• International Journal of Oral Biology
• /
• 제39권2호
• /
• pp.65-73
• /
• 2014

Chios Gum Mastic (CGM) is a natural resin extracted from the leaves of Pistacia lentiscus, a plant endemic to the Greek island of Chios. It has been used by traditional healers, and it has antibacterial, antifungal properties, and therapeutic benefits for the skin. The CGM reduces the formation of dental plaque and bacterial growth in oral saliva, and recent studies have demonstrated the role of antioxidant activity of CGM. Although CGM has been widely investigated, its protective effect against oxidative-damage to keratinocytes, as well as the relationship between CGM and autophagy, has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to assess the protective effect of CGM against $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress and to evaluate the autophagic features induced by CGM in human keratinocytes. The pretreatment with CGM significantly reduced apoptosis in $H_2O_2$-exposed HaCaT cells. It promoted the degradation of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9; and it induced the formation of the processed PARP. The treatment with CGM caused an increase in vesicle formation compared to control group. The level of p62 was reduced and the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II was increased in CGM treated HaCaT cells. Also, the treatment with CGM increased cleavage of ATG5-ATG12 complex. In summary, CGM helps the cells to survive under stressful conditions by preventing apoptosis and enhancing autophagy. Besides, the present investigation provides evidence to support the antioxidant potential of CGM in vitro and opens up a new horizon for future experiments.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제13권3호
• /
• pp.317-322
• /
• 2000

In situ and in vivo digestion trials were conducted to determine the degradation of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and effective protein degtadability (EPD), and digestibility of nutrients of Hazelnut kernel oil meal (HKOM), and effects of HKOM on nitrogen (N) balance. In the in situ study, nylon bag were suspended in the rumen of 3 Karayaka rams to estimate protected protein. Protein sources were analyzed for pepsin soluble protein (PSP) using a Pepsin Digestion Method. In the digestion trials, 4 Karayaka rams (36 mo.) were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square to evaluate the digestibility of nutrients and N retention to measure effects of diets containing HKOM, soybean meal (SBM) corn gluten meal (CGM) and urea (U). The degradability of DM and CP, and PSP content of HKOM were lower (p>0.05) than that of SBM, but higher (p<0.001) than that of CGM. EPD of HKOM was higher (p<0.01) than that of SBM or CGM. The apparent digestion coefficients of organic matter and CP for HKOM were lower than for SBM, but higher than for CGM. N retention of HKOM was higher than that of SBM and lower than that of CGM (p>0.05). In conclusion, these data may indicate that the HKOM is a high digestible feed source with a value between SBM and CGM.

• 현장농수산연구지
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.70-78
• /
• 2001

각종 버섯에 있어서 옥수수배아박과 CMS함량별 배지 첨가에 의한 미강대체효과를 균사 생장과 밀도 측면에서 고찰하였다. 본 시험을 통하여 옥수수배아박과 CMS는 미강대신 사용할 수 있는 많은 장점을 갖고 있는 영양첨가제로 확인된 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 느타리버섯은 CMS 10%첨가시 93mm/10일 옥수수배아박 10% 첨가시 90mm/10일로 균사생장이 가장 좋았으나 균사밀도는 대조구 74mm/10일에 비해 약 현저히 균사생장과 밀도가 좋았다. 팽이버섯 수량을 고려한다면 10~30%까지 혼합하면 균사생장과 밀도 뿐만아니라 수량 증수에도 촉진적으로 작용될 것으로 추정되었다. 4. 표고버섯은 CMS 10~40%첨가시 58~52mm/10일로 옥수수배아박 10~30%첨가시 56~49mm/10일로 무처리 47mm/10일 보다 촉진적으로 작용하였다. 5) 영지버섯은 CMS와 옥수수배아박을 10~30%첨가시 각각 76~72mm/10일, 74~69mm/10일보다 촉진적으로 작용하였다.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제48권6호
• /
• pp.839-848
• /
• 2015

