• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.150-160
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• 2001

Objectives ; This study was undertaken to determine whether Carthami-Flos aquacapuncture (CFA) exerts protective effect against oxidant-induced inhibition of $Na^+-K^+$-ATPase activity in cerebral synaptosomes. Methods and Results ; The enzyme activity was dependent on incubation time and enzyme protein concentrations. An oxidant t-butylhydroperoxide (tBHP) at 1 mM concentration caused a significant inhibition of $Na^+-K^+$-ATPase activity, which was prevented by addition of 0.01% CFA. tBHP inhibition and CFA protection were independent on incubation time or enzyme protein concentrations. The enzyme activity was increased by ATP in a dose dependent manner. Effects of tBHP and CFA were not affected by ATP cocentrations. tBHP (1 mM) produced a significant increase in lipid peroxidation in cerebral synaptosomes, which was prevented by 0.01% CFA. CFA decreased oxygen free radicals generated induced by the phorbol-ester in a dose-dependent manner in human neutrophil. Conclusions ; These results suggest that CFA exerts protective effect against tBHP-induced inhibition of $Na^+-K^+$-ATPase activity, which is due to by an antioxidant action resulting from a direct scavenging effect of oxygen free radicals in the cerebral synaptosomes.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.71-77
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• 2015

The activation of glial cells in the spinal cord has been contribute to the initiation and maintenance of pain facilitation induced by peripheral inflammation and nerve injury. The present study investigated effects of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A), injected subcutaneously or intracisternally, on the expression of microglia and astrocytes in rats. Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammation was employed as an orofacial chronic inflammatory pain model. A subcutaneous injection of $40{\mu}L$ CFA into the vibrissa pad was performed under 3% isoflurane anesthesia in SD rats. Immunohistochemical analysis for changes in Iba1 (a microglia marker) and GFAP (an astrocyte marker), were performed 5 days after CFA injection. Subcutaneous injection of CFA produced increases in Iba1 and GFAP expression, in the ipsilateral superficial lamia I and II in the medullary dorsal horn of rats. Subcutaneous treatment with BoNT-A attenuated the up-regulation of Iba1 and GFAP expressions induced by CFA injection. Moreover, intracisternal injection of BoNT-A also attenuated the up-regulated Iba1 and GFAP expressions. These results suggest that the anti-nociceptive action of BoNT-A is mediated by modulation activation of glial cells, including microglia and astrocyte.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.95-108
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• 2005

Objective : In the present study, the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) applied to several acupoints and non-acupoint in CFA-induced knee arthritis was examined. Methods : A common source of persistent pain in humans is arthritis. Arthritis was induced by injection of CFA $125\;{\mu}l$ into knee joint cavity under enflurane anesthesia. The rat subsequently showed swelling of the ankle and a reduced stepping force of the affected limb for the next several days. The reduced stepping force of the limb was presumably due to a painful knee. EA was applied to either of $LR_2,\;LI_4$, or non-acupoint on the contralateral forelimb for 30 min under gaseous anesthesia. After the termination of EA, behavioral tests measuring stepping force were periodically conducted during the next 4 h. Results : EA applied to $LR_2$ point produced a significant improvement of stepping force of the affected foot lasting for at least 2 h. However, neigher $LI_4$ point nor non-point produced any significant increase of weight bearing force. The improvement of stepping pressure was interpreted as an analgesic effect. The analgesic effect was specific to the acupuncture point since the analgesic effect on CFA-induced knee arthritic pain model could not be mimicked by EA applied to a point, $LI_4$ or non-acupoint. In addition, both NO production and iNOS protein expression increased by arthritis were suppressed by EA applied to $LR_2$ point. Conclusion : These data suggest that EA produces a potent analgesic effect in the rat model of CFA-induced knee arthritis. This analgesic effect is produced by applying EA to an acupoint at opposite side from the painful area in a stimulus point-specific way.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.63 no.10
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• pp.1434-1440
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• 2014

