• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제61권2호
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• pp.186-193
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• 2018

Objective : The purpose of this study was to evaluate pain-related behaviors after bilateral C2 root resection and change in pain patterns in the suboccipital region in rats. Methods : Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to three groups (n=25/group); $n{\ddot{a}}ive$, sham, and C2 resection. Three, 7, 10, and 14 days after surgery, cold allodynia was assessed using $20{\mu}L$ of 99.7% acetone. c-Fos and c-Jun were immunohistochemically stained to evaluate activation of dorsal horn gray matter in C2 segments of the spinal cord 2 hours, 1 day, 7 days, and 14 days after surgery. Results : Three days after surgery, the response to acetone in the sham group was significantly greater than in the $n{\ddot{a}}ive$ group, and this significant difference between the $n{\ddot{a}}ive$ and sham groups was maintained throughout the experimental period (p<0.05 at 3, 7, 10, and 14 days). Seven, 10, and 14 days after surgery, the C2 root resection group exhibited a significantly greater response to acetone than the $n{\ddot{a}}ive$ group (p<0.05), and both the sham and C2 resection groups exhibited significantly greater responses to acetone compared with 3 days after surgery. No significant difference in cold allodynia was observed between the sham and C2 root resection groups throughout the experimental period. Two hours after surgery, both the sham and C2 root resection groups exhibited significant increases in c-Fos- and c-Jun-positive neurons compared with the naive group (p=0.0021 and p=0.0358 for the sham group, and p=0.0135 and p=0.014 for the C2 root resection group, respectively). One day after surgery, both the sham and C2 root resection groups exhibited significant decreases in c-Fos -positive neurons compared with two hours after surgery (p=0.0169 and p=0.0123, respectively), and these significant decreases in c-Fos immunoreactivity were maintained in both the sham and C2 root resection groups 7 and 14 days after surgery. The sham and C2 root resection groups presented a tendency toward a decrease in c-Jun-positive neurons 1, 7, and 14 days after surgery, but the decrease did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion : We found no significant difference in cold allodynia and the early expression of c-Fos and c-Jun between the sham and C2 resection groups. Our results may support the routine resection of the C2 nerve root for posterior C1-2 fusion, but, further studies are needed.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.167-175
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• 2017

가야산국립공원 내의 기후변화 취약 산림식물 및 국가기후 변화 지표 생물종을 파악하기 위해 2016년 3월부터 10월까지 총 28회에 걸쳐 조사하였다. 그 결과 기후변화 취약종은 총 39분류군이 분포하였고 북방계 11분류군, 남방계 2분류군, 관심식물은 26분류군으로 확인되었으며, 이중 자생종은 33분류군으로 확인되었다. 가야산국립공원의 아고산지역에 분포하는 기후변화 취약종으로는 전나무, 구상나무, 잣나무, 사스래나무, 매발톱나무, 흰참꽃나무, 산앵도나무, 설앵초, 기생꽃, 백리향, 병풍쌈, 솔나리가 해당되었으며, 이들은 수직적 분포역이 매우 좁은 것으로 확인됨에 따라 지구온난화의 영향에 취약할 것으로 예상된다. 아울러, 기후변화 취약종에 포함되지 않지만 본 지역의 산정에 자생하고 있는 한라송이풀, 세모산부추, 숙은처녀치마 등의 고유종과 식물구계학적 특정식물 V등급에 해당하는 여우꼬리풀, 구름병아리난초 등도 기후변화에 매우 취약할 것으로 예상되므로 이들에 대한 보전 방안이 절실하게 요구되며, 산정에 분포하는 잔존종에 대한 장기적인 모니터링을 통하여 기후변화취약종을 보다 객관적이고 타당한 분류군으로 재선정할 필요가 있다고 판단된다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.7-14
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• 2011