This study examined the optimal salting drying method and processing conditions (salt concentration, curing time, dry temperature, and drying time) for preparing salted semi-dried common gray mullet (SSD-CGM) Mugil cephalus based on the moisture content, salinity, and overall acceptance using response surface methodology (RSM). The moisture content, salinity, and overall acceptance of SSD-CGM prepared with different salting methods revealed that dry salting was the optimal salting method for preparing high-quality SSD-CGM. The optimal drying method for preparing high-quality SSD-CGM based on the drying velocity and sensory color was hot air-blast drying. The results of the RSM program indicated that the optimal independent variables ($X_1$, salt concentration; $X_2$, curing time; $X_3$, dry temperature; $X_4$, drying time) based on the dependent variables ($Y_1$, moisture content; $Y_2$, salinity; $Y_3$, overall acceptance) for high-quality SSD-CGM were 5.6% for $X_1$, 2.7 h for $X_2$, $47.0^{\circ}C$ for $X_3$, and 8.5 h for $X_4$ for uncoded values. The predicted values of $Y_1$, $Y_2$, and $Y_3$ for SSD-CGM prepared under optimal conditions were 54.4%, 4.2%, and 6.3, respectively, while the experimental values were $55.2{\pm}1.0%$, $4.1{\pm}0.3%$ and $6.7{\pm}0.8$. The actual and predicted values did not differ.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제32권3호
• /
• pp.405-412
• /
• 2019

Objective: This experiment was conducted to determine the chemical composition, digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) contents of corn germ meals (CGM) and to develop equations to predict the corresponding energy contents based on the chemical characteristics of individual CGM. Methods: Sixty-six barrows (initial body weight = $51.3{\pm}4.6kg$) were allotted to 11 diets including a basal diet and 10 CGM test diets in a completely randomized design. In the test diets, CGM was included in replacement of 30% of the energy-providing ingredients in the basal diet, resulting in a final inclusion rate of 29.1%. Each diet was fed to 6 barrows housed in individual metabolism crates for a 7-d acclimation period followed by a 5-d total but separate collection of feces and urine. Results: Considerable variation was observed in acid-hydrolyzed ether extract, ether extract, ash, calcium (Ca) and total phosphorus contents among the CGM samples. On dry matter (DM) basis, the DE and ME contents of the CGM ranged from 10.22 to 15.83 MJ/kg and from 9.94 to 15.43 MJ/kg, respectively. The acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents were negatively correlated with the DE and ME contents of CGM samples. The best-fit prediction equations for the DE and ME values (MJ/kg DM) of the 10 CGM were: DE = 26.85-0.28 insoluble dietary fiber (%)-17.79 Ca (%); ME = 21.05-0.43 ADF (%)-11.40 Ca (%). Conclusion: The chemical compositions of CGM vary depending on sources, particularly in ether extract and Ca. The DE and ME values of CGM can be predicted based on their chemical composition in growing pigs.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• 제36권3호
• /
• pp.147-160
• /
• 2011

Chios gum mastic (CGM)은 그리이스 키오스 섬에서만 자생하는 Pistiacia lentiscus L. var. Chia. 의 잎과 줄기로부터 추출되어진 식물성 수지이며, 과거 수세기 동안 지중해와 중동 지역 국가들에서 음식 첨가물과 위궤양, 십이지장궤양 등의 민간 치료약재로서 사용되어져 왔다. 정향나무에서 추출하는 페놀화합물인 eugenol은 zinc oxide eugenol의 구성성분으로 치과치료를 위해 많이 사용되고 있다. 본 연구는 사람혀편평세포암종세포(SCC25 cells)에서 천연물질인 CGM과 eugenol을 병용처리한 후 세포자멸사 효과가 있는지를 알아보기 위해 수행하였다. CGM과 eugenol의 병용처리가 단독처리에 비해서 효과적인 세포생존율 감소가 있는지 확인하기 위하여 MTT법을 시행하였고, 세포자멸사의 유도와 증가를 알기 위하여 Hoechst 염색법, TUNEL 염색법, DNA hypoploidy법을 사용하였다. 그리고 세포자멸사에 관계하는 단백질의 발현 변화와 세포내에서의 이동을 밝혀내기 위하여 Western blot 분석과 면역형광염색법을 수행하였다. 본 연구에서는 CGM과 eugenol이 병용처리된 SCC25 세포에서 핵의 농축, DNA분절, Bax의 증가와 Bcl-2의 감소, DNA양의 감소, cytochrome c의 세포질로의 유리, AIF와 DFF40 (CAD)의 핵으로의 이동, caspase-3, caspase-6, caspase-7, caspase-9, PARP, Lamin A/C 그리고 DFF45 (ICAD)의 활성화와 같은 다양한 세포자멸사 증거를 보였다. 반면에 CGM과 eugenol이 각각 단독 처리된 SCC25 세포에서는 세포자멸사 현상이 미미하였다. 24시간 동안 40 ${\mu}g$/ml의 CGM과 0.5 mM의 eugenol을 각기 단독처리 한 결과에서는 세포자멸사를 거의 유도하지 못했으나, 병용처리 한 결과에는 아주 탁월한 세포자멸사의 유도를 보였다. 그러므로 본 실험결과는 사람구강편평세포암종 환자들에게 CGM과 eugenol의 병용요법이 새로운 치료전략으로서의 가능성을 줄 수 있다고 생각한다.

