• 농약과학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.350-357
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• 2014

유리온실내에서 파프리카에 살포되는 분무기의 종류에 따라 살포되는 농약 부착량과 해충방제정도에 대하여 검토하였다. 또한 해충의 최적방제조건에서 단위면적당 농약함량을 최적화하기 위한 시험이 시도되었다. 파프리카 시설재배지에 두 종류의 분무기로 적절하게 7개구간으로 나누어 3반복 실험을 수행하였다. 농약 살포할 때 발생되는 사각지대를 감수지로 조사하였을 때 무인연무기는 하우스내의 식물에 골고루 부착하지 못하였으며 고압식 U자형분무기 모든 식물에 충분하게 부착되었다. 또한 살포된 농약 잔류조건에서 모든 부분에 최저잔류농도허용치를 초과하지 않았다. 살포조건에 따른 해충방제에서 담배가루이와 목화진딧물은 미세한 물방울 형태로 분무되는 무인연무기 Pyrifluquinazon 10% 입상수화제를 살포하였을 때 감수지가 청색으로 변한 부분은 각각 82.5%와 81.2%이며, 중간부분은 각각 53.0%와 42.6%의 방제효과가 나타났다. 그러나 농약이 부착되지 않은 아래 부분은 해충발생이 방제전보다 더 증가하였다. 한편 농가에서 하나의 약제를 수년 동안 반복하여 사용한 경우에는 약액이 충분하게 부착되었어도 매우 저조한 방제효과로 저항성 경향이 나타났다. 단위면적당 최적 살포량을 위한 실험에서는 9그루 파프리카 잎에서 약액이 흘러내릴 정도로 충분하게 살포하였을 때는 5 l에서 81.8% 그리고 1/2물량인 2.5 l에서는 84.5%로 매우 유사한 방제효과로 나타났다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.295-307
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• 1999

Using a Rheometries Fluids Spectrometer (RFS II), the dynamic viscoelastic properties of aqueous poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) solutions in small amplitude oscillatory shear flow fields have been measured over a wide range of angular frequencies. The angular frequency dependence of the storage and loss moduli at various molecular weights and concentrations was reported in detail, and the result was interpreted using the concept of a Deborah number De. In addition, the experimentally determined critical angular frequency at which the storage and loss moduli become equivalent was compared with the calculated characteristic time (or its inverse value), and their physical significance in analyzing the dynamic viscoelastic behavior was discussed. Finally, the relationship between steady shear flow and dynamic viscoelstic properties was examined by evaluating the applicability of some proposed models that describe the correlations between steady flow viscosity and dynamic viscosity, dynamic fluidity, and complex viscosity. Main results obtained from this study can be summarized as follows: (1) At lower angular frequencies where De<1, the loss modulus is larger than the storage modulus. However, such a relation between the two moduli is reversed at higher angular frequencies where De>l, indicating that the elastic behavior becomes dominant to the viscous behavior at frequency range higher than a critical angular frequency. (2) A critical angular frequency is decreased as an increase in concentration and/or molecular weight. Both the viscous and elastic properties show a stronger dependence on the molecular weight than on the concentration. (3) A characteristic time is increased with increasing concentration and/or molecular weight. The power-law relationship holds between the inverse value of a characteristic time and a critical angular frequency. (4) Among the previously proposed models, the Cox-Merz rule implying the equivalence between the steady flow viscosity and the magnitude of the complex viscosity has the best validity. The Osaki relation can be regarded to some extent as a suitable model. However, the DeWitt, Pao and HusebyBlyler models are not applicable to describe the correlations between steady shear flow and dynamic viscoelastic properties.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.42-51
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• 2024

