• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.152-158
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• 2017

Objective: To identify the associations between polymorphisms of the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene, which codes for an important regulatory enzyme primarily involved in folate metabolism, and idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) in Korean women. Methods: The study population comprised 369 RPL patients and 228 controls. MTHFR 2572C > A, 4869C > G, 5488C > T, and 6685T > C 3'-UTR polymorphisms were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis or by TaqMan allelic discrimination assays. Natural killer cell proportions were determined by flow cytometry. Results: The MTHFR 2572-5488-6685 (A-C-T) haplotype had an adjusted odds ratio of 0.420 (95% confidence interval, 0.178-0.994; p= 0.048) for RPL. Analysis of variance revealed that MTHFR 4869C > G was associated with altered $CD56^+$ natural killer cell percentages (CC, $17.91%{\pm}8.04%$; CG, $12.67%{\pm}4.64%$; p= 0.024) and folate levels (CC, $12.01{\pm}7.18mg/mL$; CG, $22.15{\pm}26.25mg/mL$; p= 0.006). Conclusion: Variants in the 3'-UTR of MTHFR are potential biomarkers for RPL. However, these results should be validated in additional studies of ethnically diverse groups of patients.

• 정보학연구
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.117-129
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• 2005

The topic of this study is a survey research about the economic recognition related to economic ethics and information literacy of students(6,779) extend from elementary school to university. First, for the ability to use computers, it is recognizing that 49.6% of students are normal, 38.6% are superior, and 12.8% are inferior. In part of class, it tends to recognize that it is the superior as the level of school is the lower excepting middle school students. Second, we can find great difference between male students and female students related to purpose of using internet, 79.8% of male students are using computer to play game or entertainment(1), search data or knowledge(2), chatting or massenger(3), 70.1% of female students are using internet to search data or knowledge(1), chatting or massenger(2) and meeting of similar taste. Third, it shows a tendency that the economic activity using internet or cell-phone increases faster as the level of schools is higher. In detail, they primarily use buying or settlement of products(63%), purchasing internet service(20.9%). Fourth, for using illegal CD, not only they didn't feel guilty in all levels of schools, excepting university students, it is showed that the trust of intellectual poverty right is weaker as the level of schools is higher. So, it is becoming serious problems. It seems a task which should be supplemented through economic education of schools in the future.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.103-112
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• 2024

Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by an increase in hepatic triglyceride content and increased inflammatory macrophage infiltration through the C-C motif chemokine receptor (CCR) 5 pathway in the liver. DA-6034 (7-carboxymethyloxy-3',4',5-trimethoxy flavone), is a synthetic derivative of eupatilin that exhibits anti-inflammatory activity in inflammatory bowel disease. However, the effect of DA-6034 on the inflammatory response in NAFLD is not well elucidated. Therefore, we aimed to determine the effect of DA-6034 on hepatic steatosis and inflammation. Methods: Forty male C57BL/6J mice were divided into the following four groups: (1) regular diet (RD), (2) RD with DA-6034, (3) high fat diet (HFD), and (4) HFD with DA-6034. All mice were sacrificed 12 weeks after the start of the experiment. The effects of DA-6034 on macrophages were assessed using RAW 264.7 cells. Results: DA-6034 not only reduced hepatic triglyceride levels and lipid accumulation but also macrophage infiltration and proinflammatory cytokines in HFD-fed mice. According to fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis, DA-6034 reduced the CD8⁺ T cell fraction in the liver of HFD-fed mice. DA-6034 also reduced CCR5 expression and the migration of liver macrophages in HFD-fed mice and inhibited CCR2 ligand and CCR4 ligand, which stimulated the migration of macrophages. Conclusion: Overall, DA-6034 attenuates hepatic steatosis and inflammation in obesity by regulating CCR5 expression in macrophages.

