cover slide for CLSM study. The interface between cavity and compomer was observed by fluoresence imaging with a CLSM. The results were as follows : 1. In SEM exammination of Dyract group, control group, experimental group 2, 3 showed close adaptation to dentin and hybrid layer of $3{\sim}4{\mu}m$ diameter. Interfacial gap between compomer and dentin in experimental group 1 was wider than in control group. 2. In SEM examination of F-2000 group, adaptation to dentin of control group was closer than Dytact control group, but hybrid-like layer was not observed. Interfacial gap between compomer and dentin in experimental group 1 was wider than in Dyract experimental group 1. 3. In dissolution specimens of Dyract and F-2000 group, resin tags penetrated through dentinal tubules in control group and experimental group 1 and 3, but the penetration of resin tag was irregular and partial in experimental group 1. 4. In CLSM exammination of Dyract and F-2000 group, adhesive patterns of control and experimental groups showed same as in SEM. This result suggests the treatment methods, rinsing & drying, repeating all adhesive procedures, will produce good effect on adaptation of compomer to dentin if the dentin surface or polymerized adhesive is contaminated by saliva.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.29-42
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• 2001

We had prepared MLV liposome with Hibiscus Esculentus Ext.(HEE) which have fluorescent light in order to evaluate its percutaneous absorption about hairless rat skin. Then we investigated particle size of MLV using confocal laser scanning microscope(CLSM) and transmission electron microscope(TEM), respectively. Stability of MLV liposome and penetration of MLV liposome to hairless rat skin was measured by CLSM. As a result of experiments, MLV was globular shape and the rage of particle size was 0.3-0.5$\mu\textrm{m}$ mostly. Cream-type MLV had high stability comparatively. When we treated with MLV to rat skin, skin penetration was enhanced, especially, the optimum concentration of MLV on penetration to rat skin was 10%. Optimum penetration time was 6hr-12hr. And MLV-type HEE was more effective on percutaneous absorption than HEE-cream or liposome-type HEE.

• 대한치과보존학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한치과보존학회 2003년도 제120회 추계학술대회 제 5차 한ㆍ일 치과보존학회 공동학술대회
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• pp.615-615
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• 2003

I. Objectives This study was performed to get some information about micromorphology of subsurface lesion of root caries by observing autofluorescence using confocal laser scanning microscope(CLSM) with minimum sample preparation. II. Materials and Methods Half-cut and 1 mm thick sample of human teeth were prepared to produce artificial root carious lesions. Incipient subsurface lesions were produced under optimal pH and saturity. The lesions were observed by polarized microscopy, CLSM, and back-scattered electron microscope(BSE). Calcium and phosphorus concentrations of the lesions were analyzed by line EDAX. (omitted)

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.53-60
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• 2013

Bentonite is generally used as a buffer material in high-level radioactive waste disposal facilities and consists of 50% quartz by weight. Quartz strongly affects the behavior of bentonite over very long periods. For this reason, quartz dissolution experiment was performed under high-pressure and high-alkalinity conditions based on the conditions found in a high-level radioactive waste disposal facility located deep underground. In this study, two quartz dissolution experiments were conducted on 1) quartz beads under low-pressure and high-alkalinity conditions and 2) a single quartz crystal under high-pressure and high-alkalinity conditions. Following the experiments, a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) was used to observe the surfaces of experimental samples. Numerical analyses using the finite element method (FEM) were also performed to quantify the deformation of contact area. Quartz dissolution was observed in both experiments. This deformation was due to a concentrated compressive stress field, as indicated by the quartz deformation of the contact area through the FEM analysis. According to the numerical results, a high compressive stress field acted upon the neighboring contact area, which showed a rapid dissolution rate compared to other areas of the sample.