• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.23-35
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• 2000

PM10, which is below 10 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in a diameter, has a high deposition in the lung or the bronchus by breathing and is generally composed of a lot of organic matters, viruses, algae, mold, and metallic elements that are very toxic to people. This study identified the characteristics of concentration of PM10 and air-borne jmetallic elements produced in the industrial city, Ulsan, and analyzed the correlatuion between sources and generation patterns of PM10 and metallic elements. We classified the five areas(green, residential, heavy traffic, mechanic, and petrochemcal and non-ferrous metal) which might have different characteristics of sources of PM10 and metallic elements. The average concentrations of PM10 in the five areas were as follows(petrochemical and non-ferrous metal(99.9$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥)>mechanic(77.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥)>heavy traffic(47.1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥)>residential(39.3 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥)>green(32.8 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥)). Those of petrochemical and non-ferrous metal areas were higher than other areas. In this study, the average concentration trend of metallic elements contained in PM10 are shown as follows: Fe>Zn>Pb>Cu>Mn>Cr>As>Cd>Sn>Hg, respectively. The metallic elements identified in PM10 showed the highest concentration in the petrochemical and non-ferrous areas. Metal combinations showed that a high correlation among concentrations of heavy metals were as follows: As, Cd and Fe in the residential area; Zn, Mn, Cu and Pb in the mechanical area; and Zn, Cu, As, Pb in the petrochemical and non-ferrous industrial area.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.6 no.2 s.19
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• pp.19-23
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• 2007

The blue emitting OLEDs using TMP-BiP[(4'-Benzoylferphenyl-4-yl)phenyl-methanone-Diethyl(biphenyl-4-ymethyl) phosphonate] host and DJNBD-1 dopant have been fabricated and characterized. In the device fabrication, 2-TNATA [4,4',4"-tris(2-naphthylphenyl-phenylamino)-triphenylamine] as a hole injection material and NPB [N,N'-bis(1-naphthyl)N,N'-diphenyl-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine] as a hole transport material were deposited on the ITO(indium tin oxide)/glass substrate by vacuum thermal evaporation method. Followed by the deposition, blue color emission layer was deposited using TMP-BiP as a host material and DJNBD-1 as a dopant. Finally, small molecule OLEDs with structure of $ITO/2-TNATA/NPB/TMP-BiP:DJNBD-l/Alq_3/LiF/Al$ were obtained by in-situ deposition of $Alq_3$, LiF and Al as the electron transport material, electron injection material and cathode, respectively. The effect of dopant into host material of the blue OLEDs was studied. The blue OLEDs with DJNBD-1 dopant showed that the maximum current and luminance were found to be about 34 mA and $8110\;cd/m^2$ at 11 V, respectively. In addition, the color coordinate was x=0.17, y=0.17 in CIE color chart, and the peak emission wavelength was 440 nm. The maximum current efficiency of 2.15 cd/A at 7 V was obtained in this experiment.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.40-44
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• 2017

The effect of weak dielectric silicone dioxide($SiO_2$) embedded in polyfluorene(PFO) emitting layer of polymer-based multi structure OLED was investigated. Indium tin oxide(ITO)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)/poly(9,9-di-n-octylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)(PFO)/2,2,2"-(1,3,5-benzinetriyl)-tris(1-phenyl-1-H-benzimidazole) (TPBi)/aluminum(Al) structure OLED was fabricated by spin-coating method. Applied electric field causes some effect on $SiO_2$ in PFO layer. Thus, interaction between polymers and affected $SiO_2$ might generate electrical and luminance properties change. Experimental results, show the reduced threshold voltage of 6 V(from 23 V to 17 V). The maximum current density was rather increased from $71A/m^2$ to $610A/m^2$ and maximum brightness was also increased from $7.19cd/m^2$ to $41.03cd/m^2$, 9 and 6 times each. Additionally we obtained colour broadening result due to the increasing of blue-green band emission. Consequently we observed that electrical and luminance properties are enhanced by adding $SiO_2$ and identified the possibility of controlling the emission colour of OLED device according to colour broadening.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.131-144
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• 2007

