• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.495-503
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• 1998

The present study investigated the effects of Bisroot, that contains live bacteria (Bacillus polyfermenticus, Bacillus mesentericus, Streptococcus faecalis, & Bifidobacterium breve) and digestive enzymes (protease, lipase), on the growth, body composition and immune response of Nile tilapia fingerlings. One percent of the Bisroot was added to the experimenta feed. All exprimental fish were fed for 60 days. The weigh gains among the experimental fish were not significntly different (P>0.05). Hematocrit value, hemoglobin, total protein, glucose, GOT, and GPT were unaffected by Bisroot treatment. However, it was observed that glucose, GOT, and GPT value in the fish that were fed Bisroot, were lower than the control. The complement activity ($CH_50$) tended to be significantly increased by Bisroot treatment, but not lysozyme activity. Phagocytosis and respiratory burst activities of macrophages in the head kidney were enhanced by Bisroot. Therefore, the Bisroot diet enhances the cellular immune activities were enhanced by Bisroot. Therefore, the Bisroot diet enhances the cellular immune activities of non-specific immune responses. When fish were challenged with a virulent strain of Edwardsiella tarda, the Bisroot treated fish were more resistant than the control. The present results suggest that the introduction of Bisroot into the diet of Nile tilapia could increase their resistance against bacterial infection, reduce fish mortality, and offers economic benefits.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.805-811
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• 1996

Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the Lung(CCAM) is characterized by anomalous fetal development of terminal respiratory structures, resulting in an adenomatoid proliferation of bronchiolar elements and cystic formation. CCAM was first described and differentiated from other cystic lung disease in the English literature by Ch'in and Tang in 1949. CCAN is a rare, potentially lethal form of congenital pulmonary cystic disease and the salient features of lesion are an irregular network of terminal respiratory bronchiole-like structures and macrocysts variably lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and simple cuboidal epithelium. Adult presentation of CCAM of the lung is so rare that only 9 cases have been reported in the literature of date. The pathogenesis of CCAM remains disputed and reseachers have variously proposed that the lesion represents a developmental anomaly, hamartoma, or a fonn of pulmonary dysplasia. Van Dijk and Wagenvoort divided CCAM into three subtypes : cystic, intermediated, and solid. These correspond to types I, II, and III of Stocker. In adults, the evaluation of cystic or multi cystic lung disease requires consideration of a differential diagnosis including the acquired lesions of lung abscess, cavitary neoplasm or inflammatory mass, bullous disease, bronchiectasis, and postionflammatory pneumatocele. Congenital lesions such as sequestration, bronchopulmonary-foregut anomalies, and bronchogenic cyst are also encounted. The definitive treatment for CCAM is complele removal of the involved lobe. Panial lobectomy leads to multiple complications, including severe post-operative infection. We report a case of CCAM in a 14-year-old female presentated with a pneumothorax and large bullae, who was treated by surgical remove of the involved lobe.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers D
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• v.55 no.8
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• pp.386-396
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• 2006

We implemented the Drug-Pad Moxibustion Method in order to improve the conventional moxibustion therapy. This method is aimed to eliminate burning wounds and smoke, which are the defects of conventional moxibustion therapy. And we performed to verify the efficiency by comparing the Drug-Pad Moxibustion Method with the conventional Indirect Moxibustion Therapy. We measured the body heat and the lasting time of blood circulation improvement using thermography. The moxibustion therapy has two kinds of effects: The formers are pharmacological effects of the Moxa's vasodilators and antioxidants. The latters are thermal effects which cause improvement of the blood circulation. To remove the demerits without omission of above therapeutic effects, we extracted the vasodilators and antioxidant compounds from the Moxa-$CH_2Cl_2$ fraction Moxa-EtOAc and composed the moxibustion kit with $(Ba_{0.8}\;Sr_{0.2})_{0.996}\;Y_{0.004}\;TiO_2+0.5_{WT}\;SiO_2%$ Positive Temperature Coefficients Thermistor. The experimental demonstrations have been made by the stimulating the spot which is CV4(Kwan-Won), CV8(Shin-Guel), CV12(Jung-Wan) acupuncture points of the conception vessel meridian(CV). And stimulating time was one hour. We divided the subjects into 5 groups such as no stimulation group, conventional Indirect Moxibustion group, only Drug-Pad stimulation group, only heat stimulation group, and Drug-Pad Moxibustion group. In the different cases, we have measured the body heat in pre-stimulation, just after stimulation, 2 hours after, and 4 hours after. The body heats of the group who were stimulated by the Drug-Pad Moxibustion Method were increased by over the $2^{\circ}C$. And the body heats of the group who were stimulated by the Indirect Moxibustion Method were increased by average the $1^{\circ}C$. We have evaluated that the Drug-Pad Moxibustion Method is improvement on the conventional Indirect Moxibustion Method by the heat-increasing rate is 200% and the lasting time is 150% with the body heat of the abdominal region. In the conclusions, We have implemented the Drug-Pad Moxibustion Method and evaluated the efficiency of the Drug-Pad Moxibustion Method comparing with the conventional Indirect Moxibustion Method.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.484-495
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• 1989

