• 폴리머
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.261-267
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• 2015

The inclusion complexes (ICs) between polylactic acid (PLA) and ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin (CD) were prepared by co-precipitation method in this work. The orthogonal experiments were designed to investigate the influence of different factors on the formation of inclusion complexes. The results suggested that the optimum scheme of inclusion compounds could be obtained when the feeding ratio of CD to PLA (wt%) was 20:1, stirring speed was 6 kr/min and the stirring time was 30 min. The structures and properties of the inclusion complexes were characterized by $^1H$ NMR, FTIR, DSC, FT-Raman, XRD and TGA. The DSC results demonstrated that the crystallization behavior of the inclusion complexes nearly disappeared. It was found that ${\beta}$-CD-PLA inclusion complex had a better thermal stability compared with the neat PLA. The model of the inclusion complexes was proposed on the basis of XRD, $^1H$ NMR and DSC results.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.119-129
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• 2008

목 적: 말초혈액 $CD56^+$ 자연살해세포 (natural killer cell)이 증가되어 있는 반복유산 환자들의 탈락막 $CD56^+/CD16^+$ 자연살해세포의 분포를 확인하고 말초혈액자연살해세포의 발현양상과 상관관계가 있는지 확인해 보고자 한다. 연구방법: 반복유산 환자 중 계류유산이 되어 자궁경부확장배출술과 배아 염색체검사를 시행하였던 환자 가운데 배아 염색체검사가 정상이고 말초혈액에서 자연살해세포 중 $CD56^+$ 자연살해세포가 증가된 환자들 29명을 대상으로 연구하였으며, 대조군으로는 배아 염색체검사가 비정상인 32명을 선택하였다. 이 환자들의 검체에서 착상부위를 포함한 자궁 탈락막세포를 확인하여 면역조직화학염색을 통해 $CD56^+$와 $CD16^+$ 자연살해세포의 분포를 확인하였다. 면역조직화학염색은 score와 백분율을 구하여 평가하였다. 결 과: 연구군과 대조군의 탈락막조직 $CD56^+$ 자연살해세포 score ($43.6{\pm}24.5$ vs. $23.9{\pm}16.3$ P =0.001)와 $CD56^+$ NK cell percentage ($42.1{\pm}11.7$ vs. $33.9{\pm}15.8$ P =0.027)는 유의한 차이가 있었다. 그러나 탈락막조직 $CD16^+$ NK cell score ($18.7{\pm}9.5$ vs. $13.2{\pm}39.4$ P =0.108)와 $CD16^+$ 자연살해세포 percentage ($24.7{\pm}5.9$ vs. $23.4{\pm}11.7$ P =0.599)는 통계학적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 말초혈액자연살해세포가 증가되어 있는 환자군에서 탈락막자연살해세포의 score와 말초혈액자연살해 세포의 백분율간에 직접적인 상관관계는 없었다 (peripheral $CD56^+$ NK cell percentage vs. decidual $CD56^+$ NK cell score, r=-0.016, P =0.932, peripheral $CD16^+$ NK cell percentage vs. decidual $CD16^+$ NK cell score, r=0.008, P =0.968). 결 론: 본 연구에서는 말초혈액 CD56^+ 자연살해세포가 증가되어 있는 반복유산 환자의 계류유산된 조직에서 탈락막 $CD56^+$ 자연살해세포가 증가되어 있다는 것을 보여 주었다. 또한 탈락막자연살해세포와 말초혈액자연살해세포의 증가 양상에서는 직접적인 상관관계는 없었다. 이는 탈락막자연살해세포가 반복유산의 면역학적인 기전에서 중요한 역할을 할 것이라는 가능성을 제시하여 준다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.439-447
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• 2020

