• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.153-165
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• 2018

There must be a balanced development of both conglomerates and small and mid-sized companies in order to secure constant economic growth and competitive edge of South Korea. Accordingly, high expectations are being placed on win-win growth and joint overseas expansion of conglomerates and small and mid-sized companies. This study seeks efficient ways to promote joint overseas expansion of major retailers and small and mid-sized companies considering the distinctiveness of home shopping by conducting interviews about joint overseas expansion of home shopping companies and small and mid-sized consumer goods companies in South Korea. To do this, interviews were conducted with three home shopping companies and three consumer goods SMEs operating in overseas markets. The results are as follows. Home shopping companies contribute to opening up overseas markets for small and mid-sized consumer goods companies, and allows them to make use of business and marketing competencies that they lack. Home shopping companies also produce visual materials or provide language translations, and help draw up documents for customs clearance in trading. They also form market development teams and provide information about the overseas markets. However, since the actual benefits from joint overseas expansion are minor for home shopping companies, there is a need for a strategy for win-win growth of both parties in the long run. To this end, it is necessary to provide substantial benefits to encourage joint overseas expansion. Ultimately, balanced development between home shopping companies and small- and medium-sized consumer goods companies should be promoted.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 1989

While cisplatin has been widely used in the treatment of a variety of cancers, nephrotoxicity is one of the major problems which frequently limit clinical usefulness of cisplatin. This study has been conducted to investigate nephrotoxicity of cisplatin in terms of changes in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal plasma flow (EFPF) measured by the simultaneous use of $^{99m}Tc-DTPA$ and $^{131}I-OIH$, before and after administration of cisplatin, in 12 patients with lung cancer and four patients with esophageal cancer. Cisplatin was administrated at total doses of $75\sim100mg/m^2$ with two hour hydration and diuresis method. GFR determined by the use of $^{99m}Tc-DTPA$ had a good correlation with 24-hour creatinine clearance rate (r=0.77, p<0.001). GFR and filtration fraction decreased immediately after administration of cisplatin, however, they showed a tendency to be in completely recovered four weeks after administration. ERPF was not changed immediately after and four weeks after administration of cisplatin. GFR before and immediately after administration of cisplatin were analyzed with regard to age, sex, performance status, previous adminstration of cisplatin and method of administration. None of these factors had any influence on the rate of decrease in GFR except method of administration. Administration of cisplatin as a single dose lowered GFR more compared with that as divided doses. In this study, we have also demonstrated that the simultaneous use of $^{99m}Tc-DTPA$ and $^{131}I-OIH$ was a useful tool for the measurement of GFR and ERPF respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.8 no.1_2
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• pp.1-11
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• 1974

The author in an attempt to evaluate hemodynamic changes in the clinical stages of Korean hemorrhagic fever measured plasma volume, cardiac output and effective renal plasma flow utilizing radioisoto es during various phases of the disease. Cardiac output was measured by radiocardiography with external monitoring method using RIHSA. Effective renal plasma flow was obtained from blood clearance curve drawn by external monitoring after radiohippuran injection according to the method described by Razzak et al. The study was carried out in thirty-eight cases of Korean hemorrhagic fever and the following conclusions were obtained. 1. Plasma volume was increased in the patients during the oliguric-and hypertensive diuretic phases, while it was normal in the patients during the normotensive-diuretic phase. 2. Cardiac index was increased in the patients during the oliguric phase and was slightly increased in the patients at the hypertensive diuretic phase. It was normal in the other phases. 3. Total peripheral resistance was increased in the hypertensive patients during diuretic phase, while it was normal in the rest of phases. 4. Effective renal plasma flow was significantly reduced in the patients during the oliguric and diuretic phases as well as at one month after the oliguric onset. There was no significant difference between the oliguric and the early diuretic phases. Renal plasma flow in the group of patients at one month after the oliguric onset was about 45% of the normal, however, it returned to normal level at six months after the onset. 5. Clinical syndrome of relative hypervolemia was observed in some patients during the oliguric phase or hypertensive diuretic phase. Characteristic hemodynamic findings were high cardiac output and normal to relatively increased peripheral resistance in these cases. Relatively increased circulating blood volume due to decreased effective vascular space was suggested for the mechanism of relative hypervolemia. 6. Cardiac hemodynamic alteration returned to normal during late stage of the diuretic phase, while renal hemodynamic changes were normalized at six months after the onset.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.284-291
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• 1997

The pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of DWP20367 (1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-8-chloro-7-(2, 7-diazabicyclo[3,3,0]tract-4-ene-7-yl)-1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid), a novel fluoroquinolone, were examined in rats and beagle dogs after a single intravenous and oral administration. Analysis of DWP20367 in plasma, tissue, and urine was determined by both HPLC and microbiological assay (bioassay). The plasma concentration-time curves of the drug in rats and beagle dogs were biexponentially declined. The terminal half-life (t$_{1}$2$\beta$/) of the drug in rats was about 60.1 $\pm$7.3 min (i.v.) and 61.3 $\pm$ 12.4 min (p.o.) in bioassay, and 86.3 $\pm$19.8 min (i.v.) and 50.9$\pm$ 14.9 min (p.o.) in HPLC. In beagle dogs, half-life of the drug determined by bioassay was about 121.8$\pm$6.2 min (i.v.) and 111.0$\pm$7.6 min (p.o.). The volume of distribution at steady-state (Vd$_{ss}$ ) was 243.8$\pm$74.1 ml/kg (bioassay) and 339.2$\pm$84.3 ml/kg (HPLC) in rats, and 1587.5 $\pm$536.9 ml/kg (bioassay) in beagle dogs. The total body clearance (Cl$_{t}$) of DWP20367 was 3.4 $\pm$ 0.4 ml/min/kg (bioassay) and 2.4$\pm$0.4 ml/min/kg (HPLC) in rats, and 12.3$\pm$ 1.0 ml/min/kg (bioassay) in beagle dogs, respectively. The extent of bioavailability after oral administration was 89.1%(bioassay) and 79.9% (HPLC) in rats, and 78.7% (bioassay) in beagle dogs. Urinary recovery (24-h) assayed by bioassay was 0.7% (p.o.) and 1.2% (i.v.) in rats, and 0.8% (p.o.) and 1.0% (i.v.) in beagle dogs. In rats, 24-h fecal recovery determined by bioassay was 11.2% (p.o.) and 0.1% (i.v.). Rat and human serum protein binding ratios at 2$\mu$g/ml were about 90~91%. This drug determined by bioassay was also distributed by the order of liver, kidney, lung, heart, spleen and muscle 30 min after oral administration.on.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.46-49
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• 2003

Paddy and milled rice quality, milling characteristics, energy consumption of milling process were investigated using Dasanbyeo, Ansanbyeo, Hwaseongbyeo, Ilpumbyeo, and Donganbyeo varieties. Thousand grains weights of the varieties dried to 15% moisture content were 22.92-28.60 g, with Dasanbyeo being the heaviest. Optimum clearance of rubber roller for obtaining maximum dehulling recovery was 30% of each rice variety thickness. At that time, perfect brown rice ratios of Dasanbyeo, Ansanbyeo, Hwaseongbyeo, Ilpumbyeo, and Donganbyeo were 95.24%, 98.86%, 95.97%, 97.75%, and 97.31%, respectively, and showed no significant differences among varieties. Ratios of removed rice bran after two times milling ranged 70.93-91.38%, with Dasanbyeo showing the highest ratio, and the average head rice ratio was 92.87%.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.729-733
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of D-ribose supplementation on the changes of blood fatigue substances (lactate, ammonia, phosphate and hypoxanthine) after maximal exercise performance in college male students. The experimental trials of each subject were divided into the following conditions: placebo supplement trial and D-ribose supplement trial. The subjects exercised using a Concept II Indoor rowing ergometer for 2,000 m Single Skull event. The subjects ingested 200 mg/kg of D-ribose after breakfast, lunch, dinner, as well as thirty minutes before exercising, for six days. Blood fatigue substances were continuously measured before exercise, immediately after exercise, and thirty minutes after exercise. The results indicated a significant difference in blood phosphate and hypoxanthine levels between the two experimental trials in the 30 minute recovery period (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in blood lactate and phosphate levels between the two experimental trials. The results of our study suggest that D-ribose supplementation during maximal rowing exercise for 7~8 minutes may contribute to the improvement of metabolic responses as a beneficial ergogenic aid accelerating fatigue clearance.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.52
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• pp.135-153
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• 2010

Dong-a Ilbo tried to assume leadership of opinion in preceding the movement against the trusteeship as a mouthpiece for the Han-Min Party. Dong-a Ilbo was to try to promote the atmosphere of anti-trusteeship=anti-communism=anti-Soviet Union, distorting the decision of a conference of three foreign affairs ministers in Moscow. It was not an incorrect report, but the false report. As a result, the formula of an anti-trusteeship=anti-Soviet Union=anti-communism=patriotism, and a pro-trusteeship=pro-Soviet Union=pro-Communism=traitor was formed. And the important problems of land reform and pro-Japanese‘ clearance were missing. Historically, political newspapers had appeared in the periods of very important political change. Political newspapers played a role as mouthpiece for political party or group. Dong-a Ilbo was such a political newspaper. It was that Dong-a Ilbo tried to change the social atmosphere in preceding the movement against the trusteeship as a mouthpiece for the Han-Min Party. And history was distorted.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.10-16
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• 2011