This paper describes a demosaicking method for hexagonally-structured color filter array. Demosaicking is essential to acquire color images using color filter array (CFA) in single sensor imaging. Thus, CFA patterns have been discussed in order to improve image quality in single sensor imaging after the Bayer pattern are introduced. Advancements in imaging sensor technology recently introduce a hexagonal CFA pattern. The hexagonal CFA can be considered to be a 45-degree rotational version of the Bayer pattern, thus demosaicking can be implemented by an existing method with backward and forward 45-degree rotations. However, this approach requires heavy computing power and memory in image sensing devices because of the image rotations. To overcome this problem, we proposes a demosaicking method for a hexagonal Bayer CFA without rotations. In addition, we introduce a weighting parameter in our demosaicking method to improve image quality and to unifying exiting method with our method. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method is superior to conventional methods in terms of PSNR. In addition, some optimized values for the weighting parameter are provided experimentally.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.284-291
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• 2016

To evaluate the properties of inorganic composites using a great quantity of high-calcium fly ash generated in combined heat and power plants, high-calcium fly ash and F-class fly ash commonly used as concrete admixtures were substituted with binding materials to examine changes of fluidity and compressive strength depending on the substitution ratio for each curing temperature. According to the experimental result, CFA-mixed mortar showed a tendency to reduce its flow unlike FFA-mixed mortar as the substitution ratio was increased, but its flow loss showed smaller than FFA as time passed. As a result of examining compressive strength depending on mixing FA, FFA-mixed mortar had an optimum range within 50% when curing at ambient temperature, but it was found that the compressive strength is reduced when mixing CFA. When curing at high temperature, FFA did not relatively have a great effect on the substitution ratio, but CFA could expect a strength enhancement effect compared with 100% of OPC when using within 25% of binding materials.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.784-789
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• 2016

We evaluated the synergistic antibacterial effect in combination with the chitosan-ferulic acid conjugate (CFA) and β-lactam antibiotics, such as ampicillin, penicillin, and oxacillin, against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) using fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) indices. CFA clearly reversed the antibacterial activity of ampicillin, penicillin, and oxacillin against MRSA in the combination mode. Among these antibiotics, the combination of oxacillin-CFA resulted in a ΣFIC_min range of 0.250 and ΣFIC_max of 0.563, suggesting that the oxacillin-CFA combination resulted in an antibacterial synergy effect against MRSA. In addition, we determined that CFA inhibited the mRNA expression of gene mecA and the production of PBP2a, which is a key determinant for β-lactam antibiotic resistance, in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, the results obtained in this study supported the idea on the antibacterial action mechanism that oxacillin will restore the antibacterial activity against MRSA through the suppression of PBP2a production by CFA.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 2009

Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is present in both the particulate and vapor phase of cigarette mainstream smoke. It is one of the 44 harmful substances on Hoffmann's list and is known to be a major ciliatoxic agent in cigarette mainstream smoke. Typically the determination of HCN in cigarette mainstream smoke has been done through colorimetric and electrochemical techniques, such as UV-spectrophotometry (UV), continuous flow analyzer (CFA), ion chromatography (IC) and capillary GC-ECD. In particular, CFA commonly has been using analysis hydrogen cyanide in cigarette smoke and the basic principle is pyridine-pyrazolone reaction. In this study, the more optimized analytical method is suggested isonicotinic acid-pyrazolone reaction method than previous pyridine-pyrazolone reaction method, a commonly used method for the determination of cyanide in water and air, by CFA. Sample collection was optimized by trapping particulate and vapor phase of smoke separately. The optimum NaOH concentration of the trapping solution was shown to be 0.2 M. HCN was stable up to 6 hours in this concentration but only 3 hours in 0.1 M solution. The sensitivity of this method was fairly good and it might be used in analysis of HCN in cigarette mainstream smoke.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.41-47
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• 2009

