• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.384-393
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• 2017

Purpose: The tumor microenvironment is known to be associated with the metabolic activity of cancer cells and local immune reactions. We hypothesized that glucose metabolism measured by 2-deoxy-2-($^{18}F$)fluoro-D-glucose ($^{18}F-FDG$) positron emission tomography (PET)-computed tomography (CT) ($^{18}F-FDG$ PET-CT) would be associated with local immune responses evaluated according to the presence of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 56 patients who underwent $^{18}F-FDG$ PET-CT prior to gastrectomy. In resected tumor specimens, TIL subsets, including cluster of differentiation (CD) 3, CD4, CD8, Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3), and granzyme B, were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis. The prognostic nutritional index (PNI) was calculated as: ($10{\times}serum$ albumin value)+($0.005{\times}peripheral$ lymphocyte counts). Additionally, the maximum standard uptake value ($SUV_{max}$) was calculated to evaluate the metabolic activity of cancer cells. Results: The $SUV_{max}$ was positively correlated with larger tumor size (R=0.293; P=0.029) and negatively correlated with PNI (R=-0.407; P=0.002). A higher $SUV_{max}$ showed a marginal association with higher CD3 (+) T lymphocyte counts (R=0.227; P=0.092) and a significant association with higher Foxp3 (+) T lymphocyte counts (R=0.431; P=0.009). No other clinicopathological characteristics were associated with $SUV_{max}$ or TILs. Survival analysis, however, indicated that neither $SUV_{max}$ nor Foxp3 held prognostic significance. Conclusions: FDG uptake on PET-CT could be associated with TILs, especially regulatory T cells, in gastric cancer. This finding may suggest that PET-CT could be of use as a non-invasive tool for monitoring the tumor microenvironment in patients with gastric cancer.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.71-82
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• 1996

This study has been undertaken to evaluate hydrophobic cyclodextrin(CD) derivatives as a sustained release carrier of azidothymidine(AZT), AZT, which has potent activity against AIDS and AIDS-related complex as thymidine analogue, has been reported that it has significant toxicity and short half life. Therefore, it is necessary to design sustained release oral dosage form to avoid undesirable side effects attributable to an excessive plasma concentration and to reduce the frequency of administration of AZT. Inclusion complexes of AZT with $acetyl-{\beta}-cyclodextrin\;(AC{\beta}CD)$ and $triacetyl-{\beta}-cyclodextrin(TA{\beta}CD)$ were prepared by solvent evaporation method. Interactions of AZT with CD were investigated by Differential Scanning Calorimetry(DSC) and Infrared Spectrophotometry(IR). The decreasing order of water solubilities of AZT and AZT-CD inclusion complexes were as follows; $AZT\;(27.873{\pm}0.015,mg/ml)\;>\;AZT-AC{\beta}CD\;(3.377{\pm}0.003)\;>\;AZT-TA{\beta}CD\;(2.528{\pm}0.001)$. Partition coefficients of $AZT-AC{\beta}CD\;and;\AZT-TA{\beta}CD$ inclusion complexes were increased by 1.27-fold, 1.54-fold in pH 1.2 and 1.32-fold, 1.47-fold in pH 6.8 in comparison with that of AZT. The mean dissolution time (MDT, min) which represents the rapidity of dissolution rate of AZT, $AZT-AC{\beta}CD,\;AZT-TA{\beta}CD$ were 5.12, 14.02 and 19.38 min in pH 1.2 and 2.52, 15.19 and 18.19 min in pH 6.8. AZT was very rapidly and completely dissolved in pH 1.2 and pH 6.8 within 5 minutes. But AZT-CD inclusion complexes showed the sustained release pattern in comparison with AZT alone. The simultaneous in situ nasal and jejunal recirculation study to compare the intrinsic absorptivity and the property of absorption sites revealed that the absorption of $AZT-TA{\beta}CD\;(N:35.35{\pm}1.08%,\;J:27.47{\pm}1.18%)$ was more than that of $AZT\;(N:16.89{\pm}2.25%,\;J:15.86{\pm}2.33%)$. The above results suggest that $TA{\beta}CD$ which is a hydrophobic cyclodextrin may serve as sustained release carrier with absorption enhancing effect.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.328-334
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• 2006