This study was carried out to analyze the vegetation and soil characteristic, and ordination of the Ilex cornuta population, in the Yongsu Reservoir of Jeju Island. The Ilex cornuta population was classified into Cudrania tricuspidata dominant population, Sageretia theezans dominant population, and Mallotus japonicus dominant population. In the study sites, soil organic matter(O.M.), total nitrogen(T.N.), available phosphorus($P_2O_5$), changeable potassium, changeable calcium, changeable magnesium and soil pH were 14.62~17.35%, 0.39~0.51%, 8.83~20.15mg/kg, 0.44~0.64cmol+/kg, 5.79~6.87cmol+/kg, 3.43~4.19cmol+/kg and 5.41~5.80, respectively. The Mallotus japonicus dominant population was mainly found in the high percentage of available phosphorus, organic matter. It was also showed the lowest concentration of exchangeable K, and Mg. Cudrania tricuspidata dominant population and Sageretia theezans dominant population were found in the low percentage of available phosphorus, organic matter and there were also showed the highest concentration of exchangeable K, and Mg. It is one of the evidence that Ilex cornuta community indicated an intensive site management likes clearance of creeper is proper habitat management protocol. Thus, further researches should be followed to determine the other disturbance factors as management techniques.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.287-294
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• 2008

Objectives : To estimate the economic burden of osteoporotic vertebral fracture (VF) from a societal perspective. Methods : From 2002 to 2004, we identified all National Health Insurance claims records for women ${\geq}50$ years old with a diagnosis of VF. The first 6-months was defined as a "clearance period," such that patients were considered as incident cases if their first claim of fracture was recorded after June 30, 2002. We only included patients with ${\geq}$ one claim of a diagnosis of, or prescription for, osteoporosis over 3 years. For each patient, we cumulated the claims amount for the first visit and for the follow-up treatments for 1 year. The hospital charge data from 4 hospitals were investigated to measure the proportion of the non-covered services. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 106 patients from the 4 study sites to measure the out-of-pocket spending outside of hospitals. Results : During 2.5 years, 131,453 VF patients were identified. The patients had an average of 3.38 visits, 0.40 admissions and 6.36 inpatient days. The per capita cost was 1,909,690 Won: 71.5% for direct medical costs, 20.6% for direct non-medical costs and 7.9% for indirect costs. The per capita cost increased with increasing age: 1,848,078 Won for those aged 50-64, 2,084,846 Won for 65-74, 2,129,530 Won for 75-84and 2,121,492 Won for those above 84. Conclusions : Exploring the economic burden of osteoporotic VF is expected to motivate to adopt effective treatment options for osteoporosis in order to prevent the incidence of fracture and the consequent costs.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.344-350
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• 1996

Purpose : Noninvasive imaging of tumor cell proliferation could be helpful in the evaluation of tumor growth potential and could provide an early assessment of treatment response. Radiolabeled thymidine, uridine and adenosine have been used to evaluate tumor cell proliferation. These nucleoside analogs are incorporated into DNA during proliferation. Iodine-131-Iodomethyluridine, an analog of Iodine-131-Iododeoxyuridine, is also involved in DNA/RNA synthesis. The purpose of this study was to develop Iodine-131-Iodomethylurdine and image tumor proliferation using Iodine-131-Iodomethyluridine. Materials and Methods : Radiosynthesis of Iodine-131-5-Iodo-2'-O-methyluridine (Iodine-131-Iodomethyluridine) was prepared from 10 mg of 2'-O-methyluridine(Sigma chemical Co., St. Louis, Missouri) and 2.1 mCi(SP. 10Ci/mg) of Iodine-131-labeled sodium iodide in $100{\mu}l$ of water using iodogen reaction. Female Fischer 344 rats were inoculated in the thigh area with breast tumor cells(13765 NF, $10^5$ cells/rat S.C.). After 14 days, the Iodine-131-Iodomethyluridine $10{\mu}Ci$ was injected to three groups of rats(3/group). The percent of injected dose per gram of tissue weight was determined at 0.5-hours, 2-hours, 4-hours, and 24-hours respectively. Tumor bearing rats after receiving Iodine-131-Iodomethyluridine($50{\mu}Ci$ IV) were euthanized at 2 hours after injection. Autoradiography was done using freeze-dried $50{\mu}m$ coronal section. After injection of Iodine-131- Iodomethyluridine ($10{\mu}Ci$/rat, IV) in three breast tumor-bearing rats, planar scintigraphy was taken at 45 minutes, 90 minutes and 24 hours. Results : Iodine-131-Iodomethyluridine was conveniently synthesized using iodogen reaction. The biodistribution showed fast blood clearance and the tumor-to-tissue uptake ratios showed that optimal imaging time was at 2 hours postinjection. Autoradiogram and planar scintigram indicated that tumor could be well visualized. Conclusion : The findings suggest that Iodine-131-Iodomethyluridine, a new radio-iodinated nucleoside, has potential use for evaluation of active regions of tumor growth.