• 대한한방피부미용학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.127-144
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• 2005

This study compared the activity of the aerial part of P. japonicum with its root in order to examine the possibility of the medicinal use of the aerial part, which has not been used as medicine, in substitute for the root that has traditionally been used as medicine. For this purpose, the author measured the proliferation of Human $CD4^-$ T cells, which are related to immunity, the differentiation of HL-60 cells, and the contents of IL-6, IgE and $TNF-{\alpha}$ and compared their anti-cancer effect on Hep3B and A549 cells. The results of this study are as follows: 1. As for Human $CD4^-$ T cells, $1.0\;g/{\ell}$ methanol extract from the aerial part promoted the proliferation of the cells 1.8 times higher while $1.0\;g/{\ell}$ methanol extract from the root did by 1.76 times higher compared to the control group. 2. As for HL-60 cells, methanol extract and water extract from the aerial part showed differentiation 1.14 times higher and 1.12 times higher respectively while methanol extract and water extract from the root did 1.14 times higher and 1.07 times higher compared to tile control group. 3. Cell density was highest on Day 4 of culture in all samples, Methanol extracts from the aerial part and the root showed activities of $7.9{\times}10^3\;cells/m{\ell}$ and $7.5{\times}10^3\;cells/m{\ell}$ respectively, and water extracts from the aerial part and the root did activities of $5.3{\times}10^3\;cells/m{\ell}$ and $6.1{\times}10^3\;cells/m{\ell}$. 4. The secretion of IL-6 was highest on Day 4 of culture. Methanol extracts from the aerial part and the root showed secretions of $6.7{\times}10^{-3}\;pg/cells/m{\ell}$ and $7.2{\times}10^{-3}\;pg/cells/m{\ell}$ respectively, and water extracts from the aerial part and the root did secretions of as high as $7.0{\times}10^{-3}\;pg/cells/m{\ell}$ and $6.0{\times}10^{-3}\;pg/cells/m{\ell}$. 5. As for the production of IgE, water extract from the root effectively inhibited the product at $1,000\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, methanol extract from the root at $10\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ and $100\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, water extract from the aerial at $1,000\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, and methanol extract from the aerial part at $1,000\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. 6. According to the result of measuring the content of $TNF-{\alpha}$, methanol extracts from the root and the aerial part showed inhibition effect at $10\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, $100\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ and $1,000\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. 7. As for liver cancer cell Hep3B, $1.0\;g/{\ell}$ methanol extracts from the root and the aerial part showed inhibition effects of 78% and 70% respectively, and $1.0\;g/{\ell}$ water extracts from the root and the aerial part did inhibition effects of 56% and 59%. 8. As for lung cancer cell A549, $1.0\;g/{\ell}$ methanol extracts from the root and the aerial part showed inhibition effects of 75% and 70% respectively, and $1.0\;g/{\ell}$ water extracts from the root and the aerial part did inhibition effects of 48% and 45%. The results of this study presented above show that the aerial part of P. japonicum has immunizing and anti-cancer effects as high as its root, which has commonly been used as medicine. There should be more in-depth research on the aerial part of P. japonicum in the future.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.29-35
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• 2012

Background: Peripheral neuropathy is the most frequent neurological complication in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, related with diverse etiologies including inflammation, opportunistic infection and side effects of medications. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate characteristics of HIV associated neuropathy according to the stage of HIV infection. Methods: In reviewing the medical records of HIV patients who underwent electrodiagnostic studies between 1997 and 2011, total 11 patients (all males; median age, 47 years; range, 28-71 years) with comorbid neuropathy were enrolled. Stage of HIV infection was categorized according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criteria. Classification of peripheral neuropathy was based on clinical and electrophysiological features. Results: Distal symmetric polyneuropathy was observed in 8 patients (72.7%), inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy in 2 patients (18.1%), and polyradiculopathy in 1 patient (9.1%). Median CD4+ T cell count was $123/mm^3$ (range, $8-540/mm^3$) and 7 patients (60%) had the most advanced HIV disease stage (CDC-C3). There was no neuropathy caused by CMV infection. Conclusions: Distal symmetric polyneuropathy was the most common type of neuropathy in HIV infection, but various forms of neuropathy such as inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and polyradiculopathy were also present. HIV associated neuropathy is more frequently associated with advancing immunosuppression, although it can occur in all stages of HIV infection.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.252-259
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• 2005

