• 약학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.108-115
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• 2001

We have recently reported the development of a high efficiency expression vector, pCK, which can drive a high level of gene expression in mouse skeletal muscle. In this study, we tested the therapeutic potential of pCK expressing human VEGF165, pCK-VEGF in the rabbit ischemic hind limb model. To determine the optimal dose of plasmid DNA, various concentrations of pCK-CAT were injected into the muscle of a rabbit hind limb and the levels of CAT activity were determined. It was found that the expression level of the exogenously added gene became stable between 250 and 1,000 $\mu$g. Based on this result, we tested whether intramuscular transfer of 500$\mu$g of pCK-VEGF could actually modulate collateral vessel development in a rabbit ischemic hind limb model. It was found that relative to the control group injected with the pCK lacking the VEGF sequence, single intramuscular doses (500$\mu$g) of pCK-VEGF produced statistically significant augmentation of collateral vessels as determined by the angiographic vessel count, maximal blood flow by Doppler flowmeter and the number of capillaries by histology. These results suggest that a single 500$\mu$g-delivery of pCK-VEGF is potent enough to induce sufficient angiogenic activity and achieve therapeutic benefit on this rabbit model.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.859-868
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• 2012

Due to a rapidly aging society, the future Korea mortality rate is important for planning national financial strategies and social security policies. Old age mortality statistics are very limited in their ability to project a future mortality rate; therefore, it is essential to accurately estimate the old age mortality rate. In this paper, we show that the CK model with a Relational model as a base model provides accurate estimates of old age mortality rates.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.607-625
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• 2011

Two-party key exchange protocol is a mechanism in which two parties communicate with each other over an insecure channel and output the same session key. A key exchange protocol that is secure against an active adversary who can control and modify the exchanged messages is called authenticated key exchange (AKE) protocol. LaMacchia, Lauter and Mityagin presented a strong security definition for public key infrastructure (PKI) based two-pass protocol, which we call the extended Canetti-Krawczyk (eCK) security model, and some researchers have provided eCK-secure AKE protocols in recent years. However, almost all protocols are provably secure in the random oracle model or rely on a special implementation technique so-called the NAXOS trick. In this paper, we present a PKI-based two-pass AKE protocol that is secure in the eCK security model. The security of the proposed protocol is proven without random oracles (under three assumptions), and does not rely on implementation techniques such as the NAXOS trick.

• BMB Reports
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• 제44권7호
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• pp.490-495
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• 2011

Transcription factor AP-$2{\alpha}$ involves in the process of mammalian embryonic development and tumorigenesis. Many studies have shown that AP-$2{\alpha}$ functions in association with other interacting proteins. In a two-hybrid screening, the regulatory subunit ${\beta}$ of protein casein kinase 2 ($CK2{\beta}$) was identified as an interacting protein of AP-$2{\alpha}$; we confirmed this interaction using in-vitro GST pull-down and in-vivo co-immunoprecipitation assays; in an endogenous co-immunoprecipitation experiment, we further found the catalytic subunit ${\alpha}$ of protein casein kinase 2 ($CK2{\alpha}$) also exists in the complex. Phosphorylation analysis revealed that AP-$2{\alpha}$ was phosphorylated by CK2 kinase majorly at the site of Ser429, and such phosphorylation could be blocked by CK2 specific inhibitor 4,5,6,7-tetrabromobenzotriazole (TBB) in a dose-dependent manner. Luciferase assays demonstrated that both $CK2{\alpha}$ and $CK2{\beta}$ enhanced the transcription activity of AP-$2{\alpha}$; moreover, $CK2{\beta}$ increased the stability of AP-$2{\alpha}$. Our data suggest a novel cellular function of CK-2 as a transcriptional co-activator of AP-$2{\alpha}$.

• International Journal of Stem Cells
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.186-191
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• 2016

Background and Objectives: With the global demand for dairy protein for consumption growing annually, there has been increasing activity in the research field of dairy protein synthesis and production. From a manipulation perspective, it is more difficult to use live cattle for laboratory studies on the production of milk as well as of dairy protein such as casein, as compared with using laboratory animals like rodents. Therefore, we aimed to develop a mouse model of bovine mammary alveolar ducts for laboratory-scale studies. We studied the formation of the bovine mammary gland ductal structure by transplanting the MAC-T bovine alveolar cell line into mice. Methods and Results: MAC-T cells ($1{\times}10^7$) were suspended in Matrigel and injected into the dorsal tissue of 8-week-old male BALB/C nude mice. Histological analysis of tissue dissected from the MAC-T cell-transplanted mice after 6 weeks showed the typical morphology of the tubuloalveolar female gland, as well as glands made up of branching ducts that were surrounded by smooth muscle with small alveoli budding off the ducts. In addition, the epithelial markers CK14 and CK18 were expressed within the duct-like structure. Prolactin was detected in the duct interior in these CK14+ and CK18+ cells but not in the non-transplanted MAC-T cells. Conclusions: These results showed that duct-like tissue had been successfully formed after 6 weeks of transplantation of the CK14+ and CK18+ MAC-T cells into mice dorsal tissue. This mouse model will be a useful tool for further research on the bovine mammary gland.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.268-277
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• 2009

