• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.127-134
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• 2011

Interior design has diverse functions and roles according to recent changes in life and cultural style. As the meaning of space varies, the furniture as another element of the space should also be planned and included in the beginning of the project to accomplish its functional role on the finished space and not only be placed. The relationship between Interior space and furniture should be studied and understood at the same realm because they have a complementary relationship. The final destination of design, which is very challenging to accommodate people, the designer needs to approach to the interior space and furniture in a cognitive view. The study of Semiotics views in a knowledgeable and epistemological way every element as a sign and by the relationship of their characters it makes to understand the structure of the signs. Charles Sanders Peirce, a leader of Semiotics in USA, classified the structure of Sign into Representamen, Object and Interpretant to complete the theory which could systematically describe physical characteristic and function of the Sign and its significance in practical use. Peirce stated that all nine types of Sign would be generated if each structure of Sign in combined with three categories of Sign such as Firstness, Secondness, and Thirdness. In this study, based on Peirce's nine types of Sign, the interrelationship between space and furniture in interior design was investigated with examples in Living Space, Office Space, and Commercial Space, respectively. In the category of Representamen, which can be classified into Qualisign, Sinsign, and Legisign, it is a feature of Living Space to be expressed in harmonized and stabilized ways. In Office Space vertical/horizontal elements and open expression are differently showed depending on fields. And splendid and interesting expressions are showed in Commercial Space. In the category of Object, which can be classified into Icon, Index, and Symbol, each function of Sign has distinctly been showed as Symbol in Living Space, Index in Office Space, and Icon in Commercial Space, respectively. In the category of Interpretant, which can be classified into Rheme, Dicisign, and Argument, it was found that space image of Living Space is transferred to human being, Office Space regulates human bing, and Commercial Space binds human being with the space. In conclusion the function of the interior space and the furniture could be explained in another way with re-interpretation of interrelationship among interior space elements in the concept of Semiotics. It is expected that interpretation with Semiotics in interior design will grow to new theory of design.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.555-562
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Childhood obesity has become a global epidemic. Development of effective and sustainable programs to promote healthy behaviors from a young age is important. This study developed and tested an intervention program designed to promote healthy eating and physical activity among young children in South Korea by adaptation of the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Mission X (MX) Program. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The intervention program consisted of 4 weeks of fitness and 2 weeks of nutrition education. A sample of 104 subjects completed pre- and post- surveys on the Children's Nutrition Acknowledgement Test (NAT). Parents were asked for their children's characteristics and two 24-hour dietary records, the Nutrition Quotient (NQ) at baseline and a 6-week follow-up. Child weight status was assessed using Korean body mass index (BMI) percentiles. RESULTS: At baseline, 16.4% (boy: 15.4%; girl: 19.2%) of subjects were overweight or obese (based on $BMI{\geq}85%tile$). Fat consumption significantly decreased in normal BMI children ($48.6{\pm}16.8g$ at baseline to $41.9{\pm}18.1g$ after intervention, P < 0.05); total NQ score significantly increased from 66.4 to 67.9 (P < 0.05); total NAT score significantly improved in normal BMI children (74.3 at baseline to 81.9 after the program), children being underweight (from 71.0 to 77.0), and overweight children (77.1 at baseline vs. 88.2 after intervention, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The 6-week South Korean NASA MX project is feasible and shows favorable changes in eating behaviors and nutritional knowledge among young children.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제61권3호
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• pp.363-375
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• 2018