Reactions of $(Et_4N)_2[MoOCl_5]$ with multidentate ligands containing nitrogen or/and oxygen donor atom (EDTA, DTPA, IDA, CyDTA, OX) produce a series of binuclear molybdate (V) complexes. The prepared Mo (V) complexes has been identified by Elemental Analysis, Infrared Spectra, Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectra, and Electronic Spectra. The electrochemical reduction mechanism has been studied by Cyclic voltammetry, Controlled Potential Coulometry, and Spectrophotometry in pH 3.571-10.375 acetate, borate, phosphate/sodium hydroxide, phosphate, ammonium/ammonia buffers. The cyclic voltammogram of the Mo-EDTA, DTPA, IDA, CyDTA complexes at pH < ca. 6.00 have shown two reduction waves. The first reduction wave shows two electron process and the second reduction wave shows two electron process. The cyclic voltammogram of the Mo-EDTA, DTPA, IDA, CyDTA complexes at pH < ca. 8.00 has shown one reduction wave. This reduction wave show four electron process. The cyclic voltammogram of the Mo-OX complex at pH < ca. 7.2 has shown one reduction wave. This reduction wave show four electron process.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.183-212
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• 1995

In order to investigate the influence of four Sasang prescriptions, $So{\breve{u}}min$ P'almunjat'ang(SPG), $So{\breve{u}}min$ Sltibimikwanjungt'ang(SSK), $T^{\prime}ae{\breve{u}}min$ $Chowis{\breve{u}}ngch^{\prime}{\breve{o}}ngt^{\prime}ang$(TCS), and $T^{\prime}ae{\breve{u}}min$ $Ch^{\prime}{\breve{o}}ngp^{\prime}yesagant^{\prime}ang$(TCP), on the activity of the autonomic nervous system in the rats exposed to noise and vibration stress, the contents of catecholamines in the urine, body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, and stomach mucosa change were checked in this experiment. The results obtained were as follows; 1. On the 7th and 12th days from the beginning, the experimental indexes of the controled group were increased more than those of the normal group, and it meant that the noise and vibration stress induced an autonomic nervous system disorder in rats. 2. The urine-epinephrine contents in all experimental groups were decreased more than in the controled group, and in the Tcs and the Tcp groups those were significantly decreased on the 7th and 12th days. 3. The urine-norepinephrine contents in the SPK, TCS, and the TCP groups were significantly decreased on the 7th day, and in the TCS and the SPG groupsthose were significantly decredsed on the 12th day. 4. The urine-dopamine contents in the TCS group were significantlly decreased on the 12th day. 5. The body temperaature was decreased significantly in the SPG and the SSK groups on the 7th day. 6. The heart rate was significantly decreased in the SPG group on the 7th day, and it was decreased significantly in the SPG and the SSK groups on the 12th day. 7. The blood pressure was decreased in ghe SPG group significantly on the 7th day. 8. The stomach mucosa remarkably recovered from gastric ulcers in the SPG group and significantly recorvered in the other groups on the 7th day. From the above findings, th could be assumed that Taeumin and Soumin prescriptions had some significant influence on the control of the autonomic nervous system in the rats that recieved stress.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.567-573
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• 2007