We investigated the immune restoration activity of Undaria pinnatifida fucoidan-rich extract in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice. C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with 80 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide (CP) and orally administered with either drinking water (DW), red ginseng extract (RG), or one of three different doses of Undaria pinnatifida fucoidan-rich extract (DSU02 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg). After 14 days, liver, spleen, and whole blood were isolated from each animal. The frequencies of NK and CD³⁺, CD⁴⁺, and CD⁸⁺ T cells were significantly increased in splenocytes isolated from the DSU02 100 mg/kg and DSU02 150 mg/kg groups (NK1.1+, 5.4% or 4.9% vs 3.8%; CD³⁺, 39.3% or 37.9% vs 32.3%; CD4+, 22% or 20.2% vs 17.4%; CD8+, 12.7% or 11.6% vs 10.1%). NK cytotoxicity was enhanced in the DSU02-fed groups at all doses (CP-treated DW, 93.4%; RG, 107.2%; DSU02 50, 107.3%; DSU02 100, 107.3%; DSU02 150, 107.1%), and the proliferation of T cells (CD³⁺, CD⁴⁺, and CD⁸⁺) was also greater in the DSU02 100 mg/kg and DSU02 150 mg/kg administered groups compared with the unfed group. Plasma concentrations of TNF-α, IgM, and total IgG from the DSU02 150 mg/kg group were also significantly higher compared with the other groups (TNF-α: CP-treated DW - 21.5 pg/ml, DSU02 150 - 47.1 pg/ml; IgM: CP-treated DW - 82.9 ng/ml, DSU02 150 - 110.8 ng/ml; total IgG: CP-treated DW - 114.4 ng/ml, DSU02 150 - 162.7 ng/ml). We suggest that Undaria pinnatifida fucoidan-rich extract could be a promising candidate for a marine natural immune stimulator.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.796-806
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• 2010

Atopic dermatitis induced NC/Nga mice were used to investigate the efficacy of BDH(Baedokhwan) on the recovery of dermatitic symptoms through its influence on the immune related factors and histological changes. First of all, BDH treated group showed improvement of atopic dermatitis with naked eye observation, and significant decrease of clinical index(CI) was observed after 14 weeks. And Infiltration of leukocytes was suppressed in BDH treated group, and the thickness of hypertrophied epidermis and dermis were decreased. In dorsal skin, BDH treated group showed significant decrease of the ratio of CD3+, CD11b+/Gr-1+ immune cells by 52.8%, 25.2, respectively. And also significant decrease the level of IL-5 mRNA and IL-13 mRNA by 44.4%, 28.0, respectively. In PBMC and serum, BDH treated group showed an decrease of CD4+/CD45+, B220+/CD23+, CD4+, CD8+, CD4+/CD25+ immune cells by 35.0%, 12.6%, 42.7%, 31.6% and 55.6%, respectively, and the level of histamine was decreased by 39.0%. The results above indicated that BDH clinically used for atopic dermatitis treatment has objective validity, and therefore can be provided as the basic data for anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory studies.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.39-45
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• 1999

To investigate the preventive effects of melatonin (MLT) on the immunotoxicity of cadmium acetate[Cd(AC)2] in ICR mice, Mlt(10,50mg/kg as cadmium) were orally administered to mice once a day (5:00, PM) for 28 consecutive days. Cadmium(Cd) test solution was also administered at 25mg/kg of cadmium through the same route 2hr after administration of MLT daily, Mice were immunized and challenged with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Immune functions evaluated were delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response, mitogenic response, and flow cytometry analysis. The results of these studies were summarized as follows ; DTH response was abnormally increased in mice treated with Cd alone. DTH response was normally depressed in mice treated with Cd plus MLT along with the increase of MLT doses. The mitogenic response of splenic T cell to Con A and that of B cells to LPS was remarkably increased by MLT treatment as compared with treatment of Cd alone In case of CD 8+ cells, the slight increase was observed in MLT treatment. Splenic T cells and B cells were significantly increased by MLT treatment as compared with treatment with Cd alone. These results suggest that MLT has significant preventive effects on the immunotoxic status induced by Cd exposure.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제39권10호
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• pp.734-741
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• 2016

Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has a role in inducing emergency hematopoiesis upon exposure to inflammatory stimuli. Although GM-CSF generated murine bone marrow derived cells have been widely used as macrophages or dendritic cells in research, the exact characteristics of each cell population have not yet been defined. Here we discriminated GM-CSF grown bone marrow derived macrophages (GM-BMMs) from dendritic cells (GM-BMDCs) in several criteria. After C57BL/6J mice bone marrow cell culture for 7 days with GM-CSF supplementation, two main populations were observed in the attached cells based on MHCII and F4/80 marker expressions. GM-BMMs had $MHCII^{low}F4/80^{high}$ as well as $CD11c^+CD11b^{high}CD80^-CD64^+MerTK^+$ phenotypes. In contrast, GM-BMDCs had $MHCII^{high}F4/80^{low}$ and $CD11c^{high}CD8{\alpha}^-CD11b^+CD80^+CD64^-MerTK^{low}$ phenotypes. Interestingly, the GM-BMM population increased but GM-BMDCs decreased in a GM-CSF dose-dependent manner. Functionally, GM-BMMs showed extremely high phagocytic abilities and produced higher IL-10 upon LPS stimulation. GM-BMDCs, however, could not phagocytose as well, but were efficient at producing $TNF{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-12p70 and IL-6 as well as inducing T cell proliferation. Finally, whole transcriptome analysis revealed that GM-BMMs and GM-BMDCs are overlap with in vivo resident macrophages and dendritic cells, respectively. Taken together, our study shows the heterogeneicity of GM-CSF derived cell populations, and specifically characterizes GM-CSF derived macrophages compared to dendritic cells.

• 혜화의학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.51-68
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• 2008

The effect of combinational treatment of oral HTGMB and topical CSGMB ("H&C" hereinafter) on the changes of dermal inflammation index and immune system were studied using NC/Nga atopic dermatitis animal model. 1. Through naked eye examination, H&C ameliorated atopic dermatitis compared to the control group. Significant reduction of dermal inflammation index was observed after 12 weeks of treatment. 2. The H&C treated group showed 51% increase in the number of immune cells in DLN, and 59% increase in the number of immune cells is dorsal skin. 3. The H&C treated group showed decrease of 26%, 8%, 59% in CD19+, CD3+/CD69+, B220+/IgE+ cells in DLN respectively. On the other hand, CD3+, CD8+, CD4+ cells were increased by 8%, 31%, 12%, respectively. 4. The H&C treated group showed significant decrease of 38% and 47% in B220+/IgE+, CD11b+/Gr-1+ cells within dorsal skin respectively. Also, a decrease in CCR3+ cells by 21% was observed. 5. Significant decrease of the production of IL-4, IL-5, GM-CSF by 39%, 65%, 60% respectively, in spleen cells activated with CD3 and CD28 were observed in the H&C treated group. The results above strongly suggest significance of anti-atopic dermatitis effect of combinational treatment of oral HTGMB and topical CSGMB through immune modulation. Further applications in clinical use of the treatment are anticipated.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.27-33
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• 2009

실제 시료에 들어있는 흔적량 Cd(II)를 2-mercaptobenzothiazole이 내포되어 있는 미세결정 p-dichlorobenzene에 예비농축시킨 후 정량하는 감도좋은 방법을 개발하였다. 시료 용액의 pH, 킬레이트제 2-mercaptobenzothiazole의 양, 흡착제 p-dichlorobenzene-2-MBT의 양 그리고 시료 용액의 흐름속도 등 여러 실험조 건을 최적화하였다. 여러 공존이온에 대한 방해효과를 조사하였는데 다른 이온들보다 Cu(II)가 비교적 심하게 방해를 하였다. 그러나 Cu(II)에 의한 방해는 시료용액의 tartrate 이온의 농도를 0.01 M이 되게 하든지 또는 0.20 g의 p-dichlorobenzene에 내포된 2-mercaptobenzothiazole의 양을 0.08 g에서 0.12 g이 되게 하면 충분히 없앨 수 있었다. 이 방법에 의해 얻어진 직선 감응범위, 상관계수($R^2$) 및 검출한계는 각각 0.5-30 ng $mL^{-1}$, 0.9962, 및 0.39 ng $mL^{-1}$로서, p-dichlorobenzene을 흡착제 매질로 이용하여 매우 좋은 결과를 얻었다. 이 방법을 실제 시료에 적용할 수 있을지를 확인하기 위해 수용액 시료(폐수, 시냇물, 그리고 저수지물)와 플라스틱 시료에 응용하였다. 회수율은 93-104% 정도였으며, ICP-MS를 이용하여 얻은 값과 이 방법으로 얻은 값은 F 시험법에 의하면 95% 신뢰수준에서 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 실험 결과들로부터 이 방법은 여러 실제 시료에 들어있는 Cd(II)을 농축 정량하는데 응용할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.29-36
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• 2017