Intraoperative monitoring (IOM) utilizes electrophysiological techniques as a surrogate test and evaluation of nervous function while a patient is under general anesthesia. They are increasingly used for procedures, both surgical and endovascular, to avoid injury during an operation, examine neurological tissue to guide the surgery, or to test electrophysiological function to allow for more complete resection or corrections. The application of IOM during pediatric brain tumor resections encompasses a unique set of technical issues. First, obtaining stable and reliable responses in children of different ages requires detailed understanding of normal age-adjusted brain-spine development. Neurophysiology, anatomy, and anthropometry of children are different from those of adults. Second, monitoring of the brain may include risk to eloquent functions and cranial nerve functions that are difficult with the usual neurophysiological techniques. Third, interpretation of signal change requires unique sets of normative values specific for children of that age. Fourth, tumor resection involves multiple considerations including defining tumor type, size, location, pathophysiology that might require maximal removal of lesion or minimal intervention. IOM techniques can be divided into monitoring and mapping. Mapping involves identification of specific neural structures to avoid or minimize injury. Monitoring is continuous acquisition of neural signals to determine the integrity of the full longitudinal path of the neural system of interest. Motor evoked potentials and somatosensory evoked potentials are representative methodologies for monitoring. Free-running electromyography is also used to monitor irritation or damage to the motor nerves in the lower motor neuron level : cranial nerves, roots, and peripheral nerves. For the surgery of infratentorial tumors, in addition to free-running electromyography of the bulbar muscles, brainstem auditory evoked potentials or corticobulbar motor evoked potentials could be combined to prevent injury of the cranial nerves or nucleus. IOM for cerebral tumors can adopt direct cortical stimulation or direct subcortical stimulation to map the corticospinal pathways in the vicinity of lesion. IOM is a diagnostic as well as interventional tool for neurosurgery. To prove clinical evidence of it is not simple. Randomized controlled prospective studies may not be possible due to ethical reasons. However, prospective longitudinal studies confirming prognostic value of IOM are available. Furthermore, oncological outcome has also been shown to be superior in some brain tumors, with IOM. New methodologies of IOM are being developed and clinically applied. This review establishes a composite view of techniques used today, noting differences between adult and pediatric monitoring.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.40-45
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• 2018

채소내의 칼륨은 만성 신부전 환자에게 악영향을 주는 것으로 알려져 있다. 하지만 채소는 많은 다른 영양 물질 또한 함유하고 있으므로, 이러한 환자들에게 채소의 섭취는 불가피하다. 본 연구는 완전제어형 식물공장에서 신장환자들을 위해 적합한 저칼륨 상추 개발을 위해 수행되었다. 본 연구에 사용된 상추 품종은 '찰스' 품종이었다. 완전제어형 식물공장에서 정식 후 28일간 수행되었으며, 광 환경은 LED (W:R, 9:1), 일장 16시간, $200{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ 이었고 재배 온도, 상대습도와 이산화탄소 농도는 각각 $15-21^{\circ}C$, 65%와 $600-650mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 이었다. 1차 실험에서 배양액은 수확 전 1주전과 2주전에 칼륨농도를 10%와 5%로 낮게 처리하였고, 이를 토대로 2차실험의 처리는 수확 전 2주전 5%, 1% 낮춘 처리와 원수로 재배한 처리였다. 식물체 내의 다량원소 분석을 위해 수확 후 ICP 분석을 하였으며 생체중과 엽수를 측정하였다. 실험 결과 식물체 내 칼륨함량은 대조구에 비해 2주전 처리에서 통계적으로 유의하게 낮았다. 생체중과 엽수는 대조구와 처리구에서 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으나 처리구간의 유의적인 차이는 있었다. 신장환자들의 채소섭취량을 고려했을 때, 저칼륨 상추 생산을 위한 적당한 칼륨농도 조성은 수확 2주전 1%와 5%로 낮춘 처리였다. 본 연구를 통해 양액 내 칼륨함량과 처리시리를 조절하여 신장환자를 위한 저칼륨 상추를 개발할 수 있었다.

• 복식
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• 제35권
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• pp.17-44
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• 1997