Objectives : Although the cause of neuronal death of Parkinson's disease remains unclear, increasing evidence points to the role of inflammatory processes. And the hallmark of brain inflammation is the activation of microglia. This study was performed to prove the effect of acupuncture on inhibiting microglial activation. Methods : The rat models which were injected with 6-hydroxydopamine were treated with acupuncture once a day on LR3 (太衝) and GB34 (陽陵泉). To prove the effect of inhibiting microglial activation, we examined the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunopositive neurons and CD11b immunohistochemistry in the substantia nigra. Results : There were 18% (third day), 32% (seventh day) loss of TH-positive cell bodies in the control group and 23% (third day), 26% (seventh day) in the acupuncture group, whereas 3% (third day), 10% (seventh day) in vehicle group. The difference of optical density in substantia nigra was evaluated by subtracting log inverse gray value of contralateral side from that of ipsilateral side. With regards to the result of CD11b immunohistochemistry, acupuncture group showed significantly inhibited microglial activation compared with control group (p<0.01) on the seventh day. Conclusions : Acupuncture showed the effect of inhibition of microglial activation in seventh day. However, the effect of protection of TH positive cell bodies was not shown. So we need longer investigation of the effect of acupuncture on Parkinson's disease.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.39 no.8
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• pp.17-23
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• 2002

The SrS:CuCl TFEL devices were fabricated by electron-beam deposition and the luminescent characteristics of the fabricated SrS:CuCl TFEL devices were studied. The SrS powder was used as the host materials and 0.05 ~ 0.6 at% of CuCl powder was added as the luminescent center. The deposition conditions of substrate temperature, electron beam current, and deposition rate were 500 $^{\circ}C$ , 20 ~ 40 mA, and 5 ~ 10 /sec, respectively The total thickness of the phosphor layer deposited was 6000 . The blue emission at low CuCl concentrations was observed from the luminescent centers of monomer, dimer, trimer, and tetramer, The bright greenish blue emission at high CuCl concentrations was observed from the dimer and trimer luminescent centers. The maxium luminance was observed from the SrS:CuCl TFEL devices doped with 0.2 at% of CuCl concentration and the threshold voltage, luminance(L$_{40}$ ), efficiency(η$_{20}$) and CIE coordinate obtained were 55 V, 728 cd/$m^2$, 0.49 lm/w, and (0.21, 0.33), respectively..

• Journal of Information Display
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.13-18
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• 2003

We synthesized bis (2-methyl-8-quinolinolato)(triphenylsiloxy) aluminum (III) (SAlq), a blue-emitting material having a high luminous efficiency, through a homogeneous-phase reaction. The photoluminescence (PL) and electroluminescence (EL) spectra of SAlq show two peaks at 454 nm and 477 nm. Efficient white light-emitting devices are fabricated by doping SAlq with a red fluorescent dye of 4-dicyanomethylene-2-methyl-6-{2-(2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H,5H-benzo[i,j]quinolizin-8yl) vinyl}-4H-pyran (DCM2). The incomplete energy transfer from blue-emitting SAlq to red-emitting DCM2 results in light-emission of both blue and orange colors. Devices with the structure of ITO/TPD (50 nm)/SAlq:DCM2 (30 nm, 0.5 %)/$Alq_3$ (20 nm)/LiF (0.5 nmj/Al show EL peaks at 456 nm and 482 nm originating from SAlq and at 570 nm from DCM2, resulting in the Commission Internationale d'Eclairage (CIE) chromaticity coordinates of (0.32, 0.37). The device exhibits an external quantum efficiency of about 2.3 % and a luminous efficiency of about 2.41m/W at 100 $cd/m^2$. A maximum luminance of about 23,800 $cd/m^2$ is obtained at the bias voltage of 15 V.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.85-91
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• 2010

The various forms of heavy metals in soil environments have been studied by sequential extraction method. We tested conventional Tessier sequential extraction and new ultrasound-sonication extraction methods, and compared their extraction efficiency. Total As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn contents of the target soil (NIST SRM 2710 Montana Soil), by three methods (USEPA Method 3050B, KBSI Method, and ultrasound-sonication method) were all consistent with the certified values. Sequential extraction efficiency along with step-wise extraction values was similar in both Tessier method and ultrasound-sonication method. The ultrasound-sonication method took about 3 hours to complete whole procedure while the Tessier sequential extraction method took around 12 hours. Ultrasound-sonication method was estimated as one of the best methods with a relatively short application time and no requirement of high temperature treatment.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.9-23
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• 2009