[ $CuGaSe_2$ ] 단결정 박막은 수평 전기로에서 합성한 $CuGaSe_2$ 다결정을 증발원으로하여, hot wall epitaxy(HWE) 방법으로 증발원과 기판(반절연성 GaAs(100))의 온도를 각각 $610^{\circ}C,\;450^{\circ}C$로 고정하여 단결정 박막을 성장하였다. 이때 단결정 박막의 결정성은 광발광 스펙트럼(PL)과 이중결정 X-선 요동곡선 (DCRC)으로부터 구하였다. Hall 효과는 Van der Pauw 방법에 의해 측정되었으며, 293 K에서 운반자 농도와 이동도는 각각 $4.87{\times}10^{17}/cm^3,\;129cm^2/V{\cdot}s$였다. $n-Cds/p-CuGaSe_2$ 합 태양전지에 $80mW/cm^2$의 광을 조사시켜 최대 출력점에서 전압은 0.41 V, 전류밀도는 $21.8mA/cm^2$였고, fill factor는 0.75 그리고 태양전지 전력변환 효율은 11.17% 였다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.301-310
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• 1998

연구배경: 결핵성 흉막염은 면학적으로 흉강내에 국소적으로 활성화된 CD4+ T림프구와 대식세포가 관여하는 세포매개면역이 중요한 역할을 하며 이들의 상호작용은 다양한 사이토카인에 의해 좌우된다고 알려져 있다. 특히 helper T cell type 1 (Th1) 사이토카인인 IL-12 및 IFN-$\gamma$와 Th2 사이토카인인 IL-4 및 IL-10간의 균형이 세포매개반응의 정도를 결정한다고 생각되고 있다. 본 연구는 세포매개면역반응의 지표로서 Th1 사이토카인인 IL-12, IFN-$\gamma$와 이들과 길항적으로 작용한다고 알려져있는 Th2 사이토카인 중 IL-10이 결핵성 흉수내에 어떻게 표현되는지를 검사하여 대조군인 악성 흉수와 비교함으로써 결핵성 흉막염의 변역학적 기전을 이해하는데 도움이 되고자 하였으며 아울러 사이토카인의 진단적 유용성을 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법: 각 20명의 결핵성 흉막염과 악성 흉막염 환자를 대상으로 흉수와 혈장에서 IL-10, IL-12, IFN-$\gamma$를 측정하고 흉수에서의 ADA를 측정하여 비교하였다. 사이토카인은 대상환자의 혈액과 흉수를 원심분리하여 얻은 상층액을 ELISA 방법으로 측정하였고 ADA 활성도는 비색법으로 측정하였다. 결 과: 결핵성 흉막염 환자에서 흉수의 IL-10, IL-12, IFN-$\gamma$의 농도는 $121.3{\pm}83.7$ pg/mL, $571.4{\pm}472.7$ pg/mL, $420.4{\pm}285.9$ pg/mL로 혈장의 $21.2{\pm}60.9$ pg/mL, $194.5{\pm}67.6$ pg/mL, $30.1{\pm}18.3$ pg/mL 보다 모두 유의하게 높았다 (p<0.01). 악성 흉막염 환자에서 흉수의 IL-10, IL-12, IFN-$\gamma$의 농도는 $88.4{\pm}40.4$ pg/mL, $306.5{\pm}271.1$ pg/mL, $30.5{\pm}54.8$ pg/mL로 혈장의 $43.4 {\pm}67.2$ pg/mL, $206.8{\pm}160.6$ pg/mL, $14.6{\pm}3.3$ pg/mL와 비교하였을때 IL-10 만이 유의하게 높았고 (p<0.001) IL12, IFN-$\gamma$에선 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결핵성 흉막염과 악성 흉막염 환자의 흉수에서의 농도를 비교하였을 때 IL-12, IFN-$\gamma$, ADA는 결핵성 흉막염에서 유의하게 높았으나 (p=0.046, <0.001, <0.001) IL-10은 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결핵성 흉수염을 악성 흉수염과 감별하는데 있어 IL-12, IFN-$\gamma$, ADA의 기준을 각각 300 pg/mL, 100 pg/mL, 45 U/L으로 하였을때 민감도/특이도는 IL-12에서 60%/70%, IFN-$\gamma$에서 90%/85%, ADA 에서 85%/90%였다. 결 론: 결핵성 흉수에서 흉강내에 Th1 사이토카인인 IL-12, IFN-$\gamma$와 함께 IL-10이 증가되어 있었고 악성흉수와 비교했을때 IL-12, IFN-$\gamma$는 유의하게 증가되어 있었으나 IL-10은 의의가 없었다. 따라서 결핵성 흉막염의 면역기전에 Th1 경로의 세포매개변역반응이 주로 관여함을 확인할 수 있었고 국소적인 IL-10 증가의 임상적 의의는 추후의 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다. 또한 IFN-$\gamma$와 ADA는 결핵성 흉수와 악성 흉수와의 감별에 유용한 진단법으로 생각된다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.215-224
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• 1994

