• The KSFM Journal of Fluid Machinery
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• v.8 no.4 s.31
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• pp.27-38
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• 2005

The present study investigated the effect of relative position of the blade on blade surface heat transfer. The experiments were conducted in a low speed wind tunnel with a stationary annular turbine cascade. The test section has a single turbine stage composed of sixteen guide vanes and blades. The chord length of the blade is 150 mm and the mean tip clearance of the blade is $2.5\%$ of the blade chord. The Reynolds number based on blade inlet velocity and chord length is $1.5{\times}105$ and mean turbulence intensity is about $3\%$. To investigate the effect of relative position of blade, the blade at six different positions in a pitch was examined. For the detailed mass transfer measurements, a naphthalene sublimation technique was used. In general, complex heat transfer characteristics are observed on the blade surface due to various flow characteristics, such as a laminar flow separation, relaminarization, flow acceleration, transition to turbulence and tip leakage vortices. The results show that the blade relative position affects those heat transfer characteristics because the distributions of incoming flow velocity and turbulence intensity are changed. Especially, the heat transfer pattern on the near-tip region is significantly affected by the relative position of the blade because the effect of tip leakage vortex is strongly dependent on the blade position. On the pressure side, the effect of blade position is not so significant as on the suction side surface although the position and the size of the separation bubble are changed.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.37-48
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• 1991

The characteristics of probenecid effect on renal urate excretion in the cat were studied by clearance method and compared with those in the rabbit. In the cat GFR was $3.03{\pm}0.09\;ml/min{\cdot}kg$, and endogenous plasma urate concentration was $1.12{\pm}0.57\;{\mu}g/ml$, which is less than that in the rabbit $(3.33{\pm}0.46\;{\mu}g/ml)$. In the rabbit, $FE_{ur}$ was $1.76{\pm}0.08$ and net urate secretion was observed, while, in the cat $FE_{ur}$ was $0.70{\pm}0.02$ and net reabsorption was observed. In the cat $FE_{ur}$ was dependent on urine flow and independent of plasma urate concentration. In the rabbit $FE_{ur}$ was suppressed by infusion of probenecid $(30\;mg/kg\;-0.6\;mg/kg{\cdot}min)$ into femoral vein. In the cat the same dose of probenecid increased $FE_{ur}$ and concomitantly increased urine flow. Thus, an increase in $FE_{ur}$ by probenecid could be considered to be resulted from a change in urine flow. In the cat infusion of probenecid $(2.5\;mg/kg{\cdot}min)$ into renal artery markedly suppressed $FE_{P\;A\;H}$, but the effects on $FE_{ur}$ and urine flow were similar to those when probenecid was infused into femoral vein. These results indicate that in the cat kidney urate filtered through glomerulus is reabsorbed by a probenecid-insensitive mechanism with no evidence for net secretion.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.19-22
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• 2006

The pharmacokinetics of nimodipine, following a single 16 mg/kg oral dose, was investigated in rabbits with hepatic failure induced by 0.5 mL/kg (mild), 1.0 mL/kg (moderate) and 2.0 mL/kg (severe) of carbon tetrachloride $(CCl_{4}$ : olive oil = 20 : 80, v/v). The plasma concentrations of nimodipine were determined by a high performance liquid chromatographic assay. The levels of sGOT and sGPT in rabbits with mild $(86.2{\pm}29.0\;and\;98.5{\pm}33.1\;unit/dL)$, moderate $(168.1{\pm}61.2\;and\;196.2{\pm}66.0\;unit/dL)$ and severe $(292.7{\pm}82.2\;and\;314.2{\pm}99.8\;unit/dL)$ hepatic failure were significantly increased compared to the control $(38.0{\pm}10.1\;and\;32.4{\pm}10.2\;unit/dL)$. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of nimodipine was significantly increased in mild $(131.7{\pm}28.1%)$, moderate $(168.8{\pm}32.8%)$ and severe $(204.6{\pm}58.3%)$ carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic failure rabbits compared to the control (100%) rabbits. The volume of distribution $(V_{d})$ and the total body clearance $(CL_{t})$ of nimodipine were significantly decreased in all hepatic failure groups. The elimination rate constant $(K_{el})$ of nimodipine was significantly decreased in moderate and severe carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic failure rabbits. There was a correlation between sGOT (y= 1.01x+241, r=0.993) or sGPT (y=0.92x +243, r=0.997) value and the AUC of nimodipine in the rabbits with hepatic failure. These findings suggest that the hepatic metabolism of nimodipine was inhibited by carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic failure rabbits, resulting in the decrese in $V_{d}$ and $CL_{t}$ of nimodipine in the rabbits with mild, moderate and severe hepatic failure.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.141-148
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• 1969