2000년 삼척 동해안산불이 나방군집에 미친 영향을 조사하였다. 조사는 3개의 조사지(지점1: 미피해지역, 지점2: 지표화 피해지역, 지점3: 수관화 피해지역)를 설정하여 2006부터 2009년 까지 1년에 4회 UV 라이트 트랩으로 실시하였다. 그 결과, 3개의 조사지에서 30과 727종 3,804개체를 채집하였다(지점1: 27과 505종 1,727개체, 지점2: 24과 353종 1,193개체, 지점3: 25과 340종 885개체). 밤나방과, 명나방과, 자나방과와 잎말이나방과는 종수와 개체수가 3개의 조사지에서 상위를 점했다. 종수, 개체수, 종다양도(H') 모두 지점1에서 가장 높았다. 유사도(${\alpha}$-Index)는 2006년에는 지점2와 3이 더 높았지만, 2009년에는 지점1과 2가 더 높았다. 나방류를 유충기의 기주로 16개 카테고리로 나누어 군집변화를 분석하였다. 지점3에서 초본식성의 나방류의 개체수는 지속적으로 감소했지만, 목본식성의 개체수의 비율은 지속적으로 증가했다. 이 연구결과, 나방군집은 산불 이후 식생변화와 더불어 회복되었고 지표화 피해지역에서 나방군집의 재생은 수관화 피해지역보다 빠른 것으로 나타났다.

• 복식
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• 제2권
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• pp.9-21
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• 1978

The object of this article is to examine the shapes and the development of the costume worn in the early and middle Yi Dynasty from the viewpoint of the history of customes with the excavated clothing from Chung-Ju (1530 A.D.), Wool-San (1650 A.D.), An-Dong (1650 A.D.) etc. The study of the history of costumes of the early years of the Yi Dynasty has been mainly dependent upon fiblirographical records sofar. So I have arranged in order some excavated clothing of the early Yi Dynasty, which gives us some means for the study of Korean historical costumes. It is noticeably remarkable that the daily wear of the early Yi Dynasty period was excavated for the first time from Chung-ju. The results drawn from this research are: It is argued that the original from of Chul-nik(天翼) has been excavated. This is the remnants Mongolian clothing of the Koryo Dynasty, and it is sketched in the Dai-Myong-jib-lei(大明集禮) as Yo-sun-o-ja which the lower classes usually put on. The similar clothing is also handed down as a Dan-po(緞袍) from the ming Dynasty, and we can presume that Chul-nik was a common clothing regardless of the social status of their wearer. It is also remarkable that even women at those times wore the Chul-nik. The length of the Cheo-go-ri of the early Yi Dynasty was the middle hip length, and the edge of the sleeves was very wide which called Cham-soo, and it was handed down to the middle period of the Yi Dynasty which can be seen in the coat (po) of women(直領袍). The systems of the straight-collar Po(袍) during the early Yi Dynasty were discovered for the first time. This Po(袍) which would represent the po-system of the early years of Yi Dynasty, is handed down even to the middle of Yi Dynasty. The collars of the Po(coat) of the early Yi Dynasty are mostly double collars(二重衿) and these give us the advantage in reconsidering of the cheo-go-ri(赤古里) of the Kingdom of Shin-la, or Koryo Dynasty. The edge of the women's Ba-ji(袴) of the early Yi Dynasty was wide and the Ba-ji had a shoulder belt which connect the front part with the back one, which showed the practical point of Ba-ji. The men's Ba-ji of the middle Yi Dynasty was the same as can be seen today and it is clear that the Mongolian Ba-ji dated to B.C. 1 was the same one also. In the system of the Chi-ma(常), there seems to be no differences between the ancient styles and those of these times.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.90-95
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• 2004

대립종자의 자동정렬파종기의 씨눈위치 자동판정장치를 개발하기 위한 연구로서 수행된 이 연구는 기계 시각을 이용하여 대립종자의 씨눈 위치가 공급 방향을 기준으로 앞 또는 뒤쪽 어느 쪽에 위치해 있는지를 검출하기 위함이다. 참박, 특토좌, 흑종에 대한 씨눈위치를 판정하기 위하여 종자의 공급자세에 따른 판정정도를 조사하였다. 참박의 경우 공급자세가 $30^{\circ}$ 경우에는 77.8%의 정확도를 나타냈지만,$ 0^{\circ}$와 $15^{\circ}$때는 100% 검출 정확도를 나타내었다. 특토좌의 경우 공급자세 $30^{\circ}$에서 89.5%, $0^{\circ}$와 $15^{\circ}$에서는 100%의 판정 정확도가 나타났다. 흑종의 경우에 있어서는 공급자세 $30^{\circ}$에서 94.4%이었고 나머지는 100%의 정확도를 나타냈다. 따라서 정렬파종장치의 공급부에서 종자가 공급될 때 기계적인 메카니즘으로 $30^{\circ}$ 이상 기울어지는 것을 방지할 수 있고 $15^{\circ}$까지 기울어진다 해도 씨눈위치를 판정할 수 있기 때문에 향후 파종장치의 한 부분으로서 사용할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.367-373
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• 2016