The presence of a calcium current $(i_{Ca^{2+}})$ passed via a specific channel was examined in the unfertilized hamster egg using the whole-cell voltage clamp technique. Pure inward current was isolated using a $Ca^{2+}-rich$ pipette solution containing 10 mM TEA. This current was independent of external $Na^+$ and was highly sensitive to the $Ca^{2+}$ concentration in the bathing solution, indicating that the inward current is carried by $Ca^{2+}$. The maximal amplitude was $-4.12{\pm}0.58nA\;(n=12)$ with 10mM $Ca^{2+}$ at -3OmV from a holding potential of -8OmV. This current reached its maximum within 20ms beyond -3OmV and decayed rapidly with an inactivation time constant $({\tau})$ of 15ms. Activation and inactivation of this $i_{Ca^{2+}}$ was steeply dependent on the membrane potential. The $i_{Ca^{2+}}$ began to activate at the lower voltage of -55 mV and reached its peak at -35 mV, being completely inactivated at potentials more positive than -40 mV. These result suggest that $i_{Ca^{2+}}$ in hamster eggs passes through channels with electrical properties similar to low voltage-activated T-type channels. Other results from the present study support this suggestion; First, the inhibitory effect of $Ni^{2+}\;(IC_{50}=13.7\;{\mu}M)$ was more potent than $Cd^{2+}\;(IC_{50}=123\;{\mu}M)$. Second, $Ba^{2+}$ conductance was equal to or below that of $Ca^{2+}$. Third, $i_{Ca^{2+}}$ in hamster eggs was relatively insensitive to nifedipine $(IC_{50}=96.6\;{\mu}M)$, known to be a specific t-type blocker. The physiological role of $i_{Ca^{2+}}$ in the unfertilized hamster eggs remains unclear. Analysis from steady-state inactivation activation curves reveals that only a small amount of this current will pass in the voltage range $(-70{\sim}-30\;mV)$ which partially overlaps with the resting membrane potential. This current has the property that it can be easily activated by a weak depolarization, thus it may trigger a certain kind of a intracellular event following fertilization which may cause oscillations in the membrane potential.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제39권7호
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• pp.527-533
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• 2006