Background Increasing concerns regarding the safety of textured surface implants have resulted in surgeons transitioning from textured tissue expanders (TEs) to smooth TEs. Given this change has only recently occurred, this study evaluated outcomes between smooth and textured TEs. Methods Women who underwent two-stage breast reconstruction using TEs from 2013 to 2022 were included. TE-specific variables, perioperative information, pain scores, and complications were collected. Chi-squared, t-test, and linear regression analyses were performed. Results A total of 320 patients received a total of 384 textured and 152 smooth TEs. Note that 216 patients received bilateral reconstruction. TEs were removed in 9 cases. No significant differences existed between groups regarding comorbidities. Smooth TEs had a higher proportion of prepectoral placement (p < 0.001). Smooth TEs had less fills (3±1 vs. 4±2, p < 0.001), shorter expansion periods (60±44 vs. 90±77 days, p < 0.001), smaller expander fill volumes (390±168 vs. 478±177 mL, p < 0.001), and shorter time to exchange (80±43 vs. 104±39 days, p < 0.001). Complication rates between textured and smooth TEs were comparable. Smooth TE had a greater proportion of TE replacements (p = 0.030). On regression analysis, pain scores were more closely associated with age (p = 0.018) and TE texture (p = 0.046). Additional procedures at time of TE exchange (p < 0.001) and textured TE (p = 0.017) led to longer operative times. Conclusion As many surgeons have transitioned away from textured implants, our study shows that smooth TEs have similar outcomes to the textured alternatives.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.221-235
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• 1989

고령(高靈)-왜관(倭館) 지역 금(金)-은(銀) 광상(鑛床)은 백악기(白堊紀) 신동층군(新洞層群) 내(內)에 발달하는 열하을 충전(充塡), 3회에 거쳐 생성(生成)된 석영(石英) 및 방해석맥(方解石脈)으로 구성된다. 광화작용(鑛化作用)의 시기(時期)는 후기(後期) 백악기(白堊紀)(98 Ma) 이며, 성인적으로 암주상(岩株狀) 흑운모(黑雲母) 화강암(花崗岩)의 매입(買入) 고결작용(固結作用)과 관련된 것으로 고려된다. 유체포유물(流體包有物) 및 안정동위원소(安定同位元素) 연구(硏究)에 의하면, 금(金)-은(銀)의 침전은 1.7~8.7wt.% NaCl 상당(相當) 감농도(監農度)를 갖는 광화유체(鑛化流體)로부터 $280^{\circ}C$에서 $230^{\circ}C$에 걸쳐 진행되었으며, 광화(鑛化) 작용시(作用時)의 압력(壓力)은 <100bar, (심도(深度))는 425~1,150m였다. 유황(硫黃) 안정동위원소(安定同位元素) 연구(硏究)의 결과, 주광화시기(主鑛化時期)인 광화(鑛化)I기(期)중 광화유체(鑛化流體)의 ${\delta}^{34}S_{H_2S}$ 값이 초기(初期) +1.4‰에서 후기(後期) -2.5‰로 점차 감소함은 광화유체(鑛化流體)의 비등(沸騰)에 수반되어 수소(水素)이온농도(濃度)와 산소분압(酸素分壓)이 점진적으로 증가한 결과로 해석된다. 광화유체(鑛化流體)의 수소(水素) 및 산소(酸素) 동위원소(同位元素)값(${\delta}D$ = -90~-100‰${\delta}^{18}O$ = 3.9~-11.4‰)으로부터 열수계(熱水系)에서 천수(天水)가 지배적인 역할을 하였음을 알 수 있으며, 비등(沸騰)하는 유체(流體)가 동위원소(同位元素) 교환반응(交換反應)이 적게 일어난 천수(天水)와 혼합(混合)되면서 냉각(冷却) 및 희석(稀釋)된 결과로 금(金)-은(銀)의 심전(沈澱)이 야기된 것으로 사료된다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.536-542
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• 2007

목 적 : 극소저출생체중아에서 생후 초기에 유지량 이하의 제한적 수액 투여가 선호되고 있으나 이런 제한적 수액 투여로 기관지폐이형성증이나 동맥관개존증의 발생이 감소되는지 확실하지 않다. 극소저출생체중아에서 생후 첫 주에 유지량 이하 수액의 투여량에 따라 동맥관개존증이나 기관지폐이형성증의 발생 위험에 차이가 있는지 확인해보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 2002년 1월부터 2004년 12월까지 세브란스병원에서 출생하여 신생아 집중 치료실에 입원한 출생 체중 1500 g 미만의 극소저출생체중아 중 28일 이상 생존한 적정 체중아 83명을 대상으로 하였다. 본 신생아 집중 치료실에서는 유지 수액량을 불감성 수분 손실과 예견되는 소변량을 이용하여 계산하여 투여하였고 인공 호흡기 치료의 경우에는 계산된 유지 수액량의 70-80%로 제한하였다. 생후 1, 3, 7일간의 수액량을 일일 체중 당 수액량(mL/kg/day) 으로 환산하여 각 기간에서 25 백분위수 미만을 저수액군, 25백분위수 이상 75백분위수 이하를 중수액군, 75백분위수를 초과한 경우를 고수액군으로 분류하였다. 각 기간별 수액군 간의 기관지폐이형성증과 동맥관개존증의 빈도와 임상적 및 인구학적 인자를 비교하였다. 결 과 : 전체 대상 환아의 재태 주령은 $28.6{\pm}1.7(24^{+6}-32^{+6})$주, 출생 체중은 $1124{\pm}225(600-1490)g$, 남아가 44례(53.0%), 여아가 39례(47.0%), 다태 임신은 19례(22.9%), 신생아 호흡 곤란 증후군은 72례(86.7%), 인공호흡기 사용기간은 $15.3{\pm}13.6$일, 인공호흡기를 3일 이상 사용한 경우는 75례(90.4%)이었다. 