본 연구는 보리새싹 함유 녹즙의 제조공정 중 자외선살균공정의 한계기준 설정을 위한 목적으로 실시하였다. 본 실험에 사용된 시료는 녹즙의 주원료인 보리새싹, 유기신선초, 당근, 유기민들레, 케일, 돌미나리, 신선초, 양배추는 2015년 12월 1일~2016년 3월 1일까지 충북 진천군 소재에 있는 CSJ 업체에서 제공받았다. 제조공정도는 일반적인 녹즙 제조업체의 제조공정을 참고로 작성하였다. 녹즙의 배합비율은 Table 1과 같이 새싹채소(다채, 콜라비, 유채, 블로콜리) 18%와 새싹보리 3%, 신선초 18%, 오렌지 농축과즙 1%, 사과농축과즙 1%, 플라토올리고당 6%, 채소 발효즙 10%, 레몬농축액 0.4%와 정제수 39.6%를 사용하였다. 본 연구에서 사용한 비가열 살균방법은 자외선 살균방법으로 1차 230W 10단, 2차 320W 8단과 3차 320W 5단으로 살균기 모터속도는 1, 2차 25Hz와 3차 40Hz속도로 살균을 실시한 이후의 미생물검사 결과 민들레의 경우 세척 후 $2.56{\times}10^8CFU/mL$에서 법적기준인 100,000 CFU/mL보다 낮은 $5.96{\times}10^3CFU/mL$로 감소하였고, Coliform 과 식중독균들은 모두 검출되지 않았다. 따라서 보리새싹을 함유한 녹즙의 자외선살균방법을 이용한 미생물학적 한계기준 설정에 기초가 될 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제60권6호
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• pp.691-700
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• 2017

Objective : The authors prospectively analyzed the effect of one-level or two-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF), comparing stand-alone cages and cage-with-plate fixation constructs with respect to clinical outcomes and radiologic changes. Methods : A total of 84 patients who underwent one-level (n=52) or two-level ACDF (n=32) for cervical disc disease and who completed 2 years of follow-up were included in this study. The patients were divided by cervical level and grouped into ACDF-Cage-only and ACDF-Cage-with-plate groups. The following parameters were assessed using radiographs : subsidence, C2-C7 lordosis angle, fusion segment angle, adjacent disc space narrowing, and fusion status. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the neck disability index (NDI) and visual analog scale scores for arm pain. Results : In the comparison of one-level ACDF-cage-only and ACDF-cage-with-plate groups, the NDI score was better in the cage-only group at the 3-, 12-, and 24-month follow-ups : however, no significant difference in clinical outcomes was observed. In the comparison of two-level ACDF-cage-only and ACDF-cage-with-plate groups, no difference in any clinical outcome was observed between the two groups. At the 24-month follow-up, subsidence was observed in 45.8% of patients in the one-level cage-only group and 32.1% of patients in the one-level cage-with-plate fixation group. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence rate between the two groups (p=0.312). Subsidence in the two-level cage-only group (66.6%) was significantly more frequent than in the two-level cage-with-plate fixation group (30%; p=0.049). The fusion rate for patients in the one-level cage-only group was not significantly different from that in the one-level cage-with-plate fixation group (cage-only, 87.5%; cage-with-plate fixation, 92.9%; p=0.425) ; fusion rate in the two-level patients were also similar between groups (cage-only, 83.3%; cage-with-plate fixation, 95%; p=0.31). Conclusion : Our clinical results showed that for single-level cases, plate fixation had no additional benefit versus cage-only; for two-level ACDF cases, the fusion rate and clinical outcomes were similar, although the cage-with-plate fixation group had a lower incidence of cage subsidence than did the cage-only group. We conclude that physicians should be aware of this possible disadvantage associated with using cervical plates in one-level ACDF. However, in two-level ACDF, subsidence is more likely to occur without plate fixation, and thus the addition of plate fixation should be considered.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.122-126
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• 2017