Medieval European practical art and style of costume is studied through referring to the literatures. The type of clothing that was seen on tapestries arts and crafts paintings and wall paintings and appeared in the architecture such as church. There were symbolic aspects of color motifs at this period and some restraints for clothing according to the social class, It was a period that draped garments due to the War of Crusades is appeared. Be-cause the medieval taste and decorative character is not only 'formative art' but also the taste beyoud 'mode' and atomsphere of that times it could be seen the strong reflec-tion of customs in the clothing of that times which is shown in works of art. 1) The purpose of Christian art which was found in mosaics stained glasses wall pain-tings and statues of architecture was not just the revival of natural phenomena but visuali-zation of sacred and invisible things. It was valuable to understandin of the spiritual through the sense organ It was a monumental art that was combined with decorative func-tion and role of the Bible. It revealed what was about the religious spiritual miracle, 2) In the medieval European painting characteristic and beautiful creativity was the basis of an argument. Both "Worship of East-ern" that is painted ion a parchment and "Cor-onation of Charles VI" were described decor-ation motifs on the edge of buildings geo-metric patterns and others with outstanding skill. there were precise technologic skill of architect and glassmen and lots of patience of craftsmen. " The Labour of the Months" and the scene of"A Trial at the Court" is also de-scribed elaborately. 3) Tapestry was developed in France Ger-many Swiss at the 14th century. Religionary and historical themes unicorn lady bird flowering plants and others were major motifs. It was very important as decorative wall coverings and as practical door arch and bed hangings. It was made through patient hard work with simple technique and it was con-sidered as an art for practical use. Tapestry was what everyone wish to have. It is reckoned for the item of the best gift. The royalty and nobility ordered and used custom-made tapestries. Sometimes the subject of motifs consisted of series which were deeply related to living 4) Decorative arts and crafts was the art that used materials such as precious metals jewels and others and that accorded with the luxurious and gorgeous taste of the royalty and nobility. Christian considered splendid and beautiful color of light as a symbol of glory. They used also for church appliances, There were metal crafts wood crafts textile crafts and others, As was stated above the costume appeared on the arts and crafts for living revealed the process of changes saw how the politic econ-omic and social organizations were developed.and social organizations were developed.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제21권12호
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• pp.1280-1286
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• 2011

A quantitative, real-time PCR method was developed to enumerate Lactobacillus plantarum IWBT B 188 during the malolactic fermentation (MLF) in Grauburgunder wine. The qRT-PCR was strain-specific, as it was based on primers targeting a plasmid DNA sequence, or it was L. plantarum-specific, as it targeted a chromosomally located plantaricin gene sequence. Two 50 l wine fermentations were prepared. One was inoculated with 15 g/hl Saccharomyces cerevisiae, followed by L. plantarum IWBT B 188 at $3.6{\times}10^6$ CFU/ml, whereas the other was not inoculated (control). Viable cell counts were performed for up to 25 days on MRS agar, and the same cells were enumerated by qRT-PCR with both the plasmid or chromosomally encoded gene primers. The L. plantarum strain survived under the harsh conditions in the wine fermentation at levels above $10^5$/ml for approx. 10 days, after which cell numbers decreased to levels of $10^3$ CFU/ml at day 25, and to below the detection limit after day 25. In the control, no lactic acid bacteria could be detected throughout the fermentation, with the exception of two sampling points where ca. $1{\times}10^2$ CFU/ml was detected. The minimum detection level for quantitative PCR in this study was $1{\times}10^2$ to $1{\times}10^3$ CFU/ml. The qRT-PCR results determined generally overestimated the plate count results by about 1 log unit, probably as a result of the presence of DNA from dead cells. Overall, qRT-PCR appeared to be well suited for specifically enumerating Lactobacillus plantarum starter cultures in the MLF in wine.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제28권11호
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• pp.1834-1845
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• 2018

The lactobacilli associated with a fermented goat milk product from Tajikistan were isolated to characterize their technological properties and antibiotic resistances in order to assess their suitability for development as starter cultures. In this study, twenty three strains were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing as typical dairy-associated lactic acid bacterial strains, i.e. L. plantarum, L. pentosus, L. delbrueckii, L. helveticus and L. paracasei. These strains were generally susceptible to most antibiotics tested in this study and this allowed a selection of strains as safe starters. The draft genomes of four representative strains were sequenced and the number of contigs of the four assembled genomes ranged from 51 to 245 and the genome sizes ranged from 1.75 to 3.24 Mbp. These representative strains showed differences in their growth behavior and pH-reducing abilities in in vitro studies. The co-inoculation of these Lactobacillus spp. strains together with a yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus MBT-5698, or together with the yeast and an additional Streptococcus thermophilus MBT-2, led to a pH reduction to 3.4 after 48 h. Only in the case of fermentation inoculated with the co-culture, the viscosity of the milk increased noticeably. In contrast, fermentations with single strains did not lead to gelation of the milk or to a decrease in the pH after 24h. The results of this study provide a comprehensive understanding of the predominant lactobacilli related to Tajikistani fermented milk products.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.533-540
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• 2005