The crystal structure of ZnI2 molecule synthesized in zeolite A (LTA) has been studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. A single crystal of |Zn6|[Si12Al12O48]-LTA, synthesized by the dynamic ion-exchange of |Na12|[Si12Al12O48]-LTA with aqueous 0.05 M Zn(NO3)2 and washed with deionized water, was placed in a stream of flowing 0.05 M KI in CH3OH at 294 K for four days. The resulting crystal structure of the product (|K6Zn3(KI)3(ZnI2)0.5|[Si12Al12O48]-LTA, a = 12.1690(10) A) was determined at 294 K by single-crystal X-ray diffraction in the space group Pm3m. It was refined with all measured reflections to the final error index R1 = 0.078 for 431 reflections which Fo > 4σ (Fo). At four crystallographically distinct positions, 3.5 Zn2+ and nine K+ ions per unit cell are found: three Zn2+ and five K+ ions lie on the 3-fold axes opposite 6-rings in the large cavity, two K+ ions are off the plane of the 8-rings, two K+ ions are recessed deeply off the plane of the 8-rings, and the remaining a half Zn2+ ion lie on the 3-fold axes opposite 6-rings in the sodalite cavity. A half Zn2+ ion and an I- ion per unit cell are found in the sodalite units, indicating the formation of a ZnI2 molecule in 50% of the sodalite cavities. Each ZnI2 (Zn-I = 3.35(5) A) is held in place by the coordination of its one Zn2+ ion to the zeolite framework oxygens and by the coordination of its two I- ions to K+ ions through 6-rings (I-K = 3.33(8) A). Three additional I- ions per unit cell are found opposite a 4-ring in the large cavity and form a K3I2+ and two K2ZnI3+ ionic clusters, respectively.

• Computational Structural Engineering
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.80-89
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• 1998

본 기사에서는 기존 구조물의 구조를 변경하여 사용하는 경우 구조물 축소모형시험과 수치해석을 이용하여 안전도를 합리적으로 평가하는 절차에 관하여 지하철 정차장 구조물을 예로하여 살펴보았다. 구조물의 안전도를 평가하기 위한 구조물 축소모형 시험에서는 원형구조물의 실제 거동을 나타내는 모형의 제작이 가장 중요한 사항이다. 이를 위해서 적절한 상사율을 가지는 구조재료의 선정, 합리적인 경계조건의 설정, 실제하중을 고려한 재하방법 등을 결정하여야 한다. 구조재료의 선정과 모형의 축소율은 모형구조의 거동이 탄성범위 내인가 또는 극한거동인가에 따라 결정되는 것이 일반적이다. 안전도 평가를 위한 모형구조물의 제작과정에서는 원형구조물 거동을 수치해석을 통하여 예측하는 과정이 필요하며 이러한 사전해석(pre-analysis)을 통하여 구조물의 개략적인 거동과 측정항목을 정하며, 또한 합리적인 재하방법을 결정하게 된다. 모형구조물에 대한 재하시험을 통하여 원형구조물의 거동을 상사비를 적용하여 바로 예측할 수 있으나 재하하시험후 측정된 사항에 대하여는 모형구조물에 대한 사후해석(post-analysis)를 수행하여 측정값과 비교 검토하여 거동의 일치성을 입증하는 것이 일반적이다. 이런 과정을 거쳐 검증된 수치해석모델을 이용하여 실험에서 고려하지 않은 여러가지 하중조건에 수치적으로 검토할 수 있으며, 이를 이용하여 안전도검토와 적절한 대책을 수립할 수 있게 된다. 사전해석-모형시험-사후해석의 절차에 따른 구조물의 모형실험의 사례는 미국과 유럽에서 찾아볼 수 있으며 이를 통하여 수치해석기법의 발전이 이루어지고 있다. 현재까지 우리나라에서는 구조물 모형실험에 관련된 연구가 활발하지 못한 편이며, 상대적으로 경험이 적게 축적되어 있는 실정이다. 그러나 수치해석기법의 발전과 실제구조물의 안전도를 합리적으로 파악하기 위해서는 구조물모형 실험이 필수적이며 앞으로 연구가 활발히 이루어져야 할 분야로 사료된다.leic acid와 palmitic acid가 주요 지방산이었으나 싸리버섯은 중성지질에서 oleic acid의 함량이 높았다.n the part of special landscape management area, it is necessary to introduce landscape impact assessment system to more effective landscape management.ch served as supporting organizations. The control of the construction and management of the royal garden and landscape was held by decision makers, executors of works and management. 2) The general process of the construction and management of the royal garden and landscape included Sangji and Kyuho다 as the first step; In case of buildings and facilities, according to former examples and drawings, the most of the planning and design was already fixed. In the case of landscape, those things aimed at construction according to the existing lie of the land. The works in the 2nd step; This process was divided into the construction of facilities and planting. In case of construction of facilities, those works were done by Togam and

