• Anxiety and mood
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.54-60
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• 2015

Objective : To translate Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) into North Korean language and to examine its reliability and validity Methods : North Korean defectors (n=207) recruited from the call center for North Korean defectors participated. Psychiatrists and psychiatric residents interviewed the participants and made the psychiatric diagnoses. Subsequently, the participants completed the CES-D, Impact of Event-Scale-Revised-North Korea (IES-R-NK), Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-North Korea (AUDIT-NK), and Brief Psychological State Inventory for North Korean Refugees (BPSI-NKR) questionnaires. Of the original participants, 143 subjects participated in test-retest reliability study after one week. Results : Cronbach's alpha coefficient of CES-D-NK was superior in both males (0.91) and females (0.93). The test-retest correlation coefficient was high (males, 0.64 ; femals, 0.79). Good convergent validity was evident by significant correlations with IER-R-NK, BPSI-NKR-Depression and BPSI-NKR-PTSD, respectively. CES-D-NK had no or weak correlations with AUDIT-NK and BPSI-NKR-Alcohol, showing its discriminant validity. Conclusion : CES-D-NK could be a reliable and valid tool for screening and assessing depressive symptoms of North Korean defectors.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.216-224
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to measure the depressive symptoms and to determine their relationship with job stress content and social support of manufacturing male workers. A total of 428 male workers were surveyed from July 1 to August 31, 2017 using self-administered questionnaires. For the results, the rate of the depression group was 25.1%. In terms of the CES-D scores by job stress contents, CES-D scores were higher in the high job demand group than in the low group and higher in the low job control group than in the high group. In terms of CES-D scores by social support, CES-D scores were higher in the low supervisor support and coworker support group than in the high group. CES-D scores showed a significant positive correlation with job demand but a negative correlation with job control, supervisor support, and coworker support. In terms of hierarchical multiple regression analysis, higher job demand was associated with lower job control, and lower support of supervisors and coworkers gave high depression scores. Explanatory power for depression score significantly increased by 18.4% according to job demand and added job controls. Explanatory power increased by 14.1% with the support of supervisors and coworkers. The above results suggest that the level of depressive symptoms is highly correlated with job demand, job control, and support of supervisors and coworkers.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.5976-5985
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• 2012

This study was performed to determine the levels of physical and mental functioning and to reveal its association with related factors in the elderly people received long-term care insurance services. The interviews were performed, during the period from February 16, to March 31, 2011, to 350 elderlies admitted long-term care insurance dwelling in Daejeon city and Chungchung provinces. As a results, the levels of IADL and MMSE-K in the elderly received home care insurance services was significantly higher than that of the elderly received facility care insurance services. But the levels of ADL and CES-D was not significant. Concerning correlation of ADL, IADL, CES-D and MMSE-K, the level of ADL was positively correlated with the level of IADL and MMSE-K, whereas negatively correlated with the level of CES-D. IADL was positively correlated with the level of MMSE-K, whereas negatively correlated with the level of CES-D. As a results of multiple regression analysis, the factors of influence with the level of ADL and IADL were selected the variables of amnesia, regular exercise and MMSE-K. The factors of influence the level of CES-D and MMSE-K were selected the variables of subjective health status, amnesia and IADL. AS a above results, the levels of physical and mental functioning in the elderly people received long-term care insurance services implies closely related with the health status and health-related behaviors.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.303-315
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• 2008

- Abstract - Objectives: The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of depression and identify its related factors among an urban elderly. Methods: The data for this study were obtained from 333 men and 514 women, aged 65-79 years who participated in '2007 community health survey' in Donggu, Gwangju metropolitan city. Their depressive symptoms were measured by Korean version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D). Results: The mean CES-D score (mean±S.D) for all subjects was 7.68±0.31. The mean CES-D score was significantly greater in the women (9.09±0.43) than in the men (5.51±0.39) (p<0.001). The prevalence rates of possible depression (CES-D score ≥16), probable depression (CES-D score≥21), and definite depression (CES-D score≥25) were 8.1%, 5.4%, and 3.9% in men, respectively. The prevalence rates of possible depression, probable depression, and definite depression were 19.5%, 11.1%, and 7.2% in women, respectively. Existence of spouse (no/yes), education level (no/high school or higher), health security system (medical aid/national health insurance), self-reported health status (poor/good), vascular risk factors (present/absent) proved to be statistically significant related factors of depression. Conclusions: This study suggests that a systematic effort and attention to support for elderly people living alone, low educational level, medical aid, poor self-reported health status and vascular risk factors should be promoted to reduce the incidence of depression.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.53-62
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the scales measuring adolescent depression. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using CES-D and RADS-2-K as sales measuring adolescent depression. The participants were 1,217 adolescents from two middle schools located in South Korea. Data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 21.0. All the items included in the two instruments were analysed through content analysis. Results: The study revealed that the two instruments produced different results in the number of depressive students, depression levels according to subjects' characteristics, and item distribution based on content analysis. The total number of the students belonging to the depression group was 194, including 132 from CES-D and 183 from RADS-2-K. Based on the content analysis covering two categories, general and adolescent depression, the study determined fifteen subcategories in the items of the two scales. Conclusion: In this study, CES-D showed less sensitivity than RADS-2-K in depression levels according to factors relevant to adolescent depression, and both scales had no item for three subcategories of adolescent depression and one subcategory of general depression. The researcher suggests that further studies to evaluate the validity of adolescent depression scales will be useful for helping adolescents with depression.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.135-141
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• 2018