본 연구의 주목적은 돼지고기의 콜레스테롤 함량 감소에 관한 사료 내 ${\beta}CD$의 급여 효과를 조사하는 것이었다. 생체중 50 kg의 3원교잡종 거세 수퇘지 12마리를 이용하여서 4처리구 3반복으로 완전임의배치한 후, 시판체중인 110 kg 도달시까지 약 9주 동안 실험사료를 급여하였다. 일일 사료섭취량, 일일 증체량 및 사료효율은 ${\beta}CD$를 첨가하지 않은 대조구와 비교할 때, ${\beta}CD$ 1.5%, 3.0% 및 5.0% 첨가구의 각 처리구간 통계적인 유의차가 나타나지 않았다. 혈액 총지질, 중성지방 및 총콜레스테롤 함량은 대조구와 비교할 때 ${\beta}CD$ 첨가구가 유의적으로 낮아졌으며, 특히 ${\beta}CD$ 5.0% 첨가구에서 각각의 감소율은 21.80%, 55.58% 및 27.69%로서 가장 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 돼지고기 삼겹살의 콜레스테롤 함량은 대조구와 비교할 때 ${\beta}CD$ 1.5%, 3.0% 및 5.0% 첨가구에서 각각 5.33mg, 12.70mg및 15.23 mg의 유의적인 감소를 나타났으며, 특히 이 값을 콜레스테롤의 감소율로서 나타냈을 때 각각 6.44%, 15.36%, 18.42%로서 유의적인 차이를 나타냈다(p<0.05). 이 결과는 돼지에서 ${\beta}CD$첨가급여가 콜레스테롤 대사를 조절할 수 있는 식이섬유로서 사용될 수 있음을 시사해준다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제18권11호
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• pp.1135-1137
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• 1997

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보디스플레이학회 2004년도 Asia Display / IMID 04
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• pp.272-276
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• 2004

Great strides in organic light emitting device (OLED) technology have resulted in a number of commercial products. To continue this growth into large area displays, for example televisions, an understanding of the mechanisms that drive the OLED device efficiency and lifetime performance is critical. In this work, we consider maximizing the efficiency lifetime product based on phosphorescent OLED ($PHOLED^{TM}$) technology. We report green PHOLEDs with luminous efficiency of 82 cd/A, 5.7 V and 10,000 hours lifetime at 1,000 cd/$m^2$,red PHOLEDs with CIE of (0.67,0.33), 11 cd/A and 35,000 hours lifetime at 500 cd/$m^2$ and recent progress in blue demonstrating efficiencies of 18 cd/A at 200 cd/$m^2$.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.263-266
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• 2003

This research investigated the process of removing cadmium and tested the detoxification mechanism of the cadmium-binding peptide (Cd-BP) from Rumex crispus. Phytochelatin-like cadmium-binding peptide (PC-Cd-BP) of Rumex crispus was purified and identified. Rumex crispus was exposed to 4.3 mg Cd/L for seven days. Heat-treated supernatant fraction taken by root tissues showed traces of PC-Cd-BP An analysis of the material through Gel-filteration chromatography on the Sephadex G-75 column showed two symmetrical Cd-BP peaks. The major peak with the smaller molecular weight was further purified by $C_{18}$ reverse-phase HPLC to produce apparent homogeneity. The amino acid composition of Cd-BP from Rumex crispus included cysteine (22.6%), glutamate and glutamate acid (20%), and glycine (12%). It was similar the amino acid composition of most PC. The molecular weight of the purified peptide was determined at 568-706 Da by MALDI-TOF MS. Therefore, the Cd-BP of Rumex crispus was PC-Cd-BP consisting of isopeptides.

• BMB Reports
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.241-248
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• 2014

CD1 molecules belong to non-polymorphic MHC class I-like proteins and present lipid antigens to T cells. Five different CD1 genes (CD1a-e) have been identified and classified into two groups. Group 1 include CD1a-c and present pathogenic lipid antigens to ${\alpha}{\beta}$ T cells reminiscence of peptide antigen presentation by MHC-I molecules. CD1d is the only member of Group 2 and presents foreign and self lipid antigens to a specialized subset of ${\alpha}{\beta}$ T cells, NKT cells. NKT cells are involved in diverse immune responses through prompt and massive production of cytokines. CD1d-dependent NKT cells are categorized upon the usage of their T cell receptors. A major subtype of NKT cells (type I) is invariant NKT cells which utilize invariant $V{\alpha}14-J{\alpha}18$ TCR alpha chain in mouse. The remaining NKT cells (type II) utilize diverse TCR alpha chains. Engineered CD1d molecules with modified intracellular trafficking produce either type I or type II NKT cell-defects suggesting the lipid antigens for each subtypes of NKT cells are processed/generated in different intracellular compartments. Since the usage of TCR by a T cell is the result of antigen-driven selection, the intracellular metabolic pathways of lipid antigen are a key in forming the functional NKT cell repertoire.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.27-48
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• 2004

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Hwanggigunjungtang(HGT) on white rats with deteriorated immunity caused by methotrexate. Methods: First, methotrexate was fed to the white rats once a day for 4 days. After the immune responses of the rats are deteriorated, dried extracts of HGT mixed in water was fed to the rats once a day for 14 days. And then we measured the percentage of B-cell and T-cell in peripheral blood, the percentage of CD3+CD4+ T-cell and CD3+CD8+ T-cell of blood sampled from spleen and peripheral region. Results: The percentage of B-cell of peripheral blood was not different statistically. The percentage of T-cell of peripheral blood was increased significantly in HGT group as compared with control group. The percentage of CD3+CD4+ T-cell of peripheral blood was increased significantly in HGT group as compared with control group. The percentage of CD3+CD8+ T-cell of peripheral blood was decreased in HGT group as compared with control group. The percentage of CD3+CD4+ T-cell of spleen was increased significantly in HGT group as compared with control group. The percentage of CD3+CD8+ T-cell of spleen was not different statistically. Conclusion: According to the above results, HGT has an effect of increasing immune responses on white rats with deteriorated immunity caused by methotrexate.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제44권11호
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• pp.1708-1714
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• 2015