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.02a
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• pp.330-332
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• 2013

소 분위기에서 플라즈마 표면 처리의 경우 기판 표면에 존재하는 수소와 탄소 유기물들이 산소와 반응하여 $H_2O$와 $CO_2$ 등으로 제거되며 표면에 오존 결합을 유도하여 표면 에너지를 증가시키는 것으로 알려져 있다. ZnO 나노구조물을 성장시키는 방법으로는 MOCVD (Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposited), PLD (Pulsed Laser Deposition), VLS (Vapor-Liquid-Solid), Sputtering, 습식화학합성법(Wet Chemical Method) 방법 등이 있다. 그중에서도 습식화학합성법은 쉽게 구성요소를 제어할 수 있고, 저비용 공정과 낮은 온도에서 성장 가능하며 플렉서블 소자에도 적용이 가능하다. 그러므로 본 연구에서는 플라즈마 표면처리에 따라 표면에너지를 변화하여 습식화학합성법으로 성장시킨 ZnO nanorods의 밀도를 제어하고 photolithography 공정 없이 패터닝 가능성을 유 무를 판단하는 연구를 진행하였다. 기판은 Si wafer (100)를 사용하였으며 세척 후 표면에너지 증가를 위한 플라즈마 표면처리를 실시하였다. 분위기 가스는 Ar/$O_2$를 사용하였으며 입력전압 400 W에서 0, 5, 10, 15, 60초 동안 각각 실시하였다. ZnO nanorods의 seed layer를 도포하기 위하여 Zinc acetate dehydrate [Zn $(CH_3COO)_2{\cdot}2H_2O$, 0.03 M]를 ethanol 50 ml에 용해시킨 후 스핀코팅기를 이용하여 850 RPM, 15초로 5회 실시하였으며 $80^{\circ}C$에서 5분간 건조하였다. ZnO rods의 성장은 Zinc nitrate hexahydrate [$Zn(NO_3)_2{\cdot}6H_2O$, 0.025M], HMT [$C6H_{12}N_4$, 0.025M]를 deionized water 250 ml에 용해시켜 hotplate에 올리고 $300^{\circ}C$에서 녹인 후 $200^{\circ}C$에서 3시간 성장시켰다. ZnO nanorods의 성장 공정은(Fig. 1)과 같다. 먼저 플라즈마 처리한 시편의 표면에너지 측정을 위해 접촉각 측정 장치[KRUSS, DSA100]를 이용하였다. 그 결과 0, 5, 10, 15, 60 초로 플라즈마 표면 처리했던 시편이 각각 Fig. l, 2와 같이 $79^{\circ}$, $43^{\circ}$, $11^{\circ}$, $6^{\circ}$, $7.8^{\circ}$로 측정되었으며 이것을 각각 습식화학합성법으로 ZnO nanorods를 성장 시켰을 때 Fig. 3과 같이 밀도 차이를 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 기판의 표면에너지를 제어하여 Fig. 4와 같이 나타나며 photolithography 공정없이 ZnO nanorods를 패터닝을 할 수 있었다. 본 연구에서는 플라즈마 표면 처리를 통하여 표면에너지의 변화를 제어함으로써 ZnO nanorods 성장의 밀도 차이를 나타냈었다. 이러한 저비용, 저온 공정으로 $O_2$, CO, $H_2$, $H_2O$와 같은 다양한 화학종에 반응하는 ZnO를 이용한 플렉시블 화학센서에 응용 및 사용될 수 있고, 플렉시블 디스플레이 및 3D 디스플레이 소자에 활용 가능하다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2016.11a
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• pp.175-175
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• 2016

