• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.159-163
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of E. coli on boar sperm quality and reproductive performance in sows after artificial insemination. Three different levels of E. coli were artificially inoculated to semen with following concentrations; Control, 500, 5,000 and 50,000 colony forming unit (cfu)/ml. Semen samples were preserved at $17^{\circ}C$ for 5 days. Sperm motility was significantly decreased (p<0.05) on day 3 in the group inoculated with 5,000 cfu/ml compared to control groups. In all treatment groups, sperm motility was gradually decreased as storage time increased, but the decline pattern was more drastic in the groups inoculated with 5,000 and 50,000 cfu/ml groups from day 3 (p<0.05) compared to control group. After 3 day of storage at $17^{\circ}C$, sperm viability in sample inoculated with the highest concentration (50,000 cfu/ml) of bacteria was less (p<0.05) than that of control group. The pH of semen sample pH was maintained 7.2~7.5 in all groups during the experimental period. No differences (p>0.05) were found for both storage time and bacterial concentration. The pregnancy rate and live born piglets tend to decrease by increasing the concentration of E. coli in semen. In particular, the rate of pregnancy was lower in the group inoculated with 50,000 cfu/ml (58.3%) compare to the other groups (81.8, 75.0, 76.5%). These results suggest that the contamination of E. coli in boar semen negatively affects fertilizing ability of boar sperm and the reproductive performance obtained from sows after artificial insemination.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제72권3호
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• pp.293-301
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• 2012

Background: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) requires prompt and appropriate treatment. Since methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a frequent pathogen in VAP, rapid identification of it, is pivotal. Our aim was to evaluate the utility of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) as a useful method for etiologic diagnoses of MRSA pneumonia. Methods: We performed qPCR for mecA, S. aureus-specific femA-SA, and S. epidermidis-specific femA-SE genes from bronchoalveolar lavage or bronchial washing samples obtained from clinically-suspected VAP. Molecular identification of MRSA was based on the presence of the mecA and femA-SA gene, with the absence of the femA-SE gene. To compensate for the experimental and clinical conditions, we spiked an internal control in the course of DNA extraction. We estimated number of colony-forming units per mL (CFU/mL) of MRSA samples through a standard curve of a serially-diluted reference MRSA strain. We compared the threshold cycle (Ct) value with the microbiologic results of MRSA. Results: We obtained the mecA gene standard curve, which showed the detection limit of the mecA gene to be 100 fg, which corresponds to a copy number of 30. We chose cut-off Ct values of 27.94 (equivalent to $1{\times}10^4$ CFU/mL) and 21.78 (equivalent to $1{\times}10^5$ CFU/mL). The sensitivity and specificity of our assay were 88.9% and 88.9% respectively, when compared with quantitative cultures. Conclusion: Our results were valuable for diagnosing and identifying pathogens involved in VAP. We believe our modified qPCR is an appropriate tool for the rapid diagnosis of clinical pathogens regarding patients in the intensive care unit.

• Mycobiology
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.128-132
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• 2010

Injection inoculation protocols for fruit body formation of Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris) were investigated to improve the incidence of infection in the silkworm species Bombyx mori (B. mori). Injection, with suspensions of C. militaris hyphal bodies into living silkworm pupae, was used to test for fruit body production. Use of Daeseungjam rather than Baegokjam or Keumokjam varieties of B. mori is thought to be suitable for infection by C. militaris. From mounting, nine-day-old to 11-day-old pupae showed the best incidence of infection with a $100\;{\mu}L$ injection volume. Silkworm pupae injected with a hyphal suspension concentration of more than $2\;{\times}\;10^5$ colony-forming unit (cfu) recorded a greater than 96% incidence of infection. Also, fruit bodies of C. militaris were induced and produced at a light intensity between 500 and 1,000 lx.

