• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.44.1-44.1
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• 2015

We present joint constraints on the number of effective neutrino species $N_{eff}$ and the sum of neutrino masses ${\Sigma}m_{\nu}$, based on a technique which exploits the full information contained in the one-dimensional Lyman-${\alpha}$ forest flux power spectrum, complemented by additional cosmological probes. In particular, we obtain $N_{eff}=2.91{\pm}0.22$ (95% CL) and ${\Sigma}m_{\nu}$ < 0.15 eV (95% CL) when we combine BOSS Lyman-${\alpha}$ forest data with CMB (Planck+ACT+SPT+WMAP polarization) measurements, and $N_{eff}=2.88{\pm}0.20$ (95% CL) and ${Sigma}m_{\nu}$ < 0.14 eV (95% CL) when we further add baryon acoustic oscillations. Our results tend to favor the normal hierarchy scenario for the masses of the active neutrino species, provide strong evidence for the Cosmic Neutrino Background from $N_{eff}{\approx}3$($N_{eff}=0$ is rejected at more than $14{\sigma}$), and rule out the possibility of a sterile neutrino thermalized with active neutrinos (i.e., $N_{eff}=4$) - or more generally any decoupled relativistic relic with $${\Delta}N_{eff}{\sim_=}1$$ - at a significance of over $5{\sigma}$, the strongest bound to date, implying that there is no need for exotic neutrino physics in the concordance ${\Lambda}CDM$ model.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.1108-1113
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• 2004

‘Set’ is a tool that is used frequently in designing computer programs. Because of the reason, ‘set constraints languages’ have been developed recently. In this research, we introduce ‘(Ab)(Cl) set unification’ problem and implement it using the ‘set equation rewriting in Prolog’. In this research we shows that the set unification, that is considered to be difficult to be implemented in procedural languages, ran be implemented easily using the non-deterministic control structure and the list data structure in logic language like Prolog. Our research uses the Ciao Prolog with GNU GPL, this is compared with other existing implementations which used expensive commercial Prolog, so anyone can use the result freely. Currently the result is being used for implementing a set constraint language.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.447-454
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• 2013

In this research, two new complexes of N-(2-aminoethyl)-1,3-propanediamine (aepn), $[Cd(aepn)_2]I_2$ (1) and $[Cd(aepn)_2]Cl_2{\cdots}H_2O$ (2), were prepared and identified by elemental analysis, FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Geometry around the cadmium atom in two complexes by coordination of six nitrogen atoms of two aepn is distorted octahedral. If distortion in the mer-$[Cd(aepn)_2]^{2+}$ cation is disregarded, it has a $C_2$ axis and $C_2$ symmetry. The cyclic voltammetry experiments were carried out to study the complexation process. Two structural surveys on coordination modes and complexes of aepn are presented. A study was carried out using CSD data to estimate the averages of bond lengths for different types of the Cd-N bonds. It was found that the intermolecular $N-H{\cdots}I$, $C-H{\cdots}I$ hydrogen bonds in 1 and $N-H{\cdots}Cl$, $N-H{\cdots}O$, $C-H{\cdots}O$, $O-H{\cdots}Cl$ in 2 stabilized the crystal networks.

• BMB Reports
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.306-312
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• 2002

The effects of salts on the biochemical properties of D-amino acid aminotransferase from Bacillus sp. YM-1 have been studied to elucidate both the inhibitory effects of salts on the activity and the protective effects of salts on the substrate-induced inactivation. The results from UV-visible spectroscopy studies on the reaction of the enzyme with D-serine revealed that salt significantly reduced the rate of the formation of the quinonoid intermediate and its accumulation. The kinetic and spectroscopy studies of the reaction with $\alpha$-[$^2H$]-DL-serine in different concentrations of NaCl provided evidence that the rate-limiting step was changed from the deprotonation of the external aldimine to another step(s), presumably to the hydrolysis of the ketimine. Gel filtration chromatography data in the presence of NaCl showed that the enzyme volume was reduced sharply with the increasing NaCl concentration, up to 100 mM. An additional increase of the NaCl concentration did not affect the elution volume, which suggests that the enzyme has a limited number of salt-binding groups. These results provide detailed mechanistic evidence for the way salts inhibit the catalytic activity of D-amino acid aminotransferase.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.135-144
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• 2001

Objectives : This study was carried out to research the protective effects of Sagunja-Tang(SA) through in vivo experiments, and tried to investigate the relation between oxidation of renal tissues and deficiency of Qi. Methods : Acute renal injury which initiated from free radical induced by $HgCl_2$, were applied to mice and metabolic data were obtained. In order to measure the degree of renal injury, serum level of creatinine, blood urea nitrogen(BUN), total protein(TP) and glucose were measured. Besides, serum level of alanine aminotransferase(AST), aspartate aminotransferase(ALT) were measure too. Lipid peroxidation of renal cortex was examined by measuring malondialdehyde(MDA), a product of lipid peroxidation. Results : SA had protective effects on acute renal injury caused by decrease of glomerular filtration which was initiated by subcutaneous injection of $HgCl_2$. SA protected acute liver injury too. Conclusions : Through this study, we found that SA have healing effects on renal injury of $HgCl_2$ induced oxidative stress that is similar to deficiency of Qi. And further studies have to be followed to certify the mechanisms.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.115-120
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• 1991