태양열 에너지를 이용하여 단순한 형태의 공기가열식 집열기를 이용하여 공기를 가열하고 이를 활용하여 생활공간의 난방문제를 해결하기 위한 장치를 개발하는데 목적을 두고 진행되고 있다. 현 시점에서 연구는 모델로 개발한 공기가열식 태양열에너지 집열기의 크기 변화에 따른 가용한 에너지의 량을 이론적으로 산출해 보고 이를 통해 개발 시스템의 가능성을 판단하고자 한다. 본 연구에서는 공기가열식 태양열 집열기의 공기가열성능을 판단하기 위하여, 특정 크기의 태양열 집열기에 일정한 일사량을 투하하였을 때, 모델 집열기 내부에서의 열전달 특성변화와 이를 통해 생산되는 공기의 온도($^{\circ}C$)와 생산량(kg/h)을, 유한체적법(Finite Volume Method)을 적용한 범용 열유동해석(CFD) 프로그램인 영국 CHAM사의 PHOENICS(1)를 이용하여, 분석한 결과를 구하였다. 분석한 결과에서 알 수 있듯이 집열기의 크기가 ($1.2m{\times}1.1m{\times}0.19m$)의 집열기에서 알루미늄으로 제작하는 내경 0.1m의 공기 가열관을 이용하여 가열할 수 있는 공기의 온도는 약 $40.5^{\circ}C$이며 이때 생산되는 공기의 생산량은 약 $161m^3/h$으로 산출되었다. 본 모델장치는 충분히 태양의 열에너지를 이용하여 실내공간의 온도를 인간이 활동하기에 적합한 활동의 환경을 유지하는데 활용할 수 있다고 판단된다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.61-74
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• 2012

Objectives : This study is perfomed for preparation of oriental medicine clinical guidelines for drawing up the standards of oriental medicine demonstration and diagnosis classification about the knee pain. Methods : Statistical analysis about Crane's-knee wind(鶴膝風), arthralgia syndrome(痺症), knee injury(膝傷), gout arthritis(痛風), Youk jeol poung(歷節風) classified experts' opinions about knee pain patients by Delphi method is conducted by using oriental medicine diagnosis questionnaire. The result was classified by using linear discriminant analysis(LDA), diagonal linear discriminant analysis(DLDA), diagonal quadratic discriminant analysis(DQDA), K-nearest neighbor classification(KNN), classification and regression trees(CART), support vector machines(SVM). Results : The results are summarized as follows. 1. The result analyzed by using LDA has a hit rate of 81.65% in comparison with the original diagnosis. 2. The result analyzed by using DLDA has a hit rate of 63.3% in comparison with the original diagnosis. 3. The result analyzed by using DQDA has a hit rate of 65.14% in comparison with the original diagnosis. 4. The result analyzed by using KNN has a hit rate of 74.31% in comparison with the original diagnosis. 5. The result analyzed by using CART has a hit rate of 75.23% in comparison with the original diagnosis when the test of selected 13 significant questions based on analysis of variance was performed. 6. The result analyzed by using SVM has a hit rate of 87.16% in comparison with the original diagnosis. Conclusions : Statistical analysis using oriental medicine diagnosis questionnaire on knee pain generally turned out to have a significant result.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.17-27
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• 2015

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to evaluate the correlation between HbA1c and pain intensity in diabetic peripheral neuropathy patients, and to compare the difference between two groups divided by the risk of complications. Methods : The participants were 46 men and women suffering from neuropathic pain diagnosed with diabetes mellitus who visited the Hospital of Traditional Korean Medicine, Semyung University from June, 2014 to August, 2015. Age, duration of diabetes mellitus, numeric rating scale(NRS), and Michigan neuropathy screening instrument(MNSI) were used as evaluation tools. Results : 1. In all 46 cases, there were no significant correlations between HbA1c and age, duration of diabetes mellitus, NRS, MNSIQ, or MNSIE. 2. Among 23 cases with a high risk of complications (more than 7.0 % of HbA1c, group A), there were no significant correlations between HbA1c and age, duration of diabetes mellitus, NRS, MNSIQ, or MNSIE. 3. Among 23 cases with a low risk of complications(less than 7.0 % of HbA1c, group B), there were no significant correlations between HbA1c and age, duration of diabetes mellitus, NRS, MNSIQ, or MNSIE. 4. Means of duration of diabetes mellitus, NRS, MNSIQ, and MNSIE were higher in group A than group B, but there were no significant correlations in statistics. Conclusions : This study could not find statistically significant correlations between pain intensity and HbA1c in diabetic peripheral neuropathy patients, so more studies are required in the future.