생리활성이 우수한 발효홍삼농축액 특유의 쓴맛과 발효과정 중 생성된 신맛 등의 이미를 개선하기 위해 ${\beta}$-, ${\gamma}$-cyclodextrin(CD) 혼합시료를 이용하여 이미를 포접시켜 관능평가와 ginsenoside Rb1 및 총산도를 분석하고 최대 포접효율을 나타내는 ${\beta}$-, ${\gamma}-CD$ 혼합시료의 농도를 반응표면분석 중심합성법으로 계획하여 기호성이 증진된 발효홍삼농축액을 제조하는 최적화 조건을 확인하였다. ${\beta}$-, ${\gamma}-CD$ 혼합시료를 이용한 쓴맛 포접 효과를 확인한 결과 예측된 정상점은 최저점으로 ${\beta}-CD$가 3.74%이고 ${\gamma}-CD$ 20.63%일 때 쓴맛이 2.07로 최소값을 나타내었다. Ginsenoside Rb1 포접 효과를 확인한 결과 예측된 정상점은 최대값으로 분석한 결과 ${\beta}-CD$가 3.47%이고 ${\gamma}-CD$가 19.89%일 때 ginsenoside Rb1이 96.75%로 최대값을 나타내었다. ${\beta}$-, ${\gamma}-CD$ 혼합시료를 이용한 신맛 포접 효과는 ${\beta}-CD$가 9.34%이고 ${\gamma}-CD$ 7.96%일 때 신맛이 5.63으로 최소값을 나타내었다. 젖산의 포접 효과는 ${\beta}-CD$가 16.00%이고 ${\gamma}-CD$ 13.18%일 때 젖산의 포접효율이 67.73%로 최대값을 나타내었다. 실험 결과를 중심으로 최적 조건을 중첩시켜 ${\beta}-CD$와 ${\gamma}-CD$의 함량을 달리하여 발효홍삼농축액의 이미를 줄이기 위해서는 신맛의 포접 정도는 6, 쓴맛 포접 정도는 4, 산의 포접 정도는 65%, ginsenoside 포접 정도는 95%로 하는 조건을 만족하는 영역으로 ${\beta}-CD$와 ${\gamma}-CD$의 첨가량은 ${\beta}-CD$가 10%이고 ${\gamma}-CD$가 13%임을 알 수 있었다.

• 생태와환경
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.320-329
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• 2023

환경에 존재하는 중금속인 Cd은 생물에게 유입되며 먹이사슬을 통해 생물에게 축적된다. 본 연구에서는 카드뮴 노출에 따른 오염지표생물인 실지렁이(Tubifex tubifex)의 체내 농축 반응 및 스트레스 유전자 발현 패턴을 분석하기 위해, 퇴적물 내 카드뮴 노출 후 생존율 변화, 체내 농축 농도 측정, 그리고 스트레스 반응 유전자인 열 충격 단백질(HSP60 and HSP70)과 항산화효소인 GST의 발현 패턴을 관찰하였다, Cd 노출 퇴적물에 노출된 T. tubifex의 생존율은 노출 10일에 0.4 mg kg^-1 Cd에서 93%, 1.87 mg kg^-1 Cd에서 96%, 6.09 mg kg^-1 Cd에서 93%로 관찰되었다. T. tubifex의 체내 Cd 농도는 퇴적물 내 Cd 농도에 비해 높게 나타났으며, 0.4 mg kg^-1 Cd에서는 실험 10일에 18.4 mg kg^-1 Cd, 1.87 mg kg^-1 Cd에서 실험 1일에 13.06 mg kg^-1 Cd, 6.09 mg kg^-1 Cd에서 실험 10일에 79.11 mg kg^-1 Cd로 가장 높게 나타났다. HSP60 유전자 발현은 6.09 mg kg^-1 Cd 노출 퇴적물에서 시간 의존적으로 발현이 대조군에 비해 증가였으며, HSP70은 모든 농도에서 대조군에 비해 시간 의존적인 발현의 증가를 보였다. 또한, GST는 모든 농도에서 실험 1일에 대조군에 비해 발현이 증가한 후, 실험 10일까지 발현이 감소하였다. 이러한 연구결과는 퇴적물 내에 존재하는 Cd에 대한 실지렁이의 생태독성학적 및 분자유전학적 독성영향을 확인한 결과로, 환경 내 오염지표종으로 실지렁이를 이용한 환경독성평가의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.