The direct effect of isoproterenol on renal function, when given intravenously, is usually obscured by its potent hypotensive action. To obviate the latter action, isoproterenol was infused directly into one renal artery of the dog, the other kidney serving as a control for the general action. And following results were obtained. In the first series of experiments, the directic action of isoproterenol was ascertained. $1.0\;{\mu}g/kg/min$. reduced on both kidneys the urine flow, clearances of PAH and creatinine, as well as the amount of sodium excreted, but the effect was weaker on the experimental side than on contralateral side. With $0.1\;{\mu}g/kg/min$., two cases among 6 experiments showed marked diuresis, two cases no apparent effect, and another two marked antidiuresis on the experimental kidney, whereas the contralateral kidney exhibited antidiuresis in all cases. Further reducing the dose unmasked the diuretic action on the ,experimental kidney. In another series, the effects of isoproterenol on the blood flow distribution within the kidney and on sodium concentration gradient within the kidney tissue were observed. $0.05\;{\mu}g/kg/min$ isoproterenol markedly increased the medullary plasma flow and slightly increased total renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate, along with concomitant increase in the amount of sodium excreted and osmolar clearance, and decrease in reabsorption of free water. Sodium concentration gradient markedly decreased in the experimental kidney, reaching 2/3 of the value observed in the contralateral kidney at the papilla. It is thus concluded that isoproterenol exerts a diuretic action, when infused directly into a renal artery, and the mechanism of the action rests on its hemodynamic action, substantiated as the increase in glomerular filtration and in the medullary blood flow, resulting in washout of hyperosmolality produced by the coutercurrent multiplier system.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.187-191
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• 2013

Background Our objective was to compare the complication rates of two common breast reconstruction techniques performed at our hospital and the cost-effectiveness for each test group. Methods All patients who underwent deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap and transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap by the same surgeon were selected and matched according to age and mastectomy with or without axillary clearance. Patients from each resultant group were selected, with the patients matched chronologically. The remainder were matched for by co-morbidities. Sixteen patients who underwent immediate breast reconstruction with pedicled TRAM flaps and 16 patients with DIEP flaps from 1999 to 2006 were accrued. The average total hospitalisation cost, length of hospitalisation, and complications in the 2 year duration after surgery for each group were compared. Results Complications arising from both the pedicled TRAM flaps and DIEP flaps included fat necrosis (TRAM, 3/16; DIEP, 4/16) and other minor complications (TRAM, 3/16; DIEP, 1/16). The mean hospital stay was 7.13 days (range, 4 to 12 days) for the pedicled TRAM group and 7.56 (range, 5 to 10 days) for the DIEP group. Neither the difference in complication rates nor in hospital stay duration were statistically significant. The total hospitalisation cost for the DIEP group was significantly higher than that of the pedicled TRAM group (P<0.001). Conclusions Based on our study, the pedicled TRAM flap remains a cost-effective technique in breast reconstruction when compared to the newer, more expensive and tedious DIEP flap.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.5-11
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• 2017

Background Conscious sedation has been widely utilized in plastic surgery. However, inadequate research has been published evaluating adequate drug dosage and depth of sedation. In clinical practice, sedation is often inadequate or accompanied by complications when sedatives are administered according to body weight alone. The purpose of this study was to identify variables influencing the depth of sedation during conscious sedation for plastic surgery. Methods This prospective study evaluated 97 patients who underwent plastic surgical procedures under conscious sedation. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine, and glucose levels were measured. Midazolam and ketamine were administered intravenously according to a preset protocol. Bispectral index (BIS) recordings were obtained to evaluate the depth of sedation 4, 10, 15, and 20 minutes after midazolam administration. Associations between variables and the BIS were assessed using multiple regression analysis. Results Alcohol intake and female sex were positively associated with the mean BIS (P<0.01). Age was negatively associated with the mean BIS (P<0.01). Body mass index (P=0.263), creatinine clearance (P=0.832), smoking history (P=0.398), glucose (P=0.718), AST (P=0.729), and ALT (P=0.423) were not associated with the BIS. Conclusions Older patients tended to have a greater depth of sedation, whereas females and patients with greater alcohol intake had a shallower depth of sedation. Thus, precise dose adjustments of sedatives, accounting for not only weight but also age, sex, and alcohol consumption, are required to achieve safe, effective, and predictable conscious sedation.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.539-547
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of kinetic and kinematic parameters in obstacle gaits after 12 weeks of an aquatic exercise program. Eight female elders walked in four different heights of obstacles(0, 2.5, 5.1, & 15.2cm) on their self-selected speed. The ROM of hip was significantly increased after the aquatic exercise program. Swing and Stance duration were decreased. The step length was significantly increased and the step width was decreased. After the exercise program the clearance between the right foot and the top of obstacle(except 15.2cm) increased and the crossing speed was increased. The braking force, propulsive force, braking impulse, and propulsive impulse were significantly changed after the aquatic exercise program. The 12 weeks of the aquatic exercise program resulted in lower body strength and balance gains in female elders. The improvements were associated with changes in kinetic and kinematic parameters leading to an obstacle-crossing speed and a safer lower-limb control. The aquatic exercise program is suggested as an effective intervention to promote gait ability and prevent fall-related to the injuries.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.442-449
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• 2004