Sn도금액은 강산에서는 $Sn^{2+}$, 강알칼리에서는 $Sn^{4+}$석출이 안정하다. 중성영역은 도금액에 $Sn^{2+}$침전을 방지하기 위하여 착화제가 필요하다. 기록에 남아 있는 가장 오래된 Sn도금은 1856년 Gore가 4가의 주석산염을 사용한 알칼리성용액이다. 그 후 50~60년 사이에 2가의 염화주석($SnCl_2$)과 KOH에 Cyan 등의 착화제를 첨가한 도금액이 발표되었다. 최초의 실용적인 알칼리주석용액은 1931년 Oplinger의 4가 주석산 염으로서, $CH_3COONa$를 완충제로 사용하였고, $Sn^{2+}$을 산화시키기 위하여 과산화물이나 과 붕산염을 첨가하였다. 알칼리성 Sn용액은 Natrium용액과 Kalium용액이 있지만, Kalium염이 용해성이 좋고, Sn농도를 높여 전류밀도를 높일 수 있다. 알칼리성용액은 도금속도가 산성용액의 1/2로 되고, 음극효율도 80~90% 정도 낮아, 두꺼운 피막이나 생산성을 중시하는 부품에는 적합하지 않다. 초기의 산성용액은 Sn의 정련목적으로 사용되었고, Pb정련에 사용된 Fluor규산용액에 Gelatine을 첨가하였다. Mathers는 Cresol산을 첨가하여 미량의 Cresol포화용액을 사용하여 고속으로 두껍게 석출시킬 수 있었다. 독일의 Schloetter도 다양한 방향족 술폰산으로써 반 광택피막을 실현하였다. 산성Sn도금액은 첨가제에 어떠한 유기화합물을 사용하는가는 도금장치나 석출상태로써 결정할 수 있다. Hothersall과 Bradshaw는 Cresol술폰산을 첨가하여 도금액 안정성 향상을 발견했다. Cresol술폰산은 $Sn^{2+}$의 안정제이며, Gelatine은 분산제기능을 한다. 붕 불화용액은 Sn농도를 높일 수 있고, $2{\sim}12A/dm^2$의 고 전류밀도의 도금이 가능하다. 1937년 Schloetter가 개발하여 미국의 제철회사에서 사용되었다. Sn-Ni도금은 Ni도금보다도 뛰어난 내식성이 있기 때문에 자전거, 자동차부품에 사용되고 있다. 실용도금액은 1951년 Parkinson이 발표한 HBF/HCL용액이다. $SnCl_2$산성용액에서 표준전위는 -0.136V인데 비하여, Ni이온의 표준전위는 -0.25V이다. HF용액에서는 불화물이온이 $Sn^{2+}$의 석출전위를 (-)방향으로 이동시켜서 합금석출이 가능하다. Sn-Co도금은 Cr도금의 색조에 가깝고, 장식목적으로 사용된다. Cr도금 대체용으로 사용된다. 내마모성이나 내식성은 Cr도금보다도 떨어지기 때문에 장식목적에 한정된다. 1953년 Parkinson은 Sn-Ni도금연구에서 동일한 용액조성으로부터 Co 30%를 석출시켰다. Sn-Zn도금은 방식도금으로서 자동차부품에 많이 사용되고 있다. Sn과 Zn의 표준전위는 서로 멀리 떨어져 있기 때문에 산성용액에서는 공석될 수 없다. 1980년대에 들면서, 방식Cd(Cadmium)도금의 독성 때문에 Sn-Zn도금을 재인식 하게 되었다. 1957년 Vaid 등이 No Cyan도금액을 발표했다. 그 후 러시아의 연구자가 안정한 도금액을 연구하였고, Srivastava와 Muckergee가 1976년에 종합하였다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.565-571
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to determine if a relationship exists among osteoporosis, alveolar bone density and periodontal disease in postmenopausal osteoporotic women and postmenopausal healthy women. Twenty-two women were evaluated for this study. They were attending the postmenopausal clinic, Seoul National University Hospital and generally healthy except osteoporosis. They had experienced menopause not less than one year when we began to examine them. Bone densities of lumbar area(L2-L4) was determined by DEXA(LUNAR-expert Co,. U.S.A). We diagnosed osteoporosis when T-score was below -2.5 and healthy state when T-score was over -1. Osteoporotic(10 female), not hormone-treated group and healthy control group(12 female) were asked for their age, menopausal age, menopausal period and the number of remaining teeth and examined clinically for plaque index(PI), gingival index(GI), clinical attachment loss(CAL) on their 6 Ramfjord index teeth. Intraoral radiographs were taken in maxillary anterior zone. All films were equally exposed and developed. Each films was digitized and analysed using image processing software, Scion image. Alveolar bone regions of interest were selected and Intensity of each pixel was quantized in the array ranging from 0(white) to 255(black). The two groups were comparable with respect age, menopausal age, menopausal period and number of remaining teeth. The osteoporotic women had significantly lower alveolar bone density than controls in maxilla. But no significant difference was found with respect clinical attachment loss, plaque index and gingival index. Supported by the Ministry of Public Health and Welfare, Korea (HMP-00-CH-10-0009).