Background: Discogenic pain can develop into chronic low back pain that is very difficult to treat effectively, because the pathogenesis of the disease still remains controversial. To clarify the pathogenesis, numerous animal models of intervertebral disc degeneration have been proposed in the literature, each with attendant advantages and disadvantages. The aim of this study was to determine the most efficacious method and dose of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) injection into intervertebral disc to develop a discogenic pain in a rat. Methods: CFA was injected into the L5-L6 or L4-L5 disc of male Sprague-Dawley rats in various conditions including a dose of CFA (10, 20, or 50 uL), drilling, injection site sealing using cyanoacrylate, and injection velocity. Sham animals were subjected to the same procedure, except for the CFA injection. Mechanical and heat allodynia were serially measured at both hindpaws until 8 weeks post-operatively. Serial MRI analyses were performed to observe degenerative changes of the discs. In addition, CGRP & Substance P-immunoreactivities (ir) in the superficial dorsal horn were evaluated at 4 weeks using immunohistochemistry. Results: Each condition provoked various problems such as development of hindpaw paralysis, CFA leakage, and no pain development. Mid-sagittal T2 MRI revealed no significant degenerative changes in the CFA injected disc. The CGRP-ir of the bilateral superficial dorsal horns at the level of L5-L6 was significantly increased in the CFA group. Conclusions: A total of 10 uL CFA injection into L5-L6 disc for a period of 10 minutes using a 26-gauge needle without drilling was the most efficacious way to develop discogenic pain animal model.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.95-105
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• 2013

Objectives : The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of Curcuma longa $L_{INNE}$ pharmacopuncture at $ST_{36}$ on Complete Freund's Adjuvant(CFA)-induced arthritis in rats. Materials and methods : Arthritis was induced by injecting CFA subcutaneously into the left knee joint and paw, and Curcuma longa $L_{INNE}$ pharmacopuncture(CLL-A. $0.0343{\mu}g/kg$; CLL-B. $0.171{\mu}g/kg$; CLL-C. $0.343{\mu}g/kg$) was injected at $ST_{36}$ each other day for 5 times beginning on day 10 after the CFA injection. Paw edema, withdrawal response, hematological, serological and histological observation were assessed. Results : In paw edema volume all 3 groups(CLL-A, CLL-B, CLL-C) showed significant decrease compared to the CFA control group. In withdrawal response to reaction time and withdrawal response to force all 3 groups(CLL-A, CLL-B, CLL-C) showed significant increase compared to the CFA control group. In serum AST, group CLL-C showed significant decrease compared to the CFA control group. In histological observations, in all 3 groups, more normal chondrocytes were observed compared to the CFA control group and safranin O stain showed high positive reaction in the cartilage tissue close to the bone tissue. Conclusions : The results suggest that Curcuma longa $L_{INNE}$ Pharmacopuncture at $ST_{36}$ has a suppressing inflammation effect on Freund's adjuvant arthritis in rats.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.736-744
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• 2021

Artemisia princeps Pampanini is an herbal medicine widely used to immune function-related diseases, such as anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial agents. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of AP extract and underlying mechanisms were evaluated in RAW 264.7 cells. The effects of AP extract were also studied in a complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation mouse model. In RAW 264.7 cells, AP extracts significantly inhibited the LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 protein expression. The LPS-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor-κB was also significantly blocked by AP extract in RAW 264.7 cells. Oral administration of AP extract suppressed the increase in mouse paw edema and spleen index compared to CFA-treated mice group. Histologically, the infiltration of inflammatory cells was increased in cartilage and synovium in the CFA-treated mouse group, whereas it was suppressed in the AP extract-administered group. Furthermore, AP extract treatment significantly reduced the inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-α, levels in CFA and LPS-treated mouse. In conclusion, the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritis effect of AP extract was confirmed in both in vitro and in vivo models, suggesting that Artemisia princeps Pampanini may be a candidate material for arthritis treatment.