Objectives: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). People with AIDS are much more vulnerable to infections, including opportunistic infections and tumors, than people with a healthy immune system. The objective of this study was to correlate oral lesions associated with HIV/AIDS and immunosuppression levels by measuring clusters of differentiation 4 (CD4) cell counts among patients living in the middle western regions of Ghana. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 patients who visited the HIV clinic at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital and the Regional Hospital Sunyani of Ghana were consecutively enrolled in this prospective and cross-sectional study. Referred patients' baseline CD4 counts were obtained from medical records and each patient received an initial physician assessment. Intraoral diagnoses were based on the classification and diagnostic criteria of the EEC Clearinghouse, 1993. After the initial assessment, extra- and intraoral tissues from each enrolled patient were examined. Data analyses were carried out using simple proportions, frequencies and chi-square tests of significance. Results: Our study included 120 patients, and was comprised of 42 (35.0%) males and 78 (65.0%) females, ranging in age from 21 to 67 years with sex-specific mean ages of 39.31 years (males) and 39.28 years (females). Patient CD4 count values ranged from 3 to 985 cells/mL with a mean baseline CD4 count of 291.29 cells/mL for males and 325.92 cells/mL for females. The mean baseline CD4 count for the entire sample was 313.80 cells/mL. Of the 120 patients we examined, 99 (82.5%) were observed to have at least one HIV-associated intraoral lesion while 21 (17.5%) had no intraoral lesions. Oral candidiasis, periodontitis, melanotic hyperpigmentation, gingivitis and xerostomia were the most common oral lesions. Conclusion: From a total of nine oral lesions, six lesions that included oral candidiasis, periodontitis, melanotic hyperpigmentation, gingivitis, xerostomia and oral hairy leukoplakia were significantly correlated with declining CD4 counts.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.386-395
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• 1994

산업폐수 및 광산폐수 등으로부터 분리한 중금속 처리능력이 있는 미생물 균주들을 실제폐수처리에 적용시키기 위한 기초실험으로서 생물학적 활성슬러지공법의 소형폐수처리조를 이용한 각 중금속의 단독처리능력 및 여러가지 중금속의 동시 복합처리 능력을 조사한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 소형폐수처리조의 연속적인 처리과정에서의 각 중금속 처리균주들과 각 중금속들을 각각 단독으로 처리하여 HRT를 24시간으로 조절하였을 경우, 처리 12일 후 각 중금속 처리율은 Pb 처리균과 Pb만 100mg/l 되게 단독처리 했을때 처리수중 Pb 처리율은 약 93%였으며, Cd처리균과 Cd만 100mg/l 되게 단독처리하였을 경우 처리 12일 후 Cd 처리율은 약 90%였다. 그리고 Zn 처리균과 Zn만 100mg/l 되게 처리하였을 경우 처리 12일 후의 처리수중의 Zn 처리율은 약 80%였으며, Cu 처리균과 Cu만 단독으로 처리했을 경우에는 처리 12일 후 약 39%의 Cu 처리율을 나타내었다. 생물학적 활성슬러지공법의 소형폐수처리조를 이용한 연속처리과정에서의 여러가지 중금속과 여러가지 중금속처리균주들을 동시에 복합적으로 처리했을 경우의 여러가지 중금속의 동시 처리율을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 폐수중 중금속 Pb, Cd, Zn 및 Cu 농도를 각각 100mg/l 되게 중금속을 복합 처리하고 각 중금속 내성균주(Pb, Cd, Zn 및 Cu내성균주)를 각각 1500mg/l의 MLSS가 되도록 복합 접종하여 소형폐수처리조에서 연속적으로 처리할 경우 HRT를 24시간으로 조절하였을 때 처리 12일 후 Pb, Cd, Zn 및 Cu의 처리율은 각각 75%, 90%,, 74% 및 48%였다.