Ginsenosides are among the most well-known traditional herbal medicines frequently used for the treatment of cardiovascular symptoms in South Korea. The anti-ischemic effects of compound K (CK), a metabolite of ginsenoside Rb1, on ischemia-induced isolated rat hearts were investigated through the analyses of the changes in the hemodynamics (blood pressure, aortic flow, coronary flow, and cardiac output) and the measurement of the infarct region. The subjects in this study were divided into four groups: the normal control, the CK-alone group, the ischemia-induced group without any treatment, and the ischemia-induced group treated with CK. No significant differences in perfusion pressure, aortic flow, coronary flow, and cardiac output were found between the groups before ischemia was induced. The oxygen and buffer supply was stopped for 30 min to induce ischemia 60 min after reperfusion in the isolated rat hearts, and the CK was administered 5 min before ischemia induction. The CK treatment significantly prevented decreases in perfusion pressure, aortic flow, coronary flow, and cardiac output under ischemic conditions. In addition, the hemodynamics (except for the heart rate) of the group treated with CK significantly recovered 60 min after reperfusion, unlike in the control group. CK significantly limited the infarct. These results suggest that CK treatment has distinct anti-ischemic effects in an exvivo model of an ischemia-reperfusion-induced rat heart.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.103-112
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• 2017

Background: 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol 20-O-D-glucopyranoside, also called compound K (CK), exerts antidiabetic effects that are mediated by insulin secretion through adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium ($K_{ATP}$) channels in pancreatic ${\beta}$-cells. However, the antidiabetic effects of CK may be limited because of its low bioavailability. Methods: In this study, we aimed to enhance the antidiabetic activity and lower the toxicity of CK by including it with ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin (CD) (CD-CK), and to determine whether the CD-CK compound enhanced pancreatic islet recovery, compared to CK alone, in an alloxan-induced diabetic zebrafish model. Furthermore, we confirmed the toxicity of CD-CK relative to CK alone by morphological changes, mitochondrial damage, and TdT-UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays, and determined the ratio between the toxic and therapeutic dose for both compounds to verify the relative safety of CK and CD-CK. Results: The CD-CK conjugate ($EC_{50}=2.158{\mu}M$) enhanced the recovery of pancreatic islets, compared to CK alone ($EC_{50}=7.221{\mu}M$), as assessed in alloxan-induced diabetic zebrafish larvae. In addition, CD-CK ($LC_{50} =20.68{\mu}M$) was less toxic than CK alone ($LC_{50}=14.24{\mu}M$). The therapeutic index of CK and CD-CK was 1.98 and 9.58, respectively. Conclusion: The CD-CK inclusion complex enhanced the recovery of damaged pancreatic islets in diabetic zebrafish. The CD-CK inclusion complex has potential as an effective antidiabetic efficacy with lower toxicity.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.799-807
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• 2020

Background: The skin acts as a barrier to protect organisms against harmful exogenous agents. Compound K (CK) is an active metabolite of ginsenoside Rb1, Rb2 and Rc, and researchers have focused on its skin protective efficacy. In this study, we hypothesized that increased expression of the serine protease inhibitor Kazal type-5 (SPINK5) may improve skin barrier function. Methods: We screened several ginsenosides to increase SPINK5 gene promoter activity using a transactivation assay and found that CK can increase SPINK5 expression. To investigate the protective effect of CK on the skin barrier, RT-PCR and Western blotting were performed to investigate the expression levels of SPINK5, kallikrein 5 (KLK5), KLK7 and PAR2 in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells. Measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and histological changes associated with the skin barrier were performed in a UVB-irradiated mouse model and a 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis-like model. Results: CK treatment increased the expression of SPINK5 and decreased the expression of its downstream genes, such as KLKs and PAR2. In the UVB-irradiated mouse model and the DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis model, CK restored increased TEWL and decreased hydration and epidermal hyperplasia. In addition, CK normalized the reduced SPINK5 expression caused by UVB or DNCB, thereby restoring the expression of the proteins involved in desquamation to a level similar to normal. Conclusions: Our data showed that CK contributes to improving skin-barrier function in UVB-irradiated and DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis-like models through SPINK5. These results suggest that therapeutic attempts with CK might be useful in treating barrier-disrupted diseases.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.121-128
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• 2014