기관지폐이형성증은 15례(18.1%)에서, 동맥관개존증은 17례(20.5%)에서 진단되었다. 각 기간별 수액군간에 기관지폐이형성증이나 동맥관개존증의 발생에는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 기관지폐이형성증 발생은 단변량 분석에서 유의한 관계를 보인 출생 체중, 인공 호흡기 사용 기간, 동맥관개존증 등의 영향을 보정하여도 각 기간별 수액군간에 유의한 차이는 없었다. 동맥관개존증 발생은 단변량 분석에서 유의한 관계를 보인 재태 주령, 출생 체중, 인공 호흡기 사용 기간 등의 영향을 보정하여도 각 기간별 수액군간에 유의한 차이는 없었다. 결 론 : 생후 첫 주에 소변량과 불감성 수분 손실을 기준으로하여 수액 투여를 하는 경우 수액 투여량의 많고 적음이 기관지폐이형성증이나 동맥관개존증의 발생에 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 생각된다. 이러한 결과에 따르면 극소저출생체중아에서 유지 수액량의 결정시에 체중 변화 및 소변량을 기준한 방법은 수액 투여의 기준으로 사용하기에 적합하다고 사료된다.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.237-260
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• 2000

According to the study of Jik-Ryoung(直領) consulting chronicles of the Chosun Era, Jik-Ryoung had been worn for various uses as official outfit, ordinary attire or clothes for the celebration of their coming of age, wedding ceremonies, funeral rites, and religious ceremonies, etc. from the beginning to the end of the Chosun Era. The conclusions are shown briefly as follows. 1. There are several terms of Po(袍) related to Jik-Ryoung in the chronicles under the name of Jik-Ryoung Ui(直領衣), Ui-Sal Jik-Ryoung(衣撒直領), and Jik-shin(直身). Jik-Ryoung Ui is the other name of Jik-Ryoung that they called it when it was used for funeral rites and religious ceremonies. The chinese Ye-Sal(曳撒) was called the Ui-Sal Jik-Ryoung in Korea, but this is different with Jik-Ryoung regarding its divided up and bottom style. Jik-Shin is almost same as Jik-Ryoung. 2. During the latter period of the Chosun Era, we can find diferent frequency in use of the Jik-Ryoung. Jik-Ryoung was shown constantly in the cases of that ding, Chinese Prince and lower-level constantly in the cases of that king, Crown Prince and lower-level officials wore it for funeral rites and lower-level officials, artisans, merchants, humbles and slaves wore it for official outfit. Uses of the Jik-Ryoung increased for military officers'outfits, in contrast to decreasing of uses for ordinary attires of king, Crown Prince, and the commons, and official outfits of civil officials. 3. These different aspects mean the change of estate and role. For the basic four ceremonial occasions the ceremonies of coming of age, marriage, funeral, and ancestor memorial-, it appeared constantly. Therefore the social role had been maintained also by then. As an official garb, the role for official uniform of petty official maintained by the end of the Dynasty. But from the latter 1600's to the former 1700's, the roles for official garbs of civil officials and military officers decreased and increased respectively. Before the Hideyoshi's Invasion of Korea in 1592, ordinary social clothes had orders by people's social status who wore them ; those were Dan Ryoung(團領), Hong Jik Ryoung(紅直領), Jik Ryoung(直領), Cho'l Rick(철릭) in the order named. After the war, various Po(袍), Shim Ui(深衣), Jung Chi Mak(中致莫), Chang Ui(　衣), Jang Ui(長衣), Ju Ui(周衣) and so on had been worn until the King Young Jo(英祖)·Jung Jo(正祖) period. In result, the social role of Jik-Ryoung was reduced as the uses decreased more and more. For a mourning dress, it had a same aspect as the case of ordinary social wear. 4. Considering the color, they used blue for the clothes for doing-up-the-hair ceremony, white for mourning clothes, and white, black for ancestor memorial ceremony clothes. On the official outfits of officials, dark blue and black were used mostly. And lower-level officials'clothes had white, red, and green on them. They used red and green for the plain dresses. 5. Examining the materials, clothes for the celebration of one's coming of age were made of high quality silks, Kwang Hwa Dan(廣禾緞). Also, they made clothes for funeral rites of rough and thick linen, and made clothes for religious ceremonies of linen and hemp. The official outfits were made of practical materials like cotton, hemp and ramie. Cotton, pongee and satin were used to make ordinary attire.