이 연구에서는 물질의 입자적 성질이 강조되는 화학 개념 학습에서 학생들에게 제공되는 다양한 외적 표상들 간의 연계와 통합을 촉진시키는 방법으로서의 그리기와 쓰기의 효과에 대해 알아보았다. 남녀공학 중학교 1학년 224명을 통제 집단, 그리기 집단, 쓰기 집단으로 배치한 후,'보일의 법칙'과 '샤를의 법칙'에 대하여 2차시 동안 수업을 하였다. 세 집단 모두 거시적인 현상을 실험을 통해 관찰하게 한 후, 통제 집단 에서는 시각적 정보와 언어적 정보를 동시에 제공하여 학습하게 하였고, 그리기 집단에서는 제공된 언어적 정보에 대한 정신 모형을 그림으로 그리게 한 후, 이를 시각적 정보와 비교하게 하였으며, 쓰기 집단에서는 시각적 정보에 대한 정신 모형을 글로 쓰게 한 후, 이를 언어적 정보와 비교하게 하였다. 이원 공변량 분석 결과, 쓰기 집단의 개념 이해도 점수가 통제 집단보다 유의미하게 높았으며, 그리기 집단은 통제 집단보다 통계적으로 높은 경향성을 보였다. 개념 이해도 점수에서 수업 처치와 공간 시각화 능력 사이의 상호 작용 효과는 없었다. 학생들의 수업 인식 검사 결과에서는 대부분의 학생들이 쓰기와 그리기 활동을 통해 개념 이해가 잘 되었다고 응답하였으며, 일부 학생들은 쓰기와 그리기가 재미있었다고 응답하기도 하였다. 이에 대한 교육학적 함의를 논의하였다.

• 한국언론정보학보
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• 제26권
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• pp.7-44
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• 2004

이 논문은 영화에서의 시간성 표현 과정에 대한 기호학적 모델을 구성하기 위해 작성된 것이다. 연구자는 영화의 시간성 표현과 관련된 기존 서사 이론의 한계를 지적하고 이에 대한 대안으로서 들뢰즈(Gille Deleuze) 영화 철학(philosophy of cinema)의 적절성을 논의했다. 들뢰즈 영화 철학은 퍼스(Charles S. Peirce)의 삼원론적 기호학을 영화에 가장 잘 적용시킨 것으로 평가될 수 있는데, 이에 따라 연구자는 우선 영화를 구성하는 기호학적 최소 단위로서의 "운동아미지" 개념을 논의한 다음 이를 기반으로 고전적 서사 영화(classic narrative cinema)와 현대 영화(modern cinema)에서 나타나는 두 가지 서로 다른 시간성 표현의 기호화 과정을 비교했다. 즉, 고전적 서사 영화에서는 "정상적인 운동이미지"가 "간접적 시간 표현"과 "이야기-서사"라는 해석체를 구성하는 기호화 과정을 거치는 반면, 현대 영화에서는 "비정상적 운동이미지"가 "직접적시간 표현"과 "시간-이미지"라는 해석차를 구성하는 또 다른 기호화 과정을 거치는 것으로 보았다. 현대 영화의 기호학 과정에서 출현하고 있는 이와 같은 "시간-이미지"는 영화와 현실 사이에 놓여진 "시간"이라는 철학적 대상을 통찰하게 만들고 기존의 가치관과 이데올로기의 상투성을 극복할 수 있게 만든다. 이러한 맥락에서 "비정상적인 운동이미지"룰 만들어 내는 현대적 영상 제작 작업은 단지 특이하고 새로운 영화적 표현을 구성하는 데에만 그치는 것이 아니라, 시간을 주요한 사유의 대상으로 취하고 새로운 철학적 사유를 하게 만드는 보다 근원적인 성격을 가질 수 있게 되는 것이다.

• 천문학회지
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.9-26
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• 2020

At q = 1.81 ± 0.20 × 10^-5, KMT-2018-BLG-0029Lb has the lowest planet-host mass ratio q of any microlensing planet to date by more than a factor of two. Hence, it is the first planet that probes below the apparent "pile-up" at q = 5-10 ×10^-5. The event was observed by Spitzer, yielding a microlens-parallax π_E measurement. Combined with a measurement of the Einstein radius θ_E from finite-source effects during the caustic crossings, these measurements imply masses of the host M_host = 1.14^+0.10_-0.12 M_⊙ and planet M_planet = 7.59^+0.75_-0.69 M_⊕, system distance D_L = 3.38^+0.22_-0.26 kpc and projected separation a_⊥ = 4.27^+0.21_-0.23 AU. The blended light, which is substantially brighter than the microlensed source, is plausibly due to the lens and could be observed at high resolution immediately.