• 한국식물병리학회지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.180-186
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• 1987

단감나무와 차나무의 표면에서 분리한 Pseudomonas syringae 2계통 PS8401, PS8402를 $2.5\%$ glycerol이 첨가된 nutrient agar에서 배양한 다음, 증류수로 세포현탁액($10^8$ colony forming unit/ml)을 조제하여 마이크로피펫법으로 동결온도를 측정하여 본 결과, 각각 -2.5와 $-3.8^{\circ}C$에서 동결하여 빙핵활성이 인정되었다. 한편 동일한 방법에 의한 증류수의 동결온도는 $-21.8^{\circ}C$였고 옥수수를 비롯한 8가지 작물즙액의 동결온도는 $-11.6^{\circ}C$ 이하였다. PS 8401의 nutrient broth 현탁액$(10^8\;cfu/ml)$을 살포한 옥수수유묘는 $-2^{\circ}C$에서부터 얼기 시작하여 $-4^{\circ}C$가 되면, 거의 전체 식물이 상해를 입었으나 nutrient broth만 살포한 대조구의 유묘는 온도가 $-9^{\circ}C$로 내려가기 전까지는 피해를 입지 않았다. PS8401 현탁액을 살포한 후 48시간에 측정한 유묘의 피해는 살포한 세균의 량이 증가함에 따라 심해지는 경향이었다. 상기 PS 8401의 빙핵활성은 현탁액내 세포의 수가 많아짐에 따라 증가하였으며 세균을 배양한 배지의 조성이 배양온도에 따라서도 빙핵활성이 변하였는데 $2.5\%$ glycerol 혹은 $2.5\%$ glucose를 첨가한 nutrient agar와 탄소원을 별도로 첨가하지 않은 nutrient agar에서 자란 세균현탁액$(10^2\;cfu/ml)$의 동결온도는 각각 -4.0, -4.4, $-7.2^{\circ}C$였고, 배지를 $2.5\%$ glycerol을 함유한 nutrient agar로 고정하고 온도를 달리하여 생육시킨 세균현탁액 $(10^2\;cfu/ml)$의 동결온도는 $-4.0^{\circ}C$(생육온도가 $15\~25^{\circ}C$인 경우)와 $-7.6^{\circ}C$(생육온도가 $30^{\circ}C$인 경우)였다.

• 한국농업기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농업기계학회 2017년도 춘계공동학술대회
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• pp.33-33
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• 2017

본 연구는 온실 $CO_2$ 공급용 Membrane Module이 대기 중 $CO_2$를 포집하는 과정에서 유해병원균을 제거할 수 있는지 알아보기 위해 실험을 진행하였다. 본 실험은 Membrane Module과 유해병원균의 유무로 총 4개의 실험구, 포집하는 시간에 따라 1 min, 3 min, 5 min, 각각 3회씩, 총 36회의 실험을 진행하였다. 실험은 경상대학교 내 온실($W{\times}D{\times}H$, $3000{\times}4000{\times}2500mm$)에서 진행하였고, 유해병원균은 잎점무늬병을 일으키는 병원균(Phoma sp.)을 사용하였다. 온실에 Membrane System을 설치하고 Membrane Module을 통해 외부공기 또는 유해병원균이 포함된 공기를 분리하여 온실 내로 공급하고, 공급한 $CO_2$ 내에 유해병원균의 유무는 에어샘플러를 이용하여 온실 내의 공기를 포집 후 배지에 배양하여 확인하였다. 유해병원균은 PDA배지를 이용하여 포집한 뒤 항온항습기(HB-105SG-O, HANBAEK SCIENTIFIC CO., Korea)에 $25^{\circ}C$, 50%로 48시간 배양하였다. PDA배지 내에 배양된 미생물은 Colony Counter(HYC-560, CORETECH, Korea)로 측정하였다. 결과 값을 분석하기 위해서 IBM SPSS Statistics의 이원분산분석(two-way ANOVA)을 이용하여 통계분석 하였다. 결과 값은 유해병원균을 공급하고 Membrane Module을 사용하지 않았을 때, CFU(Colony-Forming Unit)가 가장 높았고, 유해병원균을 공급하고 Membrane Module을 사용했을 때 CFU가 가장 낮았다. 통계분석을 실시한 결과, Membrane Module을 사용하지 않은 실험구에는 유의한 차이가 나타났고, Membrane Module을 사용한 실험구에는 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 따라서 Membrane Module이 대기 중 $CO_2$를 분리하여 온실에 공급하는 과정에서 공기 중에 포함된 유해병원균을 제거 할 수 있다고 판단된다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.72-78
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the phototoxic effects of blue light exposure on periodontal pathogens in both planktonic and biofilm cultures. Methods: Strains of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis, in planktonic or biofilm states, were exposed to visible light at wavelengths of 400.520 nm. A quartz-tungsten-halogen lamp at a power density of $500mW/cm^2$ was used for the light source. Each sample was exposed to 15, 30, 60, 90, or 120 seconds of each bacterial strain in the planktonic or biofilm state. Confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) was used to observe the distribution of live/dead bacterial cells in biofilms. After light exposure, the bacterial killing rates were calculated from colony forming unit (CFU) counts. Results: CLSM images that were obtained from biofilms showed a mixture of dead and live bacterial cells extending to a depth of $30-45{\mu}m$. Obvious differences in the live-to-dead bacterial cell ratio were found in P. gingivalis biofilm according to light exposure time. In the planktonic state, almost all bacteria were killed with 60 seconds of light exposure to F. nucleatum (99.1%) and with 15 seconds to P. gingivalis (100%). In the biofilm state, however, only the CFU of P. gingivalis demonstrated a decreasing tendency with increasing light exposure time, and there was a lower efficacy of phototoxicity to P. gingivalis as biofilm than in the planktonic state. Conclusions: Blue light exposure using a dental halogen curing unit is effective in reducing periodontal pathogens in the planktonic state. It is recommended that an adjunctive exogenous photosensitizer be used and that pathogens be exposed to visible light for clinical antimicrobial periodontal therapy.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.609-618
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• 2023