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.211-226
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• 1986

To understand the pathogenesis of anicteric leptospirosis with severe pulmonary hemorrhage occured in Korea, the microbiological and pathological features were observed in the experimentally induced leptospirosis in guinea pigs infected with a virulent strain of Leptospira interrogans isolated from the patient at Wonju, Korea, and the results are summarized as follows. 1. The main pathological features were widespread hemorrhages, especially affecting lung, skeletal muscles, retroperitoneal and perirenal adipose tissues. The hemorrhages accompanied inflammatory process especially of vasculitic pattern as well as occasional coagulation necrosis in the liver, skeletal muscle, and myocardium. The main inflammatory cells were of plasma cell even in the fairly early stage of the infection. 2. Those pathologic changes were more exaggerated in the inoculation site. 3. Within 144 hours of infection, the longer the infection time, the more antigens were observed in the tissues, and the severer the pathologic changes. 4. Leptospiral antigens were detected at first by indirect immunofluorescent and immunoperoxidase technics. As the infection time extended, the antigens were observed in all of the tissues examined except in the skeletal muscle. The shape of the antigens was spiral or thread-like within 72 hours of infection. As the infection progressed, they became fragmented and granular. 5. Leptospires were detected in the blood within 144 hours of infection by darkfield microscopic examination. Thereafter, none was observed. 6. Antibody to leptospires were detected as early as 72 hours of infection. In summary, the virulent strain of L. interrogans used in this experiment induced widespread hemorrhages with inflammatory reaction especially in lung, skeletal muscles, and retroperitoneal adipose tissue. With these findings, it is suggested that the direct toxic effect of leptospires might playa great role in the pathogenesis of this infection.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.333-346
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was designed to test and develope the structural model that explains health promoting behaviors among college students in Korea. The hypothetical model was constructed on the Pender's Health promotion Model(l996) and the inclusion of some influential factors for life satisfaction. The conceptual framework was built around eight constructs. Exogenous variables included in the model were self-esteem, perceived health status, self-efficacy, internal locus of control, chance locus of control. powerful other locus of control. Endogenous variables were health promotion behaviors and life satisfaction. The results are as follows; 1. The overall fit of the hypothetical model to the data was moderate <$x^2$=4.18(df=11. p=0.041), GFI= 0.99, AGFI= 0.76, RMR= 0.019, CFI= 0.99, CN= 248.50> 2. Path and variable of the model were modified by considering both its