BACKGROUND: The disease resistant (OsCK1) rice was generated by inserting choline kinase (CK1) and phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) genes isolated from Oryza sativa and Streptomyces hygroscopicus into the genome of the rice, Nakdongbyeo. With the potential problems of safeties, the evaluations on non-target organisms are essentially required for the environmental risk assessment of genetically modified (GM) crops. In the present study, we conducted the evaluation of acute toxicity on Daphnia magna that commonly used as a model organism in ecotoxicological studies for non-target organism evaluation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Effect of acute toxicity to Daphnia magna by each concentration were investigated in the disease resistant (OsCK1) rice and non-genetically modified (non-GM) rice, Nakdongbyeo, as concentration (0, 1,000, 1,800, 3,240, 5,830, 10,500 and 20,000 mg/L). The OsCK1 rice used for the test was confirmed to express the OsCK1/PAT gene by the PCR(Polymerase chain reaction) and western blot analysis. Feeding test showed that no significant differences in cumulative immobility and abnormal response of Daphnia magna fed on OsCK1 rice or non-GM rice. The 48hr-$EC_{50}$ values showed no difference between OsCK1 rice (3,147.18 mg/L) and non-GM rice (3,596.27 mg/L). CONCLUSION: This result suggested that there was no significant difference in toxicity to Daphnia magna between OsCK1 rice and non-GM counterpart.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제23권9호
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• pp.5-16
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• 2007

비배수 상태에서의 변수 $S_u,\;E_u$, n의 함수로 표현되는 단순한 선형 완전점탄성 모델은 굴착 중에 연성 토양에 시공되는 지중연속벽의 변위를 예측하는데 사용된다. 그러나 유한요소해석에서의 이러한 모델은 굴착이 잠시 중단되었거나 완료된 후 지중연속벽의 측방향 변위를 연속적으로 예측하는 데 한계가 있다. 굴착이 이루어지지 않는 동안의 지중연속벽 주변 토양의 변형 거동특성을 연구하기 위하여, 지중연속벽 주변 토양에 작용하는 응력상태를 가정한 '방콕 연약 점토'에 대한 일련의 삼축압축시험이 모사되었다. 본 연구에서는 세 가지 다른 조건에서의 삼축압축시험이 실시되었는바, 압밀 비배수 조건에서의 재하($CK_0UC$), 압밀 배수 및 비배수 조건에서의 재하 및 제하($CK_0DUC$와 $CK_0UUC$)의 조건에서 시험이 실시되었다. 시험으로부터 일련의 $CK_0DUC$ 시험에서 얻은 전단강도는 $CK_0UC$ 시험에서의 잔류강도와 같음을 알 수 있었다. $CK_0DUC$ 시험에서 시험편에 가해지는 수평압력을 점진적으로 감소시키면서 측정한 탄성계수는 편차응력의 증가와 더불어 감소함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 $CK_0UC$와 $CK_0DUC$시험에서 한계상태 관계의 기울기가 동일하게 나타났다. 더욱이, $CK_0DUC$시험에서 수평압력을 점진적으로 감소시킬 경우의, 축방향 및 반경방향 변형율 증가율을 시간, 한계상태 관계의 기울기, 편차응력과 평균 유호응력의 비의 함수로 표현할 수 있었다. 이 연구는 삼축압축시험의 제하 과정에서 얻은 시험 결과가 굴착 중 지중연속벽의 변형을 예측하는데 사용될 수 있음을 보였다.AFM)과 Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM)을 통해 관찰한 GST 다층박막시료의 고온 열처리 전후 표면미시거칠기 변화도 PRAM 기록기를 사용할 때에는 in-situ 타원계를 사용할 때보다 1/10 정도의 크기를 보여주어 PRAM 기록기와 분광타원계를 사용하여 결정한 GST의 고온광학물성의 신뢰성을 확인하여 주었다.>, 여자 $179.1{\pm}37.2%$이었다. 평균필요량에 비해 가장 낮은 양을 섭취한 영양소는 엽산으로서 남자 $60.1{\pm}10.8%$, 여자 $54.6{\pm}9.9%$로 조사되었다. 칼슘의 섭취량은 평균필요량에 비해 전체 $74.9{\pm}31.9%$로 나타났다. 에너지 섭취량에 있어서 남자 노인들은 모두가 필요추정량의 75% 미만을 섭취하고 있었고 여자 노인의 경우에도 97%가 필요추정량의 75% 미만을 섭취하여 에너지 섭취량이 매우 낮았다 반면에 단백질 섭취량에 있어서는 남자 노인의 경우 100%가 평균필요량의 125%를 초과하였고, 여자 노인의 경우에는 91%가 평균필요량의 125%를 초과하여 대조적이었다. 비타민 A와 E는 각각 평균필요량과 충분섭취량의 125%를 초과하는 비율이 높게 나타난 반면에 비타민 $B_2$는 특히 남자 노인에서 평균필요량의 75%미만을 섭취한 비율이 높게 나타났다. 엽산 섭취량에 있어서는 평균필요량의 75% 미만을 섭취한 비율이 전체 96%로 나타나 심각한 부족상태로 조사되었다 반면에 철의 섭취량은 남녀 모두 100%가 평균필요량의 125%를 초과하여 섭취한 것으로 나타났다. 아연의 섭취량은 남자 17%,여자 15%가 평균필요량의 75% 미만을 섭취한 것으로 조사되었다. 에너지와 엽산은 모든 노인들에서 평균필요량에 미달되게 섭취한