Objective : This study evaluated the role of smartphone application in the self-assessment of three psychiatric symptoms: stress, depression, and suicidal ideation. Methods : A total of 5,646 respondents were evaluated with three scales (Perceived Stress Scale, PSS, Center for Epidemiologic Study for Depression, CES-D, Scale for Suicidal Ideation, SSI) via smartphone application 'mindscan'. We analyzed the sociodemographic variables, the levels of three symptoms, and the association between the scores on all three scales. Results : The mean total scores of PSS, CES-D, and SSI were 24.86, 35.15, and 18.03, respectively. Women showed significantly higher scores on PSS, CES-D, and SSI when compared with men. Younger users showed a significantly higher score on all three scales when compared with older users. The scores on all three scales were higher than in other studies with off-line surveys. The PSS was positively correlated with CES-D (r=0.690), and with SSI (r=0.367). The CES-D was positively correlated with SSI (r=0.540). Conclusions : A smartphone application for mental health based on three scales (PSS, CES-D, and SSI) is a relatively useful screening tool compared with off-line general population surveys. The association between the three scales reflects the relationship between the three psychiatric symptoms observed in clinical practice.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.20-27
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• 2011

Objectives: The present study aims to investigate the effects of physical illness on depression in North Korean Defectors. Methods: One hundred forty-four North Korean Defectors(20 males, 124 females) and 376 South Koreans 133 males, 243 females) in Incheon Metropolitan areas participated the present study. Face-to-face interview was conducted for demographic information including presence of physical illnesses. To investigate depressive symptoms, all participants were required to complete the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale (CES-D). Results: After controlling gender, age, marital status, educational year, employment status and physical illness, North Korean Defectors showed higher CES-D score than South Koreans(${\beta}$=0.449, p<0.001). Within North Korean Defectors, the presence of physical illnesses independently was related to higher CES-D score(${\beta}$=0.243, p<0.001). However, within South Koreans, the presence of physical illnesses did not significantly predict CES-D score. North Korean Defectors with physical illness have higher CES-D score than North Korean Defectors without physical illness($26.8{\pm}13.8$ versus $19.7{\pm}12.7$). However, there was no significant differences of CES-D score between South Koreans with physical illness and South Koreans without physical illness($10.3{\pm}9.8$ versus $9.3{\pm}8.8$). Conclusion: Compared to South Koreans, North Korean Defector showed higher depressive symptoms independently from gender, age, education, employment, marriage. In addition, only North Korean Defectors showed the relationship between depression and physical illness. Our study suggests that depression should be assessed when North Korean Defectors have physical illness.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.524-537
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• 2017

This study examined the relationship between the sociodemographic characteristics, health related factors, physical functions (ADL, IADL), mental functions (CES-D, MMSE-K), oral health impact profile (OHIP-14), and the quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF) for the elderly in long-term care facilities. The research was conducted in 602 facility allowance beneficiaries authorized to be eligible for long-term care in long-term care facilities through personal interviews using a structured questionnaire from May 1 to June 30, 2016. As a result, the quality of life was lower among females than males in the group receiving government subsidies than the group whose livelihood was maintained by themselves or their children, in the group with a longer period of care, in the drinking group than the non-drinking group, in the group with irregular exercise than the regular exercise, in the group with irregular meals than regular meals, in the group with poor subjective health conditions than good subjective health condition, in the group with a smaller number of daily toothbrushing, in the group with xerostomia than no xerostomia, in the group with a lower OHIP-14, in the group with a lower ADL and IADL, and in the group with a lower CES-D and MMSE-K. In particular, the quality of life was affected more by health-related factors and CES-D and MMSE-K than by other factors. Therefore, it is necessary to make efforts to prevent depression and cognitive impairment, including health-related behavior, with the objective of improving the quality of life for the elderly in long-term care facilities.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.500-511
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• 2016

This study examined the effects of the physical functions (ADL, IADL), mental functions (CES-D, MMSE-K) and oral health impact profile (OHIP-14) on the quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF) of the elderly in long-term care facilities. The study subjects were 602 elderly people, who were surveyed at the entrance to the long-term care facilities. The interviews were conducted using a questionnaire during the period from May 1, to June 30, 2014. As a result, the quality of life was affected more by the CES-D and MMSE-K than by the ADL and IADL or by OHIP-14; the quality of life improved with a higher ADL, IADL, and OHIP-14 and a higher CES-D and MMSE-K. A higher OHIP-14, ADL and IADL resulted in a higher CES-D and MMSE-K. These results suggested that the quality of life is correlated significantly with the physical functions (ADL, IADL), mental functions (CES-D, MMSE-K), and the oral health impact profile (OHIP-14).

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.41-61
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• 2008

This study was performed to investigate the North Korean defectors's depression through the CES-D and a projective test simultaneously. So 40 North Korean defectors and 40 South Koreans participated in this study. The results are the following. First, the North Korean defectors demonstrated more higher CES-D scores than the South Koreans, while there were not significant differences in the Rorschach depression-related indexes, DEPI, CDI, S-CON between two groups. Second, at the analysis of the sex difference effect, women among the North Korean defectors showed the most high CDI index scores. In addition, we analyzed the mean differences between two groups for morbid content, shading response, achromatic response, human movement response, form dimension response, Lamda, and the number of total response. However, there are not significant differences between two groups for those variables, except for form dimension(FD) response. It suggested the probability that the North Korean women defectors could experience more psychological distress underlyingly than the North Korean men defectors. Third, most importantly, the correlation between CES-D and DEPI in the Rorschach test was significantly different in the two groups(the North Korean defectors and the South Koreans). In conclusion, the self-report of the North Korean defectors on depression could be exaggerated. So we should be cautious to interpret the self report results of the North Korean defectors.