• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.40-51
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• 2006

To investigate the association between Korean red ginseng (KRG) intake in HIV-1 infected patients and occurrence of grossly deleted nef genes ($g{\Delta}nef$), we characterized nef genes in 10 long-term slow progressors (LTSP) infected with HIV-1 subtype B and 34 control patients. LTSP was defined whose the annual decrease in CD4 T cells was less than $20/{\mu}l$ over 10 years in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. They were treated with KRG for a prolonged period. Nef genes were amplified from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) using nested PCR and products were sequenced directly. Patient CD4 T cell counts decreased from $444{\pm}207/{\mu}l$ to $294{\pm}177/{\mu}l$ over $136{\pm}23$ months of KRG intake. This corresponds to an annual decrease in the level of CD4 T cells of $13.3/{\mu}l$. A total of 479 nef genes were amplified from 137 PBMC samples. Nine out of the 10 patients, 47 (34.3%) out of the 137 samples, and 92 out of the 479 genes revealed $g{\Delta}nef$. The deletion extended outside the nef gene in 25 $g{\Delta}nef$ obtained from 6 patients. The proportion of samples with $g{\Delta}nef$ (34.3%) was significantly higher than 4.8% in control patients (P<0.001). In addition, it significantly increased as the duration of KRG intake prolongs (P<0.01). These data suggest the possibility that occurrence of $g{\Delta}nef$ might be associated with long-term intake of KRG.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.212-221
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• 2002

Objectives : Acording to the fact that Juakium has been frequently used in a lot of prescriptions to tonify bone marrow, We examined the hematopoietic effects of Juakium-derivative on aplastic anemia. Methods : After C57BL/6 mice were oral administrated with Juakium-derivative and injected with benzene, we counted the number of WBC, RBC, hemoglobin, platelet, nucleated cells and other erythroid parameters and weighed the spleen. Also we measured the expression of $CD34^+$ cell activity and analyzed the bone marrow tissue and spleen tissue histologically. Results : The results are summerized as follow: 1. The Juakium-derivative plus benzene group showed the improvement in the number of WBC, RBC, hemoglobin. platelet, nucleated cells and other erythroid parameters, compared with the benzene only group. 2. The spleen weight and the percent of $CD34^+$ cell of Juakium-derivative plus benzene group was higher, compared with the benzene only group. 3. The bone marrow tissue and spleen tissue of the Juakium-derivative plus benzene group showed the decrease of the infarcted area compared with the benzene only group. Conclusions : These results suggest that Juakium-derivative has hematopoietic effects on aplastic anemia induced by benzene through increasing the blood cells and stimulating the activity of $CD34^+$ cells. Therefore it is expected that Juakium-derivative can be used clinically to the patient with hematopoietic system disorder.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.33-42
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to compare the wound healing process after skin incision using scalpel, $CO_2$ laser and pulsed Nd:YAG laser in rats. After skin on the back was incised 3 cm long, rats were sacrificed at 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Macroscopic, histologic and immunohistochemical examinations using the collagen type IV and the CD34 antibodies which are necessary to the forming process of new capillary were performed. Results obtained were as follows ; Macroscopically the initial wound healing of the laser group was about $1{\sim}2$ weeks slower than that of the scalpel group. There weren't however any remarkable differences in all groups in 4 weeks after incision. By histologic finding, acute inflammatory cells were more prominent during the initial wound healing in the scalpel group than in the other groups. Epithelialization started in the order of scalpel, $CO_2$ and Nd:YAG laser group after skin incision. By the Masson's trichrome stain, collagen synthesis in the Nd:YAG laser group was more slowly initiated than in the other groups. But it was completed at the $3{\sim}4$ weeks in all groups. Immunohistochemically, collagen type IV and CD34 expression were markedly increased at 2 weeks in the scalpel and $CO_2$ laser group. Meanwhile, in the Nd:YAG laser group, these reactions were observed later tan the other groups. Collagen type IV and CD34 expression were decreased in all groups after 4 weeks. These results suggest that $CO_2$ and Nd:YAG laser showed similar healing process compared with scalpel and a potential substitute for scalpel in skin incision.