Objectives : Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways by many cells such as mast cells, Th2 lymphocytes and eosinophile. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effects of Salviae miltiorrhizae (SM) on T cell cytokine production, mast cells. and eosinophils, Methods : We screened 13 herbs to find compounds with potential to control Th cytokine production. using concanavalin A (con A)-activated splenocyte cultures. Con A-activated $IFN-\gamma$ and IL-4 levels in supernatants of splenocyte cultures. Bone marrow derived mast cells (BMMC) were incubated with SM and then the expressions of membrane proteins of BMMC were analyzed by fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS). BALB/c mice sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) were challenged with aerosolized OVA for 6 weeks. During the last weeks some mice were treated with SM. Then eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALf) were counted and pathologic changes of lung tissue were observed with hematoxylin-eosin stain. Results : SM increased $IFN-\gamma$ level on splenocyte culture significantly. but had no significant effects on expressions of ICAM-1, CD62L, integrin $a_4$. c-kit, IL-3 receptors. CD11a, or IgE receptors of BMMC. SM treatment significantly inhibited eosinophil infiltrates in BALf and peribronchial lung inflammation. Conculusions : The present data suggested that SM may have an effect on Th cytokine secretion and eosinophils associated with asthma responses. Therefore SM might be of therapeutic value in treating asthma.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.239-245
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• 2019

Background: Lidocaine spray is a local anesthetic that improves random-pattern skin flap survival. The fractional ablative carbon dioxide laser (FxCL) produces vertical microchannels that delivers topically applied drugs to the skin. In this study, we hypothesized that FxCL therapy would enhance the lidocaine effect to improve random-pattern skin flap survival in rats. Methods: McFarlane random-pattern skin flaps were elevated in 48 rats, which were divided into four groups according to treatment: FxCL+lidocaine, FxCL, lidocaine, and nontreatment (control). On postoperative day 7, necrotic flap areas, the number of capillary vessels, and neutrophil count were evaluated. Anti-rat vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and CD31 antibody activity were also evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. Results: Flap survival rate was $53.41%{\pm}5.43%$, $58.16%{\pm}4.80%$, $57.08%{\pm}5.91%$, and $69.08%{\pm}3.20%$ in the control, lidocaine, FxCL, and FxCL+lidocaine groups, respectively. Mean neutrophil count in the intermediate zone excluding the necrotic tissue was $41.70{\pm}8.40$, $35.43{\pm}6.41$, $37.23{\pm}7.15$, and $27.20{\pm}4.24cells/field$ in the control, lidocaine, FxCL, and FxCL+lidocaine groups, respectively. Anti-rat VEGF and CD31 antibody activity were the highest in the FxCL+lidocaine group. Conclusion: FxCL with lidocaine had a positive effect on random-pattern skin flap survival in rats. Thus, FxCL with lidocaine spray should be considered as a new treatment option to improve flap viability.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.57-66
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• 1988

Sandy dust phenomena was observed from April 19 to 23, 1988 in Seoul and suspended particulate was collected by Andersen air sampler during this period. The samples were analyzed for 16 components $(SO_n^{2-}, NO_3^-, Cl^-, PO_4^{3-}, NH_4^+, F^-, Al, Fe, K, Cu, Mn, Na, Pb, Mg, Ca, Cd)$. The conclusions are as follwes: 1. Total suspended particulate concentation during the period of sandy dust phenomena was 489 $\mug/m^3$ (ordinary times: 140-125 $mug/m^3$) 2. The water - soluble ion component concentration of suspended particulate during the period of sandy dust phenomena was few and the metal concentration of that was more than that of ordinary times. 3. The cumulative frequency distribution of suspended particulates in logarithmic diagram did not show similar to normal log distribution during the period of sandy dust phenomena. 4. $SO_4^{2-}, NO_3^-, Cl^-, and PO_4^{3-}$ was onsided to coarse particle, and $NH_4^+$ and F to fine particle in the size distribution of water - soluble ion components during the period of sandy dust phenomena. 5. Metal concentration was high and Al, Fe, Cu, Mn, Na, Mg, and Ca was onsided to coarse particle, and K, Pb, and Cd to fine particle in the size distribution of metal components. 6. During the period of sandy dust phenomena the quantity of respirable particle (< 1 $\mum$) was about 3 times and that of metal components were about 2 - 11 times than that of ordinary times. 7. The concentrations of $NO_3^-, Cl^-, NH_4^+$ at ordinary times were 1.1 - 4 time than that of the period of sandy dust phenomena.