배경: 전북대학교 흉부외과에서 1984년 5월 이후 시행한 St. Jude 기계판막을 이용한 승모판막 치환술의 장기 성적을 후향적 방법으로 고찰해보고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: 1984년 5월부터 1996년 12월까지 전북대학교 흉부외과에서 St. Jude 기계판막을 이용하여 승모판막 치환술을 받은 총 95명의 환자를 대상으로 하였으며 추적관찰 기간은 2004년 5월까지였다. 결과: 환자의 나이는 19에서 69세의 범위를 보였다. 평균 추적관찰 기간(mean${\pm}$standard deviation)은 $10.6{\pm}4.2$ 년이었다. 조기 사망은 4.2% (4/95) 이고 만기 사망 환자는 9명이었으며 5년, 10년, 20년 총 생존율은 각각 $90.5{\pm}3.0%,\;87.9{\pm}3.4%\;83.2{\pm}4.6%$를 보였으며 판막관련사망이 없을 확률은 각각 $95.5{\pm}2.1%,\;94.3{\pm}2.4%\;91.0{\pm}3.9%$를 보여주었다. 7명의 환자에서 혈색전층으로 인한 합병증이 발생하였고(1.05%/patient-year) 15명의 환자에게서 의의 있는 항응고제관련 출혈이 발생하였다(3.56%/patient-year). 추적관찰 기간 중 기계판막의 구조적 결함은 없었으며 모든 합병증이 발생하지 않을 확률은 5년, 10년, 20년 동안에 각각 $82.0{\pm}3.9%,\;71.3{\pm}4.8%\;42.4{\pm}10.5%$였다. 결론: St. Jude기계판막은 내구성이 좋으며 판막에 관련된 합병증의 빈도가 낮아 안전하게 사용할 수 있는 판막이라 생각하며 다만 기계판막을 가지고 있는 환자에서 항응고제 복용과 용량 조정에 관한 적정한 추적관찰로 항응고제 관련 출혈의 빈도를 더욱 낮추어야 한다고 생각한다.}3mm$였다. 괴사된 부위에서 살아 있는 세포를 발견할 수 없었다. 결론: 냉동 후 해동과정은 폐조직의 전도율을 변화시키며 이는 이차 냉동 시 폐조직의 온도를 더욱 떨어뜨리고 세포파괴의 범위를 넓힌다., $3{\mu}mol/L,\;6{\mu}mol/L,\;9{\mu}mol/L$의 농도로 첨가하여 심근세포로의 분화를 유도하였다. 4주간의 배양이 끝난 후 각 실험 조직군의 세포들을 cell blocks으로 만든 후에, CD34, heavy myosin chain, troponin T, SMA에 대한 항체를 이용하여 면역형광염색을 시행하였고, 형광염색에 반응을 보인 세포들의 대략적 비율을 비교하였다. 결과: CD34, heavy myosin chain에 대하여는 모두 음성이었으나, SMA에 대해서는 $3{\mu}mol/L,\;6{\mu}mol/L$의 복강 내 지방조직에서 $5{\sim}10%$ 정도의 양성반응을 보였고, troponin T에 대하여는 피하지방조직과 복강 내 지방조직 모두에서 $6{\mu}mol/L$와 $9{\mu}mol/L$에서 $10{\sim}15%$ 정도의 양성 반응을 보였다. 결론: 본 연구 결과, 지방조직에서 추출한 중간엽 줄기세포는 심근세포로 분화할 수 있는 가능성이 충분히 있는 것이 확인되었으나, 분화유도 비율면에서는 만족할 수준이 되지 못하였으며, 심근세포로의 분화는 복부 피하지방과 복강 내 지방조직에서 모두 가능한 것으로 판단되었다. 대형조각 작품들 - 예를 들어 대형화된 미니별 조각이나 개념미술, 또는 대지예술 등 -은 풍경의 실재가 아니기 때문에 환경으로부터 구분된다고 언급하고 있다. 이들 조각은 더 이상 만져지는 실체이거나 점유하는 공간의 상징언어를 지닌 조각의 범주에 한정되지 않게 된다.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.109-116
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• 2007

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is responsible for cervical cancer, a common cancer in women. Since HPV infection and cancer development are controlled by the host immune system, immunotherapy against HPV can be helpful in preventing or treating HPV-associated cervical cancer. Two oncoproteins of HPV16, E6 and E7, are promising targets for immunotherapy against cervical cancer, because they are constitutively expressed in cervical cancer. Methods: Since cellular vaccines using B cells as well as dendritic cells offer an efficient approach to cancer immunotherapy, we opted to use B cells. We evaluated the immunogenicity and anti-tumor effects of a B cell vaccine transduced with HPV16 E6/E7-expressing adenovirus. Results: Vaccination with HPV16 E6/E7-transduced B cells induced E6/E7-specific $CD8^+$ T cell-dependent immune responses and generated anti-tumor effects against E6/E7-expressing TC-1 tumor. The anti-tumor effect induced by this B cell vaccine was similar to that elicited by DC vaccine, showing that B cells can be used as an alternative to dendritic cells for cellular vaccines. Conclusion: Thisstudy has shown the feasibility of using B cells as immunogenic APCs and the potential for developing prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against HPV-associated cervical cancer using a B cell vaccine transduced with adenovirus expressing HPV16 E6/E7.