• The Korean journal of internal medicine
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.1169-1181
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• 2018

Background/Aims: Data on dexamethasone, cytarabine, and cisplatin (DHAP) as a mobilization regimen, compared to high-dose cyclophosphamide (HDC), for up-front autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is limited. Methods: Consecutive patients with aggressive NHL treated with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) or rituximab-CHOP who underwent chemomobilization using HDC or DHAP plus granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) for up-front ASCT were enrolled from three institutions between 2004 and 2014. Results: Ninety-six patients (57 men) were included. Sixty-five patients (67.7%) received HDC; and 31 (32.3%), DHAP. The total CD34+ cells mobilized were significantly higher in patients receiving DHAP (16.1 vs. $6.1{\times}10^6/kg$, p = 0.001). More patients achieved successful mobilization with DHAP (CD34+ cells ${\geq}5.0{\times}10^6/kg$) compared to HDC (87.1% vs. 61.5%, respectively; p = 0.011), particularly within the first two sessions of apheresis (64.5% vs. 32.3%, respectively; p = 0.003). Mobilization failure rate (CD34+ cells < $2.0{\times}10^6/kg$) was significantly higher in patients receiving HDC (20.0% vs. 3.2%, p = 0.032). On multivariate analysis, the DHAP regimen (odds ratio, 4.12; 95% confidence interval, 1.12 to 15.17) was an independent predictor of successful mobilization. During chemomobilization, patients receiving HDC experienced more episodes of febrile neutropenia compared to patients receiving DHAP (32.3% vs. 12.9%, p = 0.043). Conclusions: The DHAP regimen was associated with a significantly higher efficacy for stem cell mobilization and lower frequency of febrile neutropenia. Therefore, DHAP plus G-CSF is an effective for mobilization in patients with aggressive NHL who were candidates for up-front ASCT.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.2267-2270
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• 2013

A series of blue fluorescent emitters based on triphenylene derivatives were synthesized via the Diels-Alder reaction in moderate yields. The electronic absorption and emission characteristics of the new functional materials were affected by the nature of the substituent on the triphenylene nucleus. Multilayered OLEDs were fabricated with a device structure of: ITO/NPB (50 nm)/EML (30 nm)/Bphen (30 nm)/Liq (2.0 nm)/Al (100 nm). All devices showed efficient blue emissions. Among those, a device using 1 gives the best performances with a high brightness (978 cd $m^{-2}$ at 8.0 V) and high efficiencies (a luminous efficiency of 0.80 cd/A, a power efficiency of 0.34 lm/W and an external quantum efficiency of 0.73% at 20 $mA/cm^2$). The peak wavelength of the electroluminescence was 455 nm with CIEx,y coordinates of (0.17, 0.14) at 8.0 V.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.157-163
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• 2018

This study aims to determine the pollution levels of nine kinds of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in Lake Shihwa, which is susceptible to the inflow of pollutants, and the levels of heavy metal exposure in its fish and shellfish. Shihwa Lake's water quality did not exceed the short-term standard for protection of marine ecosystems, but concentrations of As, Cu, Cr, Hg, Ni, and Zn exceeded the long-term standard for protection of a marine ecosystem. In comparison to findings in prior research, performed in 2010, levels of Cr, Ni, As, and Zn are now 4.1 times lower. However, when compared to Saemangeum Lake, the environment is similar to that of Lake Shihwa, Cu, Ni, Hg, Mn, and Zn were 244.4 times higher. The levels of Pb, Cd, and Hg in fish's muscles did not exceed the average values set by the marine safety standard. However, when compared to the fish from the Korean coast, the levels of heavy metals were 9.7 times higher, on average. The levels of heavy metals in fish's livers were on average 26.8 times higher than in the muscles. In the case of shellfish, the levels of Pb, Cd, and Hg did not exceed the standard values, but in comparison to the shellfish from the south coast, the levels of heavy metals were 6.2 times higher on average. In particular, Mn (153.5 times higher) from fish and Cd (14.7 times higher) from shellfish were found in high amounts, indicating a concerning level of these specific heavy metals.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.343-355
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• 2006