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of oriental medicine and acupuncture therapy on a chronic renal failure patient suffering complications from diabetes mellitus. Methods: The clinical data was analyzed on a patient with chronic renal failure complicated by diabetes mellitus whose main symptoms were edema and numbness of lower limbs, anorexia, indigestion, nausea, vomiting, and general weakness. The patient was admitted to the internal medicine department of Wonkwang University Oriental Jeonju Medicine Hospital on July 31, 2004, and remained until August 17, 2004. He was treated with herbal medicine(Palmijiwhangtanggamibang) and acupuncture therapy. Results: After treatment, improvement was seen in symptoms and laboratory examinations(creatinine clearance). Conclusions: This study suggests that oriental medicine therapy is significantly effective in the treatment of a chronic renal failure complicated by diabetes mellitus.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.580-584
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• 2003

Diabetic Nephropathy is one of the major causes of chronic renal failure. It is a common microvascular complication and clinically defined as the presence of persistent Proteinuria. We studied the effects and change of the renal function of Complex Herbal medication of the 20Diabetic Nephropathy patients. We measured the initial levels of Total Protein, Creatinine Clearance Rate(Ccr), Serum Creatinine(Serum-Cr), Urine Creatinine(Urine-Cr) and HbA1C on admission and followed up the level changes of Total Protein, Ccr, Serum-Cr and Urine-Cr on discharge. The results are following : Complex Herbal Medication does not cause the renal toxicity. The longer hypertension period is, the higher Serum-Cr level and Urine-Cr level. In an older age group, Urine-Cr is lower. 4.From the 'Deficiency in Origin and Excess in Superficiality(本虛表實)'points of view, Complex Herbal Medication improves the Serum-Cr in Diabetic Nephropathy patients. According to this results, it could be suggested that Complex Herbal Medication does not cause the renal toxicity in Diabetic Nephropathy patients and intensive controls of blood sugar, blood pressure and Complex Herbal Medication prevent the renal failure in Diabetic Nephropathy patients with early stage of Microalbumiuria.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.194-198
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• 2000

Taurine, 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid is widely distributed in animal tissues and has a variety of bio-logical activities. A recent worldwide study demonstrated beneficial effects of taurine on aging and age-associated disorders. In general, taurine levels in the brain decease when an animal is subjected to pathologic conditions such as ischemia-anoxia and seizure. But the taurine levles tend to increase in the brain in hypertensive state. In the present study, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) transport of [$^3$H]taurine was compared between spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats (SD) using intravenous injection technique in vivo. We also obtained pharmacokinetic parameters of plasma volume maker, [$^{14}$ C] sucrose and [$^3$H]taurine after inject to rats simulatenously. BBB permeability surface area product (PS) value of [$^3$H]taurine in SHR (16$\pm$2.9$\times$10$^{-3}$ ml/min/g) was significantly higher than that in SD (7.4$\pm$0.8$\times$10$^{-3}$ ml/min/g). There is also significant difference for brain uptake of [$^3$H]taurine between SHR (0.195$\pm$0.031%ID/g) and SD (0.058$\pm$0.003% ID/g). This is due to difference of area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and that of total clearance (Class) between SHR and SD. No significant difference was indicated from other organ uptakes such as lung, heart, liver SHR and SD. But also kidney uptake was much higher in SHR. In conclusion, [$^3$H]taurine in plasma was slowly eliminated in SHR than in SD and uptake of [$^3$H]taurine in SHR is much higher than that of SD. This results suggest increased taurine level in the brain in hypertension state have an any effect on the brain uptake of taurine.