• 생명과학회지
• /
• 제15권6호
• /
• pp.972-978
• /
• 2005

제주말의 혈통보존을 위한 기초자료를 마련할 목적으로 국내에서 사육중인 제주말 102두를 대상으로 적혈구항원형 및 혈액단백질형의 유전적 다형성을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 적혈구항원형의 표현형 빈도는 $A^{af}$28두($27.45\%),\;C^{a}$ 101두 ($99.02\%),\;K^{-}$ 99두 ($97.06\%),\;U^{a}$ 64두 ($62.75\%),\;P^{b}$ 37두 ($36.27\%),\;Q^{c}$ 48두 ($47.06\%$)에서 높은 빈도를 나타냈으며, D시스템의 31개의 대립유전자 중 $D^{cgm/dghm}$ 14두($13.73\%),\;D^{adn/cgm}$ 10두($9.80\%),\;D^{ad/cgm}$ 9두($8.82\%),\;D^{dghm/dghm}$ 8두($7.84\%),\;D^{cgm/cgm}$ 8두($7.84\%$)에서 높은 빈도의 유전자형이 관찰되었다. 또한 null allele로 추정되는 $D^{ad/c(e)fgm}\;D^{adn/c(e)fgm}\;D^{c(d)fgm/dghm}$대립유전자가 4두에서 관찰되었다. 혈액단백질형은 $AL^{B}$ 49두($48.04\%),\;GC^{F}$ 101두($99.02\%),\;AlB^{K}$ 99두($97.06\%),\;ES^{FI}$ 37두($36.27\%),\;TF^{F2}$ 26두($25.49\%),\;HB^{B1}$ 46두($45.10\%$), and $PGD^{F}$ 88두($86.27\%$)로 높은 빈도를 보였으며, $HB^{A2B1}$ 4두($3.92\%),\;HB^{AB1}$ 2두($1.96\%),\;HB^{AB2}$ 1두($0.98\%),\;PGD^{D}$ 1두($0.98\%$가 특이하게 관찰되었다. 유전자 빈도는 $A^{af}$ (0.3726), $A^{C}$ (0.2647), $C^{-}$ (0.5050), $K^{-}$ (0.9853), $U^{-}$ (0.6863), $P^{b}$ (0.4657), $Q^{c}$ (0.5294), $D^{cgm}$ (0.3039), $HB^{B1}$(0.6863), $PGD^{F}$ (0.9265), $AL^{B}$ (0.6912), $ALB^{K}$ (0.9852), $GC^{F}$ (0.9950), $ES^{I}$ (0.5000) and $TF^{F2}$ (0.4950) 대립유전자가 가장 높은 빈도를 나타내었고 $D^{cgm(f)}$ (0.0196), $HB^{A}$ (0.0147), $HB^{A2}$ (0.0196), $ES^{G}$ (0.0441), $ES^{H}$ (0.0098), $TF^{E}$TF'(0.0246), $TF^{H2}$ (0.0049) and $PGD^{D}$ (0.0098)의 대립유전자가 제주말 에서 특이하게 관찰되었다. 결론적으로 혈액형에 의한 제주말의 유전적 다형은 $A^{af},\;A^{c},\;C^{-},\;K^{-},\;U^{-},\;P^{b},\;Q^{c},\;D^{cgm},\;D^{dghm},\;D^{adn},\;HB^{B1}$, $PGD^{F},\;AL^{B},\;A1B^{K},\;GC^{F},\;ES^{I},\;TF^{F2},\;AL^{B}$, 대립유전자의 빈도가 비교적 높은 것으로 관찰되었고 $A^{ab},\;A^{abf},\;D^{cgm(f)},\;(D^{cfg(k)m}$ 혹은$D^{c(e)fgm}),\;HB^{A},\;HB^{A2},\;ES^{H},\;TF^{E},\;TF^{H2},\;PGD^{D},\;AL^{B}$의 대립유전자가 제주말에서 특이하게 관찰되었다.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
• /
• 제41권2호
• /
• pp.53-62
• /
• 2016