theoretical implication and statistical significance of parameter estimates. Compared to the hypothetical model. the revised model has become parsimonious and had a better fit to the data expected in a chi-square value <$x^2$=8.43( df= 16, p=0.21), GFI= 0.99, AGFI= 0.92., RMR= 0.024, CFI= 0.99, CN= 312.01> 3. Some of the predictive factors. especially self efficacy. self esteem. powerful others locus of control. perceived health status revealed the direct effects on health promoting behaviors. Of these variables. self-efficacy was the most signigicant factor. These predictive variables of health promoting behaviors explained 59% of total variances in the model. 4. Health promoting behaviors, self-esteem. and perceived health status revealed direct effect on the life satisfaction. Self-efficacy was identified as an important variable that contributed indirectly to improve life satisfaction by enhancing health promoting behaviors. These predictive variables of life satisfaction explained 42% of total variances in the model. In conclusion. the derived model in this study is considered appropriate in explaining and predicting health promoting models and life satisfaction among college students in Korea and could effectively be used as a reference model for further studies by suggesting a direction in health promoting nursing practices.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.1-34
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• 1994

This study has been done in order to analyze the relationship between climacteric symptoms and the stress of life events. For the purpose of this study. objectives set up were as followings. : 1. Climacteric symptoms complained by middle aged women are studied. 2. The stress of life events experienced by middle aged women is studied. 3. The relationship between climacteric symptoms and the stress of life events is studied. 4. The relationship between climacteric symptoms and general characteristics is studied. and the relationship between the stress of life events and general characteristics is also studied. The sample size of this study was 462 cases. The subjects were middle-aged women. who were from 40 to 60 years old and resided in Seoul. Data were collected by using questionnaires which consisted of 122 questions from Jan. 1 to Feb. 7 in 1992. The questionnaires include questions about general characteristics. climacteric symptoms and life events. The measurement scales for this study were adopted from the climacteric symptoms scale developed by Chi. Sung-Ai and the measurement scale of stress related to life events devised by Lee. Pyoung Sook. The analysis of data collected was done by using SPSS-pc package. Firstly. general characteristics were analyzed by using descriptive statistical methods. Secondly. climacteric symptoms were analyzed by using descriptive statistical methods. the analysis of variance and correlation analysis. Thirdly. the stress of life events was studied by using descriptive statistical methods. the analysis of variance. and tests of independence. The results of this study are as followings. 1. General characteristics of the respondents are as followings: The average age is 49. 