The effect of ZnS buffer layer on the brightness and luminous efficiency of SrS : Ce, Cl thin film EL device is investigated. The driving voltage is 210V for the cell with ZnS buffer layer, but 220V without ZnS buffer layer. The frequency range is 500 Hz-20 kHz. The. brightness is proportional to the product of the frequency and the transferred charge density within measured range. The luminous efficiency is independent on the frequency and/or driving voltage. By using the ZnS buffer layer, the luminescence characteristics of active layer is improved. The experimental data shows 0.12 Im/W of the luminous efficiency for the device with ZnS buffer layer, but 0.061m/W without ZnS buffer layer.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.1687-1707
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• 2022

With the development of multiuser online meetings, more group-oriented technologies and applications for instance collaborative work are becoming increasingly important. Authenticated Group Key Agreement (AGKA) schemes provide a shared group key for users with after their identities are confirmed to guarantee the confidentiality and integrity of group communications. On the basis of the Public Key Cryptography (PKC) system used, AGKA can be classified as Public Key Infrastructure-based, Identity-based, and Certificateless. Because the latter type can solve the certificate management overhead and the key escrow problems of the first two types, Certificateless-AGKA (CL-AGKA) protocols have become a popular area of research. However, most CL-AGKA protocols are vulnerable to Public Key Replacement Attacks (PKRA) due to the lack of public key authentication. In the present work, we present a CL-AGKA scheme that can resist PKRA in order to solve impersonation attacks caused by those attacks. Beyond security, improving scheme efficiency is another direction for AGKA research. To reduce the communication and computation cost, we present a scheme with only one round of information interaction and construct a CL-AGKA scheme replacing the bilinear pairing with elliptic curve cryptography. Therefore, our scheme has good applicability to communication environments with limited bandwidth and computing capabilities.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.1746-1753
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• 2007

Steers (n = 335) of known genetic background from four fundamentally different growth types were subjected to two production systems to study differences in cooking loss (CL), tenderness, and chemical composition. Growth types were animals with genetic potential for large mature weight-late maturing (LL), intermediate mature weight-late maturing (IL), intermediate mature weight -early maturing (IE), and small mature weight-early maturing (SE). Each year, in a nine-year study, calves of each growth type were weaned and five steers of each growth type were developed on pasture or feedlot and harvested at approximately 20 and 14 mo of age, respectively. Data collected were CL and Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBS) for the Longissimus dorsi (LM), Psoas major (PS), and Quadriceps femoris (QF) muscles. Chemical composition was also determined from the right fore- and hindquarter. Data were analyzed using least squares analysis of variance for unequal subclass numbers. The beef growth $type{\times}production$ system interaction was significant for CL and WBS of the LM and ash in the lean trim of the forequarter. Growth types of LL and IL had greater (p<0.05) mean percentage CL in the PS and QF muscles than did IE and SE steers. Growth type LL had the highest (p<0.05) mean for both moisture and protein in the fore- and hindquarters; while SE had the lowest numerical mean value for moisture and protein in the fore- and hindquarters. Shear force of the PS did not differ (p>0.05) among steers of the four growth types. Increasing challenges to the cattle feeding industry may dictate that pasture development play a larger role in future production regimes. Producers should strive to match genetic growth type with available resources in order to remain viable and continue producing a quality product.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.349-355
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• 2001

A series of micro- and mesoporous activated carbons were prepared from phenolic resin using a metal treated chemical activation methodology. $N_2$-adsorption data were used to characterize the surface properties of the produced activated carbons. Results of the surface properties and pore distribution analysis showed that phenolic resin can be successfully converted to micro- and mesoporous activated carbons with specific surface areas higher than $962.3m^2/g$. Activated carbons with porous structure were produced by controlling the amount of metal chlorides($CdCl_2$, $CuCl_2$). Pore evolvement was shown to be most effected by the incremental addition of metal chloride. From the thermodynamic DSC data, enthalpy formations(${\Delta}H$) of first endothermic reaction were increase with the incremental addition of metal chloride.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.348-351
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• 2007

The stem barks of Fraxinus rhynchophylla was extracted with 95% EtOH, and the concentrated extract was successively partitioned with $CH_2Cl_2$, n-BuOH, and $H_2O$ in order to investigate the major phytochemicals. From the $CH_2Cl_2$ soluble fraction, a sterol (1) was isolated through the repeated silica gel column chromatographies. Three additional compounds (2-4) were isolated from the n-BuOH soluble fraction through silica gel, RP-18, and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatographies. Their chemical structures were elucidated as daucosterol $(1;{\beta}-sitosterol-3-O-{\beta}-D-glucopyranoside)$, caffeic acid (2), 6,8-dihydroxy-7-methoxycoumarin (3), and coniferaldehyde glucoside (4) by comparing their spectral data with those in the literatures. All isolates (1-4) were the first to be isolated from F. rhynchophylla.