Objective: TLRI 211-1 is a novel Bacillus subtilis strain. This experiment was to investigate dietary supplementation of TLRI 211-1 on laying performance, egg quality and blood characteristics of layers. Methods: One hundred and twenty 65-wk-old Leghorn layers were divided into four treatment groups for 8 weeks experiment. Each treatment had three replicates. The basal diet was formulated as control group with crude protein 17% and metabolizable energy 2,850 kcal/kg and supplemented with TLRI 211-1 0.1%, 0.3%, and commercial Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 0.1% as treatment 2, 3 and 4 groups, respectively. Both TLRI 211-1 and commercial Bacillus amyloliquefaciens were adjusted to contain 1×10⁹ colony-forming unit (CFU)/mL (g), hence the 0.1% supplemental level was 1×10⁹ CFU/kg. Results: The results showed that TLRI 211-1 0.3% and commercial B. amyloliquefaciens groups had higher weight gain than the other groups; TLRI 211-1 0.1% group had better feed to eggs conversion ratio than the control and commercial B. amyloliquefaciens groups (p<0.05). Bacillus subtilis supplementation increased yolk weight (p<0.05). In egg quality during storage, TLRI 211-1 0.1% had higher breaking strength than the control group at the second week of storage (p<0.05). At the third week of storage, TLRI 211-1 0.3% had higher Haugh unit (p<0.05). Hens fed diets supplemented with TLRI 211-1 0.3% significantly decreased blood triglyceride levels and increased blood calcium levels (p<0.05). TLRI 211-1 0.3% group had lower H₂S (p<0.05) and hence had less unpleasant odor in excreta of hens. Conclusion: In conclusion, supplementation with 0.1% TLRI 211-1 can significantly improve feed to eggs conversion ratio. TLRI 211-1 supplementation also can maintain eggs at their optimum quality level during storage. The study showed that B. subtilis TLRI 211-1 can be used as feed additives for improving egg production performance and egg quality.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제58권2호
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• pp.87-94
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• 2018

This study assessed the effects of Weissella cibaria (W. cibaria) CMU on oral health in male and female beagles (n = 18) by measuring oral malodor and periodontal disease-related parameters (calculus, plaque, and gingivitis indices). Oral malodor and indicators of periodontal disease were assessed in five treatment groups: negative control (scaling and 0.24 mg of maltodextrin, n = 3), positive control (0.24 mg of maltodextrin, n = 3), and W. cibaria CMU groups (each n = 4) at low (CMU-L, $2{\times}10^7$ colony forming unit [CFU]), medium (CMU-M, $2{\times}10^8CFU$), and high (CMU-H, $2{\times}10^9CFU$) concentrations. After feeding with W. cibaria CMU for 6 weeks, total volatile sulfur compound concentrations in the CMU-L ($2.0{\pm}1.04ng/10mL$), CMU-M ($2.4{\pm}1.05ng/10mL$), and CMU-H ($2.6{\pm}1.33ng/10mL$) groups were significantly lower than in the positive control group ($3.2{\pm}1.65ng/10mL$). Also, CMU-L ($1.4{\pm}0.83ng/10mL$) and CMU-H ($1.9{\pm}1.14ng/10mL$) groups had methyl mercaptan levels lower than that in the positive control group ($2.4{\pm}1.21ng/10mL$) at week 2. The plaque index was significantly lower in the CMU-H group ($4.5{\pm}0.28$) than in the positive control group ($5.9{\pm}1.08$) at week 6. W. cibaria CMU could be useful as a novel oral hygiene probiotics for reducing volatile sulfur compounds production and inhibiting plaque growth in companion animals.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.324-330
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• 2012