In the present study, we evaluated the effect of CGM on osteogenic differentiation of cultured osteoblasts, and determined whether combination treatment with LLLT had synergistic effects on osteogenic differentiation. The results indicated that CGM promoted proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of osteoblasts at the threshold concentration of $10{\mu}g/ml$; whereas, CGM showed cytotoxic properties at concentrations above $100{\mu}g/ml$. ALP activity and mineralization were increased at concentrations above $10{\mu}g/ml$. CGM in concentrations up to $10{\mu}g/ml$ also increased the expression of osteoblast-activated factors including type I collagen, BMP-2, RUNX2, and Osterix. The CGM ($50{\mu}g/ml$) and LLLT (80 mW for 15 sec) combination treatment group showed the highest proliferation levels, ALP activity, and mineralization ratios. The combination treatment also increased the levels of phosphorylated forms of p38, ATF2, PKD, ERK, and JNK. In addition, the osteoblast differentiation factors including type I collagen, BMP-2, RUNX2, and Osterix protein levels were clearly increased in the combination treatment group. These results suggested that the combination treatment of CGM and LLLT has synergistic effects on the differentiation and mineralization of osteoblastic cells.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국지반공학회 2010년도 추계 학술발표회 3차
• /
• pp.129-134
• /
• 2010

This paper investigates effects of rubber inclusion on the strength and physical characteristics of rubber.added composite geomaterial (CGM) in which dredged soils, crumb rubber, and bottom ash are reused for recycling. Several series of test specimens were prepared at 5 different percentages of rubber content (i.e. 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% by weight of the dry dredged soil) and three different percentages of bottom ash content (i.e. 0%, 50% and 100% by weight of the dry dredged soil). The mixed soil specimens were subjected to unconfined compression test and elastic wave test to investigate their unconfined compressive strengths and small strain properties. The values of bulk unit weight of the CGM with bottom ash content of 0% and 100% decrease from 14kN/$m^3$ to 11kN/$m^3$ and 15kN/$m^3$ to 12kN/$m^3$, respectively, as rubber content increases, because the rubber had a specific gravity of 1.13. The test results indicated that the rubber content and bottom ash content were found to influence the strength and stress-strain behavior of CGM. Overall, the unconfined compressive strength, and shear modulus were found to decrease with increasing rubber content. Among the samples tested in this study, those with a lower rubber content exhibited sand-like behavior and a higher shear modulus. Samples with a higher rubber content exhibited rubber-like behavior and a lower shear modulus. The CGM with 100% bottom ash could be used as alternative backfill material better than CGM with 0% bottom ash. The results of elastic wave tests indicate that the higher rubber content, the lower shear modulus (G).

• International Journal of Oral Biology
• /
• 제38권3호
• /
• pp.101-110
• /
• 2013

We investigated the synergistic apoptotic effects of co-treatments with Chios gum mastic (CGM) and eugenol on G361 human melanoma cells. An MTT assay was conducted to investigate whether this co-treatment efficiently reduces the viability of G361 cells compared with each single treatment. The induction and augmentation of apoptosis were confirmed by DNA electrophoresis, Hoechst staining, and analyses of DNA hypoploidy. Western blot analysis and immunofluorescent staining were also performed to evaluate expression and translocation of apoptosis-related proteins following CGM and eugenol co-treatment. Proteasome activity and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) changes were also assayed.The results indicated that the co-treatment of CGM and eugenol induces multiple pathways and processes associated with an apoptotic response in G361 cells. These include nuclear condensation, DNA fragmentation, a reduction in MMP and proteasome activity, an increase of Bax and decrease of Bcl-2, a decreased DNA content, cytochrome c release into the cytosol, the translocation of AIF and DFF40 (CAD) into the nucleus, and the activation of caspase-9, caspase-7, caspase-3, PARP and DFF45 (ICAD). In contrast, separate treatments of $40{\mu}g/ml$ CGM or $300{\mu}M$ eugenol for 24 hours did not induce apoptosis. Our present data thus suggest that a combination therapy of CGM and eugenol is a potential treatment strategy for human melanoma.