Stem cells are unique cell populations with the ability to undergo both self-renewal and differentiation, although a wide variety of adult stem cells as well as embryonic stem cells have been identified and stem cell plasticity has recently been reported. To identify genes implicated in the control of the stem cell state as well as the characteristics of each stem cell line, we analyzed the expression profiles of genes in human embryonic, hematopoietic ($CD34^+$ and $CD133^+$), and mesenchymal stem cells using cDNA microarrays, and identified genes that were differentially expressed in specific stem cell populations. In particular we were able to identify potential hESC signature-like genes that encode transcription factors (TFAP2C and MYCN), an RNA binding protein (IMP-3), and a functionally uncharacterized protein (MAGEA4). The overlapping sets of 22 up-regulated and 141 down-regulated genes identified in this study of three human stem cell types may also provide insight into the developmental mechanisms common to all human stem cells. Furthermore, our comprehensive analyses of gene expression profiles in various adult stem cells may help to identify the genetic pathways involved in self-renewal as well as in multi-lineage specific differentiation.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.196-206
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• 2021

The main purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between the consumption of red ginseng-based 'SSR' for 30 days and the reduction in human fatigue, blood component changes, and immune cell activity in 35 human subjects. 'SSR' is composed of zinc oxide, folic acid, and D-α-tocopherol with red ginseng as the main component. According to the protocol criteria of the study, 35 subjects who understood the purpose of the study and signed an informed consent form were selected. The fatigue survey was conducted through a questionnaire, and after taking 'SSR', a decreased tendency of physical, mental, and neurosensory fatigue was observed. In hematological analysis, no significant changes were observed in the levels of WBC, RBC, and hemoglobin; however, AST (SGOT) and ALT (SGPT) levels were statistically significantly decreased. In immunological analysis, it was observed that the proliferative effect of T cells (CD3+CD4+) was greater than that of NK cells (CD16+CD56+). The collected data were subjected to t-test analysis using the SPSS 25.0 statistical program. The result from this study proposes that 'SSR' can be used as a functional food material as it reduces human fatigue and enhances immune function.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.406-412
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• 1987

The electrical conductivities of ${\alpha}-Fe_2O_3$ containing 2.5 and 5.0mol% of cadmium were measured from 300 to $900^{\circ}C$ under oxygen pressures of 10$^{-7}$ to 10$^{-1}$ atmosphere. Plots of log ${\sigma}$ vs. 10$^3$/T show the extrinsic conductivity at oxygen pressure higher than $5{\times}10$^{-2}$atm. The transition points appear at about 550$^{\circ}$C and the activation energies are 1.34 eV for the intrinsic region and 0.50 eV for the extrinsic region on 5mol% Cd-doped ${\alpha}-Fe_2O_3$. The extrinsic conductivity disappears at oxygen partial pressures lower than $5{\times}10$^{-2}$ atm, and the intrinsic conductivity predominates. The electrical conductivities decrease with increasing mol% of cadmium doped. The predominant defect of ${\alpha}-Fe_2O_3$ doped with Cd is believed to be Fe${2+}$ interstitial for the intrinsic, however, oxygen vacancy predominates for the extrinsic region. The electrical conduction mechanisms are proposed and the conduction band model is suggested for the extrinsic region.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.303-308
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• 2015

BACKGROUND: Recently, various rice by milling degree is sold for health and taste. To provide safe food to consumers, it is need to know the change of heavy metal contents according to milling degree of rice.METHODS AND RESULTS: This study was to investigate residual the levels of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) as stated in the milling degree of the rice contaminated Cd and Pb from 2011 to 2012 in Chungcheongnam-do. Rice samples exceeded the maximum residue limits (MRL) of Cd and Pb were milled by five degrees (0.0, 2.45, 8.02, 10.48, 15.09%). Milled rice was digested by microwave method, and analyzed heavy metal contents using ICP-OES. Recovery ratios of 4 heavy metals such as Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn were ranged for 79.7-98.9%, and limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantitation (LOQ) were fulfilled with the normal analytical standards. Concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn were ranged 0.416-0.433 mg/kg, 0.183-0.26 mg/kg, 3.639- 3.882 mg/kg and 16.868-19.801 mg/kg, respectively.CONCLUSION: From these results, conforming with increase of milling degree of rice, Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn contents tended to decrease. The contents of heavy metals were decreased 3.1% in Cd, 29.3% in Pb, 6.4% in Cu and 15.1% in Zn, in according to the highest milling degree of 15.09%.