김치유산균인 L. plantarum CIB 001(KCTC 11717 bp)을 고콜레스테롤을 식이를 섭취시킨 흰쥐에게 급여하여 혈청 지질 성상 및 간 조직의 변화를 살펴보았다. 4주간의 실험식이로 고콜레스테롤 유도한 후, 6주간 고콜레스테롤 식이와 함께 CIB 001 유산균을 $5.0-7.5{\times}10^9$ CFU/day 수준으로 급여한 결과 총 콜레스테롤을 HCD군에 비해 약 30% 정도 유의하게 감소시켰고 중성지방을 약 32% 정도 유의하게 감소시켰다. HDL-콜레스테롤에 있어서는 HCD군에 비해 CIB 001를 급여한 군(HCDL)이 약 40% 유의적으로 증가하였고, LDL-콜레스테롤은 감소하는 경향을 보였으나 표준편차가 커서 유의성이 없었다. 동맥경화지수(AI)와 심장위험인자(CRF)를 비교하였을 때, HCD군에 비하여 HCDL군에서 AI가 약 6배 유의하게 낮아졌고 CRF도 약 1.9배 유의적으로 낮아졌다. 또한, 간 조직을 관찰한 결과, 고콜레스테롤 식이에 의해 유발된 지방 변성과 손상의 경우 HCDL군에서 중심정맥을 중심으로 정상 모양의 재생과 지방 변성을 감소시키는 것이 관찰되었다. 따라서 CIB 001의 투여가 콜레스테롤 과잉혈증 상태에서 높아진 혈장 지질을 저하시키고 간 기능을 개선시켰으며 동맥경화와 심장질환의 가능성을 감소시키는 것으로 나타냈다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.321-328
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• 2009

본 연구는 초유 급여를 마친 갓 태어난 Holstein 송아지 14두를 대조구(Con) 및 시험구(IgY)로 나누어 49일 동안 대용유를 급여하면서 난황항체(IgY구)를 1주일 동안 투여하여 사양성적, 분변 상태 및 미생물 균총, 혈액내 생화학적 성분 및 면역관련 지표인 백혈구 성상을 조사하여 가장 바람직한 송아지 포유 및 육성 방법을 조사하였다. 시험결과로서 포유 송아지에게 IgY 투여시 체중 및 증체는 대조구(Con) 및 시험구(IgY)간에 유의적 차이 없이 모두 비슷한 성적을 보였다. 송아지 분변의 대장균(E. coli) 및 유산균 총균수를 조사한 결과 IgY 투여에 따른 대장균 및 유산균 수의 차이가 나타나지 않았으나, 분의 상태는 시험구에서 7주째 유의적으로(P<0.05) 고형상태로 배설되었다. 송아지 혈액의 백혈구 감별계수(%)를 조사한 호중구, 림프구, 단핵구, 호염기구 등의 상대적 %는 모든 구에서 정상적인 백혈구 감별 계수를 보여 IgY 투여에 따른 면역 반응에는 차이가 없는 것으로 관찰되었다. 또한 혈액내 존재하는 총 단백질, albumin 및 IgG 등에서도 대조구 및 시험구 모두 비슷한 수준을 나타내었다. 결론적으로 포유 송아지에서 1주 동안 IgY 투여는 증체, 면역작용 및 분변 미생물의 균총에는 특이적 영향이 없는 것으로 사료되어, 송아지에게 생후 24시간 이내 초유를 정확하게 급여하고 사양관리에 충실 할 경우 송아지의 포유 및 육성은 성공적으로 이루어 질 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.