13. and the age group from 46 to 50 has $30.5\%$ in the respondents. Christianity is the major religion $(42.6\%)$. and the respondents with a high school diploma are $(43.1\%)$ of the respondents. $60\%$ of all respondents are housewives. and $90.5\%$ are married. The average number of children is 2.71. and the average number of family is 4.24 Monthly income of $39.1\%$ of the respondents is from l,010,000 Won to 2,000,000 Won. The premenopausal group is $4.9\%$. and $45.5\%$ of all respondents are satisfied with marrital life. $43.3\%$ of all feel happy. and $13.9\%$ feel economic frustration. $27.9\%$ of respondents are satisfied with sexual life. and $45\%$ of all report that the amount of recreational activities are more needed. 2. The average score of climacteric symptoms is 1. 8461 (The maximum score is 5.0). The symptoms complained frequently are nervousness. muscle-ache. fatigue. headache and knee-ache. Climacteric symptoms are significantly different in menopausal states. age groups. the number of children, marrital satisfaction. the feeling of life. self-reported health states and sexual satisfaction. 3. The life events occurred frequently were 'discord with husband', 'children's important exams', 'separation from husband related to works' and 'vacation'. When life events are analyzed by factors. the most frequently mentioned factor is 'marrital life'. The stress of life events is significantly different in a few general characteristics (age. the number of children, the number of family, monthly income, menopausal status, the feeling of life. self-reported health states, economic satisfaction). 4. The score of climacteric symptoms complained is significantly different according to the stress of life events (p<0.051, Especially, the difference is the widest in psychological symptoms according to the factor of 'couple. marrital life' among stressful life events. In Summary, climacteric symptoms complained by middle-aged women are related to the amount of the stress of life events. Whether life events are positive of negative is not important. Yet. climacteric symptoms and stressful life events are deeply related to general characteristics. so we can not insist strongly that one be directly related to the other.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.536-546
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• 2002

본 연구의 목적은 대구.경북지역의 초등학교 급식소의 질적 향상을 위하여 학교급식 종사원의 직무 만족도를 학교유형별로 비교 분석하기 위하여 도시형 18개교, 농어촌형 13개교, 도서벽지형 18개교로 총 49개교에 근무하는 영양사와 조리종사원을 대상으로 하였으며 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 학교급식 영양사들의 개인적 특성에 파른 빈도와 백분율을 분석한 결과 연령은 26～35세가 69.4%로 가장 많았고 55.1%가 기혼이며 학력은 대학졸업이 75.5%로 가장 많았다. 영양사들의 85.7%가 정규직이었으며 근무기간은 1～5년 근무한 영양사가 36.7%이었다. 2) 조사대상 조리종사원의 개인적 특성을 살펴보면 연령층은 36～45세가 59.2%로 가장 많았으며, 조리종사원의 98%가 기혼으로 조사되었다. 학력은 고등학교 졸업자가 61.7%로 가장 많았으며 근무상태는 70.6%가 임시직이었으며 근무기간은 1～5년 근무한 조리종사원이 47.3%로 가장 많았다. 3) 농어촌형 학교 영양사의 직무만족지수는 138.74로 가장 높았으며 도시형 학교 영양사의 직무만족지수가 l12.95로 가장 낮았다. 직무만족 측정요소에 대한 만족도 점수를 산출한 결과 만족순위는 상사의 감독(2.05), 동료(2.03), 직무자체(1.96), 급여(1.09), 승진(1.04)순으로 나타났다. 4) 조리종사원의 학교유형별 직무만족지수는 농어촌형 학교 조리종사원의 직무만족지수가 149.30으로 가장 높았으며 도시형 학교 조리종사원의 직무만족지수가 125.49로 가장 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 직무만족 측정요소에 대한 만족도 점수를 산출한 결과 만족순위는 동료(2.39). 상사의 감독(2.25), 직무자체(B.01),급적(0.83), 승진(0.66)순으로 나타났다. 5) 직무만족 측정요소의 상대적인 순위 측정에서는 영양사가 가장 중요하다고 생각하는 것이 직무자체이었고, 조리종사원이 가장 중요하다고 생각하는것은 급여로 나타났다. 6) 개인적인 특성에 따라 직무만족 측정요소에 유의적인 차이가 있는지를 분석한 결과 학력이 높을수록 연령이 젊을수록 승진과 급여에 대한 만족도가 놀으면, 근무기간이 길수록 급여에 대한 만족도가 높았으며 영양사는 승진과 급여에서 조리사는 직무자체, 급여와 동료들에 만족도가 높았다. 본 연구결과를 비롯한 다른 연구에서 학교급식에 종사하는 급식종사원의 급여 및 승진에 대한 만족도가 매우 낮게 나타났으므로 이에 대한 보다 적극적이고 체계적인 방안이 마련되어야 급식종사원은 급식에 대한 긍지와 자부를 느끼며 학교급식 업무를 효과적으로 수행하여 보다 질 좋은 급식을 아동들에게 제공할 수 있게 될 것으로 사려된다. 끝으로 본 연구는 대구 \ulcorner경북지역을 대상으로 한 연구이므로 전국을 대상으로 한 많은 연구가 계속되어 조리종사원의 직무만족에 관한 연구가 다